Leukemia is a group of blood cancers that begin in the bone marrow and are characterized by an abnormal increase of immature white blood cells. It is caused by factors such as exposure to high levels of radiation, certain chemicals like benzene, and smoking. Leukemia is diagnosed through blood tests showing abnormal cell counts and bone marrow biopsies examining tissue for cancerous cells. Tests are also used to determine the specific type of leukemia, which is classified based on the affected blood cell type and speed of progression. Treatment depends on the type but generally involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplants, or watchful waiting in the case of chronic forms like CLL.
my reference
Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, Roger Walker
Rang & Dale’s pharmacology
Essential of medical pharmacology, K D Tripathi
www.google.com
This presentation is about chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), its epidemiology and incidence, staging, molecular characteristics, clinical features and management.
my reference
Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, Roger Walker
Rang & Dale’s pharmacology
Essential of medical pharmacology, K D Tripathi
www.google.com
This presentation is about chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), its epidemiology and incidence, staging, molecular characteristics, clinical features and management.
Blood Cancer Symptoms, Causes _ 3 Types of Blood Cancerhealthyboost
Leukemia, often known as leukemia, is a blood cancer. A type of blood malignancy known as lymphocytic leukemias (loo-KEE-mee-uh) produces a large number of abnormal blood cells and typically starts in the bone marrow. These immature blood cells, often known as blasts or leukemia cells, are not fully formed. Signs and symptoms may include bruising and bleeding, bone discomfort, exhaustion, fever, and an elevated susceptibility of infections. The absence of healthy blood cells is the cause of these symptoms. Blood tests or bone marrow biopsy are frequently used to make diagnoses.
Blood Cancer Symptoms, Causes 3 Types of Blood Cancer1 (2)
Leukemia‘s precise origin is not known. It is thought that both genetic and environmental (non-inherited) variables are involved. Risk risks include smoking, radiation exposure, certain substances (including benzene), previous treatment, and Down syndrome. Those who have a family history of the disease are likewise more vulnerable. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are the four primary kinds of leukemia. There are also a few less frequent varieties. Cancers of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, which include leukemias and lymphomas, are a more general classification of tumors that impact the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system.
Symptoms
Whether it is leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, MDS, MPN, or another type of blood cancer, the symptoms of blood cancer differ depending on the disease.
among the signs of blood malignancy are:
Unaccounted-for weight loss
Unaccounted-for bruising or bleeding
swellings or lumps
respiration difficulty (breathlessness)
humid night sweats
severe, recurring, or long-lasting infections
A fever of at least 38 °C that is mysterious
Unaccounted-for rashes or irritated skin
discomfort in your joints, bones, or stomach (stomach area)
the weariness that doesn’t get better with rest or sleep (fatigue)
Paleness (pallor) (pallor)
We now know more specifics regarding the signs and symptoms of many blood cancer types. For more information about the signs and symptoms of blood cancer, scroll down.
Not everyone will experience the same symptoms, and some individuals may experience symptoms not included in this list.
When to See a Doctor
It might be challenging to determine whether you should be concerned because many early cancer symptoms are not very precise. Don’t wait, though, as early diagnosis can result in quicker, more successful therapy.
If any blood cancer symptoms persist for more than a few weeks without getting better, you should visit your doctor.
Some patients worry that if they only have the flu or a cold, they won’t “bother” their doctor. However, your doctor would much rather make that diagnosis when they see you right away.
Tests to diagnose blood cancer
Blood malignancies may be diagnosed using the following tests
complete information about the cancer condition that is leukemia - introduction, definition, etiology and causes, pathophysiology ,types, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, nursing management, medical management, nursing research .
Blood cancer treatment in India encompasses a range of advanced therapies, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation. Renowned hospitals like Indraprastha Apollo, Medanta hospital, Fortis Healthcare, Amrita Hospital, etc offer personalized treatment plans, cutting-edge technology, and experienced oncologists, ensuring comprehensive care and optimal outcomes for patients with blood cancer.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. What is Leukemia?
Leukemia is a group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow
characterized by an abnormal increase of immature white blood cells
called "blasts".
Leukemia is a broad term covering a spectrum of diseases. In turn, it is
part of the even broader group of diseases affecting the blood, bone
marrow, and lymphoid system.
4. Causes of Leukemia
Benzene as a cause of leukemia had
documented since 1928. In 1948, theAmerican
Petroleum Institute officially reported a link
between this solvent used in many of their
industries used and cases of leukemia in their
workers. Their findings concluded that the only
safe level of benzene exposure is no exposure
at all.
Working with certain chemicals —
Exposure to high levels of benzene in
the workplace can cause leukemia.
Benzene is used widely in the chemical
industry. Formaldehyde is also used by
the chemical industry. Workers exposed
to formaldehyde also may be at greater
risk of leukemia.
5. Causes of Leukemia
Very high levels of radiation have been caused
by atomic bomb explosions (such as those in
Japan during World War II) and nuclearpower
plant accidents (such as the Chernobyl [also
called Chornobyl] accident in 1986).
Very high levels of radiation — People
exposed to very high levels of radiation
are much more likely than others to
develop leukemia. Medical treatment that
uses radiation can be another source of
high-level exposure. Radiation used for
diagnosis, however, exposes people to
much lower levels of radiation and is not
a likely cause.
6. Causes of Leukemia
For patients treated for Hodgkin lymphoma
(HL), cumulative doses of alkylating agent (AA)
is associated with the risk of therapy-related
acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic
syndrome (t-AML/MDS), according to a study
published online Jan. 7 in the Journal ofClinical
Oncology.
Chemotherapy — Cancer patients
treated with certain cancer-fighting
drugs sometimes later develop
leukemia. For example, drugs known as
alkylating agents are associated with
the development of leukemia many
years later.
7. Causes of Leukemia
SMOKING cigarettes may increase a person's
risk of contracting leukemia by 30 percentand
cause up to 3,600 cases of adult leukemia a
year in the United States. (PublishedFebruary
3, 1993)
Smoking— Tobacco products are the
single, major avoidable cause of cancer.
Smoking is also causally associated
with cancers of the
pancreas, kidney, bladder, stomach, an
d cervix and with myeloid leukemia.
8. Causes of Leukemia
Down syndrome was linked to leukemia for the first
time in a case report published in 1930.Since
then, Down syndrome has been recognized as oneof
the most important leukemia-predisposingsyndromes
and patients with Down syndrome and leukemia have
unique clinical features and significant differences in
treatment response and toxicity profiles compared to
patients without Down syndrome.
Down syndrome and certain other
genetic diseases — Some diseases
caused by abnormal chromosomes may
increase the risk of leukemia.
9.
10.
11. Types
Different types of leukemia are
grouped in two ways.
by duration of onset
Chronic (slow and long history)
Acute (short history rapid devlop)
by the type of blood cell that is
affected
Lymphoid cells
Myeloid cells
12. Types
In chronic leukemia, the
leukemia cells come from
mature, abnormal cells.
The cells thrive for too long
and accumulate. These
cells grow slowly.
In chronic cases symptoms
may take a long time to
even appear.
Acute leukemia develops
from early cells, called
"blasts".
Blasts are young cells, that
divide frequently. They target
immature cells, causing
symptoms to appear quickly.
In acute leukemia cells don't
stop dividing like their
normal counterparts do.
13. Types
Lymphocytic leukemia
Cancerous transformation
occurs in the type of
marrow that makes
lymphocytes.
It commonly affects lymph
nodes but can invade all
body tissues.
Myelogenous leukemia
Cancerous change
occurs in the type of
marrow cells that
produce red blood
cells, other types of
white blood cells,
and platelets.
Involves the
granulocytes i.e.
neutrophils,
eosinophils, or
basophils.
15. Diagnosis
The diagnosis of leukemia
frequently occurs following a
routine blood test that results in
an abnormal blood cell count. If
you have symptoms that
suggest leukemia, your doctor
will try to find out what's causing
the problems. Your doctor may
ask about your personal and
family medical history.
You may have one or more of
the following tests:
Blood tests: The lab does
a complete blood count to
check the number of white
blood cells, red blood
cells, and platelets. Leukemia
causes a very high level of
white blood cells. It may also
cause low levels of platelets
and hemoglobin, which is
found inside red blood cells.
16. Diagnosis
The diagnosis of leukemia
frequently occurs following a
routine blood test that results in
an abnormal blood cell count. If
you have symptoms that
suggest leukemia, your doctor
will try to find out what's causing
the problems. Your doctor may
ask about your personal and
family medical history.
You may have one or more of
the following tests:
Biopsy: Your doctor removes
tissue to look for cancer cells. A
biopsy is the only sure way to
know. Your doctor removes
some bone marrow from your
hipbone or another large bone.
A pathologist uses a
microscope to check the tissue
for leukemia cells. There are two
ways your doctor can obtain
bone marrow.
17. Diagnosis
The diagnosis of leukemia
frequently occurs following a
routine blood test that results in
an abnormal blood cell count. If
you have symptoms that
suggest leukemia, your doctor
will try to find out what's causing
the problems. Your doctor may
ask about your personal and
family medical history.
You may have one or more of
the following tests:
Biopsy
Bone marrow aspiration:
The doctor uses a
thick, hollow needle to
remove samples of bone
Marrow fluid and cells.
Bone marrow biopsy:
The doctor uses a very
thick, hollow needle to
remove a small piece of
bone.
18.
19. Diagnosis
The tests that your doctor
orders for you depend on
your symptoms and type of
leukemia. You may have
other tests:
Cytogenetics: The lab looks at
the chromosomes of cells from
samples of blood, bone
marrow, or lymph nodes. If
abnormal chromosomes are
found, the test can show what
type of leukemia you have. For
example, people with CML have
an abnormal chromosome called
the Philadelphia chromosome.
Chest x-ray: An x-ray can
show swollen lymph nodes or
other signs of disease in your
chest.
20. Diagnosis
The tests that your doctor
orders for you depend on
your symptoms and type of
leukemia. You may have
other tests:
Lumbar puncture or Spinal tap:
Your doctor may remove some of
the cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid
that fills the spaces in and around
the brain and spinal cord). The
doctor uses a long, thin needle to
remove fluid from the lower spine.
The lab checks the
fluid for leukemia cells or other
signs of problems.
22. Treatment
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is
not always treated right away. It
usually gets worse more slowly
than acute leukemia.
Treatment of Chronic
Leukemia
Chronic Lymphocytic
Leukemia
Watchful waiting - Not getting
cancer treatment right away is called
watchful waiting. CLL usually gets
worse very slowly, and you may have
no symptoms for some time. You and
your doctor may decide to hold off on
treatment for a while. During this
time your doctor will watch you
carefully.