The document summarizes key aspects of respiratory anatomy and physiology. It describes the structure and function of the lungs, including details on lobes and fissures, vascular and lymphatic supply, innervation and development. It also discusses common respiratory diseases and clinical relevance of respiratory anatomy, such as in bronchoscopy, pneumonia, tuberculosis, asthma and lung cancer.
Blood supply of head & neck. Arterial & venous anastomosesEneutron
1. The coomon carotid artery
a) topography
- carotid sinus
- carotid body
2. Neurovascular bundles of the neck
3. The external carotid artery
4. The internal carotid artery
- arterial supply of the brain
5. Arterial anastomoses head and neck
6. Veins of the head and neck
Blood supply of head & neck. Arterial & venous anastomosesEneutron
1. The coomon carotid artery
a) topography
- carotid sinus
- carotid body
2. Neurovascular bundles of the neck
3. The external carotid artery
4. The internal carotid artery
- arterial supply of the brain
5. Arterial anastomoses head and neck
6. Veins of the head and neck
in this presentation the complete anatomy of the lungs is explained, which is very easy to understand. it is very useful for the students of medical field and other students who are appearing in the competitive exams like neet, cet etc.
The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants. The anatomy and physiology that make this happen varies greatly, depending on the size of the organism, the environment in which it lives and its evolutionary history. In land animals the respiratory surface is internalized as linings of the lungs.[1] Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in millions of small air sacs called alveoli in mammals and reptiles, but atria in birds. These microscopic air sacs have a very rich blood supply, thus bringing the air into close contact with the blood.[2] These air sacs communicate with the external environment via a system of airways, or hollow tubes, of which the largest is the trachea, which branches in the middle of the chest into the two main bronchi. These enter the lungs where they branch into progressively narrower secondary and tertiary bronchi that branch into numerous smaller tubes, the bronchioles. In birds the bronchioles are termed parabronchi. It is the bronchioles, or parabronchi that generally open into the microscopic alveoli in mammals and atria in birds. Air has to be pumped from the environment into the alveoli or atria by the process of breathing which involves the muscles of respiration.
This lecture help the students such as medical ,nursing , and any health care provider to understand the basic information about anatomy of respiratory system.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdf
Respiratory system and lungs.pptx
1. RESPIRATORY TRACT
Mucous membrane present which act as filter
Intersection between oesophagus and lungs
Epiglottis present which allows air to pass
through
Trachea branches to form left and right bronchi.
Each bronchi branch into secondary bronchi
that branch into tertiary and further into
smaller airways called bronchioles that
eventually connects with alveoli that function in
gas exchange .
4. PLEURAE
Pleura is a serous membrane which is lined by
mesothelium (flattened epithelium).
There are two pleural sacs, one on either side of
mediastinum.
Each pleural sac is invaginated from its medial
side by the lung, so that it has an outer layer, the
parietal pleura, and an inner layer, the visceral or
pulmonary pleura.
5. RECESS OF PLEURA
There are two recesses of parietal pleura, which act as “reserve spaces
” for the lung to expand during deep inspiration.
Costomediastinal recess
Lies anteriorly, behind the sternum and Costal cartilages,
between the Costal and mediastinal pleurae, particularly in
relation to the cardiac notch of the left lung.
Costodiaphragmatic / Costovertebral recess
Lies inferiorly between the Costal and diaphragmatic
pleurae. Vertically, it measures about 5 cm, and extends from
the eighth to tenth ribs along the midaxillary line.
7. Features
of
Lungs
Shape - Conical
Texture - Spongy
Color -
In young ones – Brown or Grey
In Adults – Mottled Black
Weight –
Right Lung – 445 grams
Left Lung – 395 grams
Position –
On either side of mediastinum within thoracic
cavity
9. Apex
Blunt superior end of the lung.
Projects upwards ,above the level of the first rib.
Reaches nearly 2.5 cm above the medial one-third of the
clavicle, just medial to the supraclavicular fossa.
Covered by cervical pleura, the Supraplueral membrane.
Base
Semilunar and concave.
On inferior surface of lung and rests on the diaphragm..
Separates the right lung from right lobe of liver, and left lung
from the left lobe of liver ,the fundus of stomach, and the
spleen.
10. Three borders
Anterior border
Shorter.
Formed by convergence of mediastinal and
Costal surfaces.
On the left lung , it is marked by a deep notch
created by the apex of the heart. It is known as
Cardiac notch.
Posterior border
Thick and ill defined, Smooth and rounded.
formed by Costal and medial surfaces meeting
posteriorly.
Inferior border
Separates the base from the Costal and medial
surface.
Three surfaces
Costal surface
Large ,convex ,smooth.
It is related to the Costal pleura ,which separates it from
ribs and intercostal muscles.
Medial surface
It is divided into Posterior/Vertebral part and an
Anterior Mediastinal part.
The vertebral part is related to the vertebral bodies,
intervertebral discs, the posterior intercostal vessels and
splanchnic nerves .
The mediastinal part is related to the mediastinal
septum, and shows a cardiac impression, the hilum and
a number of other impressions which differ on the two
sides.
Diaphragmatic surface
It lies on the top of diaphragm.
11. Fissures and lobes of the lungs –
The right lung is divided into 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower) by two
fissures (oblique and horizontal).
The left lung is divided into two lobes by the oblique fissure.
The presence of oblique fissure of each lung allows a more uniform
expansion of the whole lung.
Root of the lung
It is short, broad pedicle which connects the medial surface of the lung to
the mediastinum.It is formed by structures which either enter or come
out of the lung at the hilum.
Contents
1. Principal bronchus on the left side, and eparterial and hypaterial
bronchi on the right side.
2. One pulmonary artery.
3. Two pulmonary veins, superior and inferior.
4. Bronchial arteries, one on the right side and two on the left side.
5. Bronchial veins.
6. Anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses of nerves.
7. Lymphatic of the lung.
8. Brochopulmonary lymph nodes.
9. Areolar tissue .
12.
13.
14. Blood supply
The lungs have a dual blood supply provided by
a bronchial and a pulmonary circulation.
The bronchial arteries supply nutrition to the bronchial and
to the pulmonary tissue.
On the right side
One bronchial artery (From the third right posterior
intercostal artery).
On the left side
Two bronchial arteries (From the descending thoracic
aorta, the upper opposite fifth thoracic vertebra and
the lower just below the left bronchus).
The pulmonary circulation includes two pulmonary arteries
and four pulmonary veins.
Venous Drainage
The two bronchial veins on each side carries the venous
blood from first and second divisions of bronchi.
The right bronchial veins drain into azygous vein.
The left bronchial veins drain into hemiazygous vein.
The greater Part of venous blood from the lungs is drained
by the pulmonary veins.
15. Lymphatic Drainage
There are two sets of lymphatic which drain into Broncho
pulmonary nodes.
1) Superficial vessels drain the peripheral lung tissue.
2) Deep lymphatics drain the bronchial tree ,pulmonary
vessels and the connective tissue septa.
Nervous supply
The nerves of the lungs are derived from the pulmonary
plexuses. They feature sympathetic, parasympathetic and
visceral afferent fibers .
Parasympathetic
- Derived from the vagus nerve.
Sympathetic
- Derived from the sympathetic trunks.(second to fifth
sympathetic ganglia).
Visceral afferent
- Conduct pain impulses to the sensory ganglion of the
vagus nerve.
16. Broncho pulmonary
segments
There are 10 segments on the right
side and 10 on the left side.
There are well -defined anatomical
,functional and surgical sectors of
the lung.
Each segment is pyramidal in shape
and each segment has a segmental
bronchus, segmental artery,
autonomic nerves and lymph
vessels.
17. CLINICAL ANATOMY
Pleuritis or pleurisy
This is the inflammation of the pleura. Acute pleuritis is marked by sharp, stabbing pain, especially on exertion.
Aspiration of foreign bodies
Since the right bronchus is wider and shorter and runs more vertically than the left bronchus, foreign bodies are
more likely to enter and lodge in it or in one of its branches.
Bronchoscopy
When examining with a bronchoscope, one
observes a keel like ridge called the carina. It is a
cartilaginous projection of the last tracheal ring.
Morphological changes in the carina are
important diagnostic signs to bronchoscopists in
assisting with the differential diagnosis of
respiratory disease.
18. Bronchial asthma
Bronchial asthma is an increasingly common condition of
the lungs in which widespread narrowing of the airways is
present.
Asthma is caused by varying degrees by contraction of the
smooth muscle, edema of the mucosa, and mucus in the
lumen of the bronchi and bronchioles.
In asthma, there is difficult expiration because the
bronchioles which are opened during inspiration also have
to remain open during expiration if they are to permit a
rapid outflow of air owing to elastic recoil of the lung
tissues.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Man is the main host.
The microbes cause pulmonary tuberculosis and are spread
either by droplet infection from an individual with active
tuberculosis, or in dust contaminated by infected sputum.
19. Pneumonia
This occurs when protective processes fail to prevent inhaled or blood
born microbes reaching and colonizing the lungs.
Types- lobar pneumonia and bronchopneumonia
Lobar pneumonia
This is the infection of one or more lobes by Streptococcus pneumoniae .
Bronchopneumonia
Infection is spread from the bronchi to terminal bronchioles and alveoli.
Floatation of the lungs
Fresh healthy lungs always contain some air. Diseased lungs filled with fluid, fetal lungs, and lungs from a still born
infant will not float.
20. Bronchial carcinoma
Primary bronchial carcinoma is a common form of
malignancy. The tumour usually develops in a main
bronchus, forming a large friable mass that project into the
lumen sometimes causing obstruction.
Emphysema is a long-term, progressive disease of the
lungs that primarily causes shortness of breath due to over-
inflation of the alveoli (air sacs in the lung). In people with
emphysema, the lung tissue involved in exchange of gases
(oxygen and carbon dioxide) is impaired or destroyed.
21. Pneumoconiosis
This is a group of lung diseases caused by inhaling organic or inorganic atmospheric pollutants. Some of them are-
Coal workers pneumoconiosis- soft bituminous coal
Silicosis- dust containing silicon compounds
Asbestosis- asbestos
Pleural mesothelioma- asbestos
Byssinosis- cotton fibres
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
This is a group of conditions caused by inhaling materials contaminated by moulds and fungi.
Farmers lung- mouldy hay
Bagassosis- mouldy sugar waste
Bird handler’s lung- mould in bird droppings
Malt worker’s lung- mouldy barley
22. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)
is an umbrella term used to describe progressive lung
diseases including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and
refractory (non-reversible) asthma. This disease is
characterized by increasing breathlessness.