This document provides an outline and overview of various Spanish grammar topics including: 1) nationalities, 2) stem changing verbs, 3) indirect object pronouns, 4) pronoun placement, 5) gustar, 6) affirmative and negative words, 7) superlatives, 8) reflexives, 9) affirmative and negative commands, and 10) sequencing events in Spanish.

1. By: Hailey Abell

2. Table of Contents
1. Nationalities
2. Stem Changing Verbs
3. Para
4. Indirect Object Pronouns
5. Pronoun Placement
6. Gustar
7.Affirmative/Negative Words
8. Superlatives
9. Reflexives
10. Affirmative Tú Commands/ Irregulars/ Pronoun Placement
11. Negative Tú Commands/ Irregulars/ Pronoun Placement
12. Sequencing Events

3. Nationalities

4. Stem Changers
O-UE
E-I
E-IE
U-UE

5. Para
 Use para (for, in order to) to indicate:
the recipient of items
….el regalo para tú mamá
purpose
Vamos al restaurante para comer.
implied purpose
Tengo dinero para (comprar) algo.

6. IOP
 Indirect objects are nouns that tell to
whom/what or for whom/what. IOPs
replace or accompany indirect objects.
 Notice that indirect object pronouns use
the same words as direct object
pronouns except for le and les.
Singular Plural
Me Nos
(me) (us)
Te Os
(you familiar) (you familiar)
Le Les
(you formal), him or her (you, them)

7. Object Pronoun Placement
 1. attach the pronoun to the infinitive.
 2. attach the pronoun to a progressive
tense
 3. attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command
 4. place the pronoun before a
conjugated verb.

8. Gustar
Me Nos
Te Os
Le Les
• No goes before conjugated verb.
• The indirect object pronoun and gustar are “married.” They always stay
together in the sentence.
• They refer back.
• A mi/ a ti is used for emphasis.

9. Affirmative and Negative Words
Affirmatives
Algo Something
Alguien Someone
Algún/alguno (a) Same
Siempre Always
También also
Negatives
Nada Nothing
Nadie No one
Ningún/ninguno(a) Nope, not any
Nunca Never
Tampoco Neither, either

10. Superlatives
 Ísimo, ísimos, ísima, ísimas
 These suffixes are added to adjectives and
adverbs.
 It is equivalent to extremely/very before an
adjective or adverb
 Adjective and adverbs ending in c, g, or z
change spelling to qu, gu, and c respectively
 Ex:
 Malo > malísimo
 Muchas > muchísimas
 Dificil > dificilísmo

11. Reflexives
 Reflexive pronouns are used with
reflective verbs to indicate that the
subject of the sentence recieves the
action of the verb. Me Nos
Te Os
Se Se
Many verbs can be used with or without reflexive pronouns. When
there is no reflexive pronoun, the person doing the action does not
receive the action.Reflexive
Papa se lava
Papa washes himself.

12. Affirmative Tú Commands/
Irregulars/ Pronoun Placement
 1) drop the “s”
I Infinitive Affirmative tú Commands
r Decir Di
r hacer Haz
e
g Ir Ve
u Poner Pon
l Salir Sal
a
r Ser Sé
s Tener Ten
Venir Ven
When using an object pronoun, attach the pronoun to the end of the
command.
Ex. Cuza el parque > ¡Crúzalo!

13. Negative Tú Commands/
Irregulars/Pronoun PlacementIrregulars
Infintive Negative tú
 1) Put in yo Commands
Dar No des/ digas
 2) Change vowel
Ir No vayas
ar > e er/ir > a Ser No seas
3) Add “s” Hacer No hagas
Estar No estés
Saber/ Salir No
Object pronouns precede the sepas/salgas
Verbs in negative commands, just Tener No tengas
as with other conjugated verbs. Valir No vengas
Ex. ¡No lo uses! > Don’t use it.

14. Sequencing Events
Primero Entonces Luego/ Por fin
Después
First Then Later/ after finally
Antes de/ después de
Before/ After
Por la manaña/ tarde/ noche
In/ during the…
(NO SPECIFIC TIME GIVEN)
Los lunes, etc.
On Monday…