Leukemia and lymphoma are cancers that affect the blood and bone marrow. Leukemia begins in the bone marrow and results in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells. There are two main types of leukemia - acute and chronic. Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system that most often spreads to the lungs, liver and brain, causing enlarged lymph nodes and systemic symptoms like fever and night sweats. Both are diagnosed through blood tests and biopsies and treated with chemotherapy, radiation or other medications, with varying survival rates depending on the specific type and stage of cancer.
oth Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are lymphomas — a type of cancer that begins in a subset of white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are an integral part of your immune system, which protects you from germs.
oth Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are lymphomas — a type of cancer that begins in a subset of white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are an integral part of your immune system, which protects you from germs.
An acute or chronic disease in humans and other warm-blooded animals characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells in the tissues and often in the blood.
It is a malignant disease of a blood forming organs. The common feature of leukemia is an unregulated proliferation of white blood cells (WBCs) in the bone marrow.
An acute or chronic disease in humans and other warm-blooded animals characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells in the tissues and often in the blood.
It is a malignant disease of a blood forming organs. The common feature of leukemia is an unregulated proliferation of white blood cells (WBCs) in the bone marrow.
Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system, which is part of the body's germ-fighting network.
The lymphatic system includes the lymph nodes (lymph glands), spleen, thymus gland and bone marrow. Lymphoma can affect all those areas as well as other organs throughout the body.Being older, male, or Caucasian
Having any of the following conditions:
An inherited immune system disorder
An autoimmune disease, Use of immunosuppressant drugs following an organ transplant
High levels of exposure to certain pesticides have been found in some observational studies to slightly increase the risk of NHL in agricultural workers. The risk from low-level and/or periodic exposure to these substances is not certain.
Exposure to radiation THESEare the cause.symptoms. These can include:
night sweats
unintentional weight loss
a high temperature (fever)
a persistent cough or feeling of breathlessness
persistent itching of the skin all over the body, treat meant include like chemotherapy, radiation therapy, bone marrow transplantation, etc
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) occurs primarily in children. Leukemia Cancer doctor In Delhi NCR counts about 6,000 new cases of ALL are diagnosed yearly. The 5-year’s survival rate is 69.9 percent.
visit our website to get appointment with best Cancer Doctor in Delhi NCR : https://cancerconsultindia.com/
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Datta Parul, Textbook of Pediatric Nursing, edition 4, The medical sciences publishers, 4838/24 Ansari road, Daryaganj, New Delhi, 110002, India
INTRODUCTION
Leukemia is the most common type of childhood malignancy.
It is characterized by persistent and uncontrolled production immature and abnormal WBCs.
It is a disease of abnormal proliferation and maturation of bone marrow which interferes with the production of normal RBCs, WBCs and platelets.
Leukemia is defined as uncontrolled neoplastic proliferation of leukocyte precursors.
According to National Cancer Institute,
Leukemia is defined as a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue, such as the bone marrow, and causes large number of abnormal cells to be produced and enter the bloodstream.
95-98% of childhood leukemia are acute type.
70-75% of acute lymphocytic leukemia.
common malignancy of children less than 15 years.
peak incidence is four years of age.
males are more affected than females.
twice more common in white then black in children.
The exact cause is unknown.
viruses like HPV ,Epstein Barr virus ,human T cell lymphoma leukemia virus (HTLV).
Radiations
exposure to chemicals and drugs like benzene and Dilantin
familial predisposition
chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome
Genetic like Fanconi's anemia ,bloom syndrome
ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
Primary disorder of bone marrow in which normal bone marrow elements are replaced by immature or undifferentiated blast cells.
develop when lymphoid cell line is affected.
characterized by anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, especially granulocytopenia.
the incidence rate is one in 2000 live birth.
the peak age of onset is 3 to 7 years and males are more affected than females
According to French American British classification on the basis of cell morphology it is classified as
L1
L2
L3
According to type of cell it is classified as
T cell
B cell
Pre-B cell
Null cell
T cell
10 to 15% ,high risk ,seen in older children especially males ,featured as mediastinal mass ,hepatosplenomegaly ,high WBC count ,CNS involvement and has poor prognosis.
B cell
1 to 2% children ,aggressive form ,poor prognosis and high-risk type.
Pre-B cell
Good prognosis and respond well to therapy.
Null cell
No cellular surface markers (80% ).
Great imitator, with vague and varied signs and symptoms, resembling almost any disease.
Peripheral blood examination which shows decrease hemoglobin, RBC, hematocrit and platelet count
bone marrow analysis in which large number of lymphoblasts and lymphocytes with hypercellular visible.
chest X-ray
CSF
Chemotherapy
radiation therapy
bone marrow transplantation
supportive and symptomatic management
Chemotherapy
Remission induction chemotherapy
Vincristine, Prednisolone, Asparaginase and Adriamycin are given for 4-6 weeks.
maintenance therapy or systemic continuation
6 MP (Mercaptopurine) and MTX (Methotrexate) are given for 2.5-3 years.
late intensification or THERAPY
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
3. *
Leukemia is a group of cancers that usually begin in
the bone marrow and result in high numbers of white
blood cells.
These white blood cells are not fully developed and are
called blasts or leukemia cells.
Clinically and pathologically, leukemia is subdivided
into a variety of largegroups.
The first division is between its ACUTEand
CHRONIC forms.
4. *
Acute leukemia is characterized by a rapid increase in
the number of immature blood cells.
The crowding that results from such cells makes the
bone marrow unable to produce healthy bloodcells.
Immediate treatment required because of the rapid
progression and accumulation of the malignant cells.
Most common form of leukemia inchildren.
5. *
It is characterized by the excessive buildup of relatively
mature, but still abnormal, white bloodcells.
Typically taking months or years to progress, the cells
are produced at a much higher rate than normal,
resulting in many abnormal white blood cells.
Chronic leukemia are monitored for sometimes before
treatment to ensure maximum effectiveness of
therapy.
Mostly occurs in older people, but can occur in any age
group.
6. *
The diseases are subdivided according to which kind
of blood cell is affected.
This divides leukemias into lymphoblastic or
lymphocytic leukemias and myeloid or
myelogenous leukemias.
In lymphoblastic or lymphocytic leukemias, the
cancerous change takes place in a type of marrowcell
that normally goes on to form lymphocytes.
Most lymphocytic leukemias involve a specific subtype
of lymphocyte, the B-cell.
7. In myeloid or myelogenous leukemias, the
cancerous change takes place in a type of marrowcell
that normally goes on to form red blood cells, some
other types of white cells, andplatelets.
There are some types of subcategories like hairy cell
leukemia(subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia),
T- cell prolymphocytic leukemia(very Rare and
aggressive), large granular lymphocytic
leukemia(involve either T-cells or Nk cells, adultT-cell
leukemia (caused by human T- lymphotropic virus),
clonal eosinophilias (mutation in hematopoietic
stem cells).
9. *
Most common type of leukemia in youngchildren.
It also affects adults, especially those 65 andolder.
Standard treatment involve chemotherapy and
radiotherapy.
The survival rate vary by age :85% in children and 50%
in adults.
10. *
Most often affects adults over theage of 55.
Sometimes occurs in younger adults, but it almost
never affects children.
Two-third of affected people are men.
It is incurable , but there are many effective
treatments.
The five year survival rate is75%.
11. *
It occurs more commonly in adults than in children,
and are more commonly in men than women.
It is treated with chemotherapy.
The five year survival rate is40%.
12. *
It occurs mainly in adults; a very small number of
children also develop thisdisease.
It is treated with imatinib (Gleevec in United states,
Gluivec in Europe).
The five year survival rate is90%.
17. *
BLOOD TEST: Complete blood counts(white blood
cell count increasesabnormally).
LYMPHNODE BIOPSY:Performed to diagnose certain
types of leukemia in certain situations.
BONE MARROW THERAPY: abnormal cell division in
the bone marrow WBC’s amount continues to
increase.
X-ray (bones),MRI(Brain),Ultrasound(kidney, spleen,
liver).
19. *
Lymphoma is a group of blood cell tumors thatdevelop
from lymphocytes(a type of white blood cell).
Lymphoma most often spreads to the lungs, liver,and
brain.
Lymphoma’s symptoms are like enlarged lymph nodes ,
fever, sweat, itching etc.
The enlarged lymph nodes are usually painless.
There are two types of lymphomas:
• Hodgkin’s lymphomas
• Non- hodgkin lymphoma.
About 90% of lymphomas are non-hodgkin lymphomas.
20. *
Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most common
known types of lymphomas.
A hodgkin lymphoma is marked by the presence of a
type of cell called the reed-sternbergcell.
21. *
Enlarged lymph nodes Or lymphadenopathy.
Bsymptoms (systemic symptoms)- can be associated
with both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-hodgkin
lymphoma. They consist of :
• Fever
• Night Sweats
• Unintended weight loss
• Itching
• Feeling tired/fatigue.
• Anorexia or loss of appetite.
22. *
Risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma include infection
with,
• Epstein-barr virus.
• History of the disease in the family.
Risk factors for common types of non-Hodgkin
lymphomas include,
• Autoimmune disease.
• HIV/AIDS.
• Infection with human T- lymphotropic virus.
• Immunosuppresant medications.
• Pesticides.
• Tobacco smoking.
23. *
Lymph Node Biopsy.
• A partial or total excision of a lymph node examined underthe
microscope.
• This examination reveals the histopathology features thatmay
indicate lymphoma.
24. *
Treatment may involve chemotherapy, medication,
radiation therapy and rarely stem-cell transplant.
Medications
Chemotherapy,
Bone marrow stimulant,
Steroid, and Blood transfusion
Surgery
Autotransplantation
25. *
Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, RogerWalker
Rang & Dale’s pharmacology
Essential of medical pharmacology, K D Tripathi
www.google.com