Lymphoma is cancer that begins in the lymph system. There are two main types: Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed Sternberg cells. Diagnosis involves lymph node biopsy and staging tests. Treatment depends on stage but may include chemotherapy, radiation, or stem cell transplant. Nursing focuses on managing pain, infection risk, nutrition, and activity tolerance.
This document discusses sickle cell anemia. It begins by explaining that sickle cell anemia causes red blood cells to become stiff, sticky and sickle-shaped which can block blood flow. It then describes the characteristics of normal red blood cells compared to sickled cells. The document outlines the pathological defect involving mutations in hemoglobin genes. It details the four main types of sickle cell disease and their symptoms. Diagnostic tests and medical management are discussed along with potential complications from sickle cell anemia. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for impaired skin integrity, risk of injury from joint swelling, and altered renal function.
This document provides information about acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It discusses that ALL is a cancer of the lymphoid cells that is most common in children. The document covers the classification, immunologic subtypes, cytogenetic abnormalities, clinical features, diagnostic measures, and hematological and histological findings of ALL. It describes that ALL is diagnosed based on complete blood count, peripheral smear, bone marrow biopsy and cytogenetic/flow cytometry analysis. The key diagnostic findings include anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia and lymphoblasts in the bone marrow.
It is a malignant disease of a blood forming organs. The common feature of leukemia is an unregulated proliferation of white blood cells (WBCs) in the bone marrow.
1) Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system that is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells on histology and spreading in an orderly fashion to contiguous lymph nodes.
2) Risk factors include certain viruses like Epstein-Barr virus, a weakened immune system, age (most common in teens/young adults and those over 55), and family history.
3) Clinical presentation includes enlarged, painless lymph nodes as well as potential involvement of extralymphatic sites and "B" symptoms like night sweats and fever.
4) Staging involves determining the number and location of affected lymph nodes and sites of spread, with each stage divided into A or B
This document discusses lymphoma, a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. It defines lymphoma as malignant neoplasms originating in bone marrow and lymphatic structures, causing abnormal lymphocyte proliferation. There are two main types: Hodgkin's lymphoma, originating from specific white blood cells, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a diverse group of lymphomas excluding Hodgkin's. The document outlines diagnostic tests, management including chemotherapy, radiation therapy and stem cell transplantation, as well as nursing considerations for lymphoma patients.
This document discusses essential thrombocytosis (ET), a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by overproduction of platelets. It covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of ET. The pathophysiology involves clonal mutations like JAK2, CALR and MPL that activate thrombopoietin receptors. Patients may be asymptomatic or experience bleeding, thrombosis, or pregnancy complications. Diagnosis involves sustained thrombocytosis and bone marrow biopsy showing megakaryocyte proliferation. Treatment focuses on reducing platelet count in high risk patients through medications like hydroxyurea or aspirin. Prognosis is generally good with life expectancy near normal.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system that can involve B or T cells. It causes abnormal lymph node accumulation and often spreads diffusely. Risk factors include viruses, immune deficiencies, and genetic syndromes. Symptoms depend on subtype and location but may include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, weight loss, or masses. Diagnosis involves biopsy and testing. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy regimens like CHOP but can include radiation or monoclonal antibodies. Complications include infections, organ damage, and secondary cancers.
Lymphoma is cancer that begins in the lymph system. There are two main types: Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed Sternberg cells. Diagnosis involves lymph node biopsy and staging tests. Treatment depends on stage but may include chemotherapy, radiation, or stem cell transplant. Nursing focuses on managing pain, infection risk, nutrition, and activity tolerance.
This document discusses sickle cell anemia. It begins by explaining that sickle cell anemia causes red blood cells to become stiff, sticky and sickle-shaped which can block blood flow. It then describes the characteristics of normal red blood cells compared to sickled cells. The document outlines the pathological defect involving mutations in hemoglobin genes. It details the four main types of sickle cell disease and their symptoms. Diagnostic tests and medical management are discussed along with potential complications from sickle cell anemia. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for impaired skin integrity, risk of injury from joint swelling, and altered renal function.
This document provides information about acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It discusses that ALL is a cancer of the lymphoid cells that is most common in children. The document covers the classification, immunologic subtypes, cytogenetic abnormalities, clinical features, diagnostic measures, and hematological and histological findings of ALL. It describes that ALL is diagnosed based on complete blood count, peripheral smear, bone marrow biopsy and cytogenetic/flow cytometry analysis. The key diagnostic findings include anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia and lymphoblasts in the bone marrow.
It is a malignant disease of a blood forming organs. The common feature of leukemia is an unregulated proliferation of white blood cells (WBCs) in the bone marrow.
1) Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system that is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells on histology and spreading in an orderly fashion to contiguous lymph nodes.
2) Risk factors include certain viruses like Epstein-Barr virus, a weakened immune system, age (most common in teens/young adults and those over 55), and family history.
3) Clinical presentation includes enlarged, painless lymph nodes as well as potential involvement of extralymphatic sites and "B" symptoms like night sweats and fever.
4) Staging involves determining the number and location of affected lymph nodes and sites of spread, with each stage divided into A or B
This document discusses lymphoma, a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. It defines lymphoma as malignant neoplasms originating in bone marrow and lymphatic structures, causing abnormal lymphocyte proliferation. There are two main types: Hodgkin's lymphoma, originating from specific white blood cells, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a diverse group of lymphomas excluding Hodgkin's. The document outlines diagnostic tests, management including chemotherapy, radiation therapy and stem cell transplantation, as well as nursing considerations for lymphoma patients.
This document discusses essential thrombocytosis (ET), a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by overproduction of platelets. It covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of ET. The pathophysiology involves clonal mutations like JAK2, CALR and MPL that activate thrombopoietin receptors. Patients may be asymptomatic or experience bleeding, thrombosis, or pregnancy complications. Diagnosis involves sustained thrombocytosis and bone marrow biopsy showing megakaryocyte proliferation. Treatment focuses on reducing platelet count in high risk patients through medications like hydroxyurea or aspirin. Prognosis is generally good with life expectancy near normal.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system that can involve B or T cells. It causes abnormal lymph node accumulation and often spreads diffusely. Risk factors include viruses, immune deficiencies, and genetic syndromes. Symptoms depend on subtype and location but may include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, weight loss, or masses. Diagnosis involves biopsy and testing. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy regimens like CHOP but can include radiation or monoclonal antibodies. Complications include infections, organ damage, and secondary cancers.
This document discusses Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), including its characteristics, risk factors, presentation, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and long-term effects. HL is characterized by progressive lymph node enlargement. The Reed-Sternberg cell is the hallmark of HL. Presentation includes painless lymphadenopathy, mediastinal involvement, and B symptoms like fever. Diagnosis involves lymph node biopsy showing Reed-Sternberg cells. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy plus low-dose radiation, with multi-agent chemotherapy regimens being standard. Prognosis is generally good even for advanced disease, though risks remain for secondary cancers and organ toxicity long-term.
Lymphomas originate from cells of the lymphoid tissue. They are divided into Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. It commonly presents with peripheral lymphadenopathy and B symptoms. Diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging. Staging involves the Ann Arbor or Cotswolds classification. Treatment involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy or a combination based on prognostic factors. Complications can include pneumonitis, cardiomyopathy, secondary cancers and gonadal dysfunction.
This document discusses leukemia, specifically focusing on acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It defines leukemia as cancer that starts in blood forming cells of the bone marrow. ALL and AML are described as the two most common types of childhood leukemia. Treatment for ALL typically involves induction, consolidation, and maintenance phases over 2.5 years using chemotherapy. AML treatment often begins with a "7+3" induction regimen combining cytarabine and an anthracycline. Prognosis is generally worse for adults and related to age for both ALL and AML.
There are two types of tumors - benign and malignant. Benign tumors are non-cancerous, grow slowly, and do not spread to other parts of the body, though if left untreated can become problematic due to their size. Malignant tumors are cancerous, grow quickly, can spread to other areas, and are often resistant to treatment. While benign tumors are generally localized, malignant tumors infiltrate surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant regions.
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a type of leukemia characterized by the increased and unregulated growth of myeloid cells in the bone marrow. It results from a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, known as the Philadelphia chromosome, which generates the BCR-ABL fusion gene. This fusion gene encodes for a constitutively active tyrosine kinase that drives the overproduction of white blood cells. CML progresses through chronic, accelerated and blast crisis phases and can be diagnosed by blood and bone marrow tests and identification of the Philadelphia chromosome. Treatment involves tyrosine kinase inhibitors like imatinib, dasatinib or nilotinib, stem cell transplant, or other drugs and monitoring response based on blood counts
This document provides an overview of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It discusses the historical background, classification, clinical features, risk stratification, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment regimens for AML. Key points include that AML is characterized by infiltration of blood and bone marrow by proliferative myeloid cells, the WHO classification system is based on clinical features, morphology, cytogenetics and molecular abnormalities, risk is stratified by cytogenetics and molecular markers, and treatment involves supportive care, induction chemotherapy, and consideration of novel targeted therapies or stem cell transplant depending on risk factors.
Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the white blood cells and bone marrow. It occurs when blood cells grow abnormally and crowd out normal cells. The main types are chronic and acute leukemia. Chronic leukemia progresses slowly while acute leukemia worsens rapidly. Symptoms can include fever, weakness, and easy bruising. Diagnosis involves blood tests, biopsy of bone marrow. Treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant, targeted therapy, and watchful waiting. A 14-year old girl in Jamaica was diagnosed with leukemia after fainting in school and requires constant antibiotics due to her weakened immune system.
Renal cell carcinoma arises from the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule in the kidney. It is the most common and lethal type of kidney cancer. RCC can be classified into several subtypes including clear cell and papillary. The incidence is rising and risk factors include smoking, obesity, and family history. Imaging tests such as CT scans and biopsies are used for diagnosis and staging. Surgery is the primary treatment if the cancer is confined to the kidneys, while targeted drug therapies may be options for advanced cases. Prognosis depends on staging, with 5-year survival rates ranging from 90% for small localized tumors to less than 5% if the cancer has metastasized to other organs.
Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder characterized by defective or reduced hemoglobin. There are two main types: alpha thalassemia affects alpha globin chain production and beta thalassemia affects beta globin chain production. Symptoms range from mild anemia to severe anemia requiring regular blood transfusions depending on which genes are affected. Treatment involves lifelong blood transfusions combined with iron chelation therapy to prevent iron overload, and potentially splenectomy or bone marrow transplant.
chronic myeloid leukemia, CML, epidemiology, BCR ABL1 gene, philadelphia chromosome, t(9;22), CML incidence, etiology of CML, pathophysiology of CML, phases of CML, treatment of CML, Allogenic stem cell transplant, TKI therapy for CML, Sokal index for CML,
Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow that results in abnormal white blood cells. There are four main types: acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Signs and symptoms include fatigue, weakness, fever, bleeding, and infections. Diagnosis involves blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and other exams. Treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, biological therapy, and bone marrow transplantation. Nursing care focuses on preventing infection and bleeding, managing fatigue and nutrition, and providing psychological support.
This document provides an overview of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), including:
1. NHL is a heterogeneous group of malignant diseases of the lymphoid system that is defined and has varying epidemiology, classification, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, and treatment.
2. NHL is classified in several systems, most recently the WHO system from 2008, which categorizes NHL into B-cell and T/NK-cell lymphomas that can be indolent or aggressive.
3. Specific subtypes like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and Burkitt's lymphoma have unique characteristics and clinical presentations.
complete information about the cancer condition that is leukemia - introduction, definition, etiology and causes, pathophysiology ,types, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, nursing management, medical management, nursing research .
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy in children. It is characterized by the overproduction of immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts. The disease is classified based on immunophenotyping and cytogenetics. Prognostic factors include age, white blood cell count, cytogenetics, and immunophenotype. Diagnosis involves examination of peripheral blood, bone marrow aspirate, immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, and molecular testing. Treatment and monitoring of minimal residual disease is important. Genetic conditions and environmental exposures can predispose children to developing ALL.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a syndrome in which either the extrinsic or intrinsic or both pathways are activated to produce multiple fibrin clots in small blood vessels.
Thalassemia is a blood disorder caused by a genetic defect that results in inadequate hemoglobin production. It is most common in populations from the Mediterranean, Middle East, Africa, and Asia. There are two main types - alpha and beta thalassemia. Management involves regular blood transfusions to correct anemia, along with iron chelation therapy to prevent iron overload. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for complications, providing transfusions and chelation therapy, and educating patients and their families.
Pancytopenia is a condition defined by low levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It can be caused by bone marrow failure, bone marrow infiltration, ineffective hematopoiesis, or peripheral destruction/pooling of blood cells. Evaluating the history, examination, blood counts, blood film, bone marrow aspiration/biopsy, and other tests can help determine the underlying cause, such as aplastic anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, or myelodysplastic syndrome. The bone marrow may appear hypocellular, normocellular, or hypercellular, providing clues to diagnoses like aplastic anemia or hematologic malignancies.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the lymphoid line of blood cells characterized by increased numbers of immature lymphocytes in the bone marrow. It is the most common cancer in children. Treatment involves chemotherapy given systemically and intrathecally in phases including induction, consolidation and maintenance to achieve and maintain remission. Prognosis depends on risk factors like age, white blood cell count, genetics. Late effects of intensive chemotherapy include secondary cancers, organ dysfunction. Relapse indicates poor prognosis requiring aggressive salvage therapies like stem cell transplant.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a pathological condition where widespread blood clot formation occurs throughout the small blood vessels of the body. It can be acute, subacute, or chronic. DIC results from the activation of coagulation pathways due to factors like sepsis, trauma, malignancy, or obstetric complications. This leads to fibrin deposition, thrombosis, multi-organ failure, and bleeding manifestations as clotting factors are depleted. Treatment involves controlling the underlying condition, replacing clotting factors, and using anticoagulants.
The document discusses leukemia, which is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. It defines leukemia as an abnormal proliferation of white blood cells. It then classifies leukemias as either acute or chronic, depending on how quickly symptoms develop, and as either lymphocytic or myeloid, depending on the affected cell type. The four main types of leukemia are described as acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia. Clinical manifestations and nursing management are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of leukemias, including:
- Leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow that results in an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
- There are four main types: acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia.
- Signs and symptoms vary depending on the type but can include fatigue, infections, anemia, bruising/bleeding, and enlargement of the liver and spleen.
- Diagnosis involves blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and other exams. Treatment involves chemotherapy, targeted therapies, radiation, stem cell transplant, and management of symptoms.
1. White blood cells (leukocytes) include granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils which fight infection, and agranulocytes like monocytes and lymphocytes which are involved in immune responses.
2. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells characterized by abnormal proliferation of white blood cells. The four main types are acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
3. Factors involved in leukemia development include genetic mutations, chromosomal translocations, radiation exposure, certain chemicals, and some viruses. Maintaining overall health can help support white blood cell counts.
This document discusses Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), including its characteristics, risk factors, presentation, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and long-term effects. HL is characterized by progressive lymph node enlargement. The Reed-Sternberg cell is the hallmark of HL. Presentation includes painless lymphadenopathy, mediastinal involvement, and B symptoms like fever. Diagnosis involves lymph node biopsy showing Reed-Sternberg cells. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy plus low-dose radiation, with multi-agent chemotherapy regimens being standard. Prognosis is generally good even for advanced disease, though risks remain for secondary cancers and organ toxicity long-term.
Lymphomas originate from cells of the lymphoid tissue. They are divided into Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. It commonly presents with peripheral lymphadenopathy and B symptoms. Diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging. Staging involves the Ann Arbor or Cotswolds classification. Treatment involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy or a combination based on prognostic factors. Complications can include pneumonitis, cardiomyopathy, secondary cancers and gonadal dysfunction.
This document discusses leukemia, specifically focusing on acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It defines leukemia as cancer that starts in blood forming cells of the bone marrow. ALL and AML are described as the two most common types of childhood leukemia. Treatment for ALL typically involves induction, consolidation, and maintenance phases over 2.5 years using chemotherapy. AML treatment often begins with a "7+3" induction regimen combining cytarabine and an anthracycline. Prognosis is generally worse for adults and related to age for both ALL and AML.
There are two types of tumors - benign and malignant. Benign tumors are non-cancerous, grow slowly, and do not spread to other parts of the body, though if left untreated can become problematic due to their size. Malignant tumors are cancerous, grow quickly, can spread to other areas, and are often resistant to treatment. While benign tumors are generally localized, malignant tumors infiltrate surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant regions.
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a type of leukemia characterized by the increased and unregulated growth of myeloid cells in the bone marrow. It results from a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, known as the Philadelphia chromosome, which generates the BCR-ABL fusion gene. This fusion gene encodes for a constitutively active tyrosine kinase that drives the overproduction of white blood cells. CML progresses through chronic, accelerated and blast crisis phases and can be diagnosed by blood and bone marrow tests and identification of the Philadelphia chromosome. Treatment involves tyrosine kinase inhibitors like imatinib, dasatinib or nilotinib, stem cell transplant, or other drugs and monitoring response based on blood counts
This document provides an overview of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It discusses the historical background, classification, clinical features, risk stratification, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment regimens for AML. Key points include that AML is characterized by infiltration of blood and bone marrow by proliferative myeloid cells, the WHO classification system is based on clinical features, morphology, cytogenetics and molecular abnormalities, risk is stratified by cytogenetics and molecular markers, and treatment involves supportive care, induction chemotherapy, and consideration of novel targeted therapies or stem cell transplant depending on risk factors.
Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the white blood cells and bone marrow. It occurs when blood cells grow abnormally and crowd out normal cells. The main types are chronic and acute leukemia. Chronic leukemia progresses slowly while acute leukemia worsens rapidly. Symptoms can include fever, weakness, and easy bruising. Diagnosis involves blood tests, biopsy of bone marrow. Treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant, targeted therapy, and watchful waiting. A 14-year old girl in Jamaica was diagnosed with leukemia after fainting in school and requires constant antibiotics due to her weakened immune system.
Renal cell carcinoma arises from the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule in the kidney. It is the most common and lethal type of kidney cancer. RCC can be classified into several subtypes including clear cell and papillary. The incidence is rising and risk factors include smoking, obesity, and family history. Imaging tests such as CT scans and biopsies are used for diagnosis and staging. Surgery is the primary treatment if the cancer is confined to the kidneys, while targeted drug therapies may be options for advanced cases. Prognosis depends on staging, with 5-year survival rates ranging from 90% for small localized tumors to less than 5% if the cancer has metastasized to other organs.
Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder characterized by defective or reduced hemoglobin. There are two main types: alpha thalassemia affects alpha globin chain production and beta thalassemia affects beta globin chain production. Symptoms range from mild anemia to severe anemia requiring regular blood transfusions depending on which genes are affected. Treatment involves lifelong blood transfusions combined with iron chelation therapy to prevent iron overload, and potentially splenectomy or bone marrow transplant.
chronic myeloid leukemia, CML, epidemiology, BCR ABL1 gene, philadelphia chromosome, t(9;22), CML incidence, etiology of CML, pathophysiology of CML, phases of CML, treatment of CML, Allogenic stem cell transplant, TKI therapy for CML, Sokal index for CML,
Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow that results in abnormal white blood cells. There are four main types: acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Signs and symptoms include fatigue, weakness, fever, bleeding, and infections. Diagnosis involves blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and other exams. Treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, biological therapy, and bone marrow transplantation. Nursing care focuses on preventing infection and bleeding, managing fatigue and nutrition, and providing psychological support.
This document provides an overview of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), including:
1. NHL is a heterogeneous group of malignant diseases of the lymphoid system that is defined and has varying epidemiology, classification, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, and treatment.
2. NHL is classified in several systems, most recently the WHO system from 2008, which categorizes NHL into B-cell and T/NK-cell lymphomas that can be indolent or aggressive.
3. Specific subtypes like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and Burkitt's lymphoma have unique characteristics and clinical presentations.
complete information about the cancer condition that is leukemia - introduction, definition, etiology and causes, pathophysiology ,types, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, nursing management, medical management, nursing research .
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy in children. It is characterized by the overproduction of immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts. The disease is classified based on immunophenotyping and cytogenetics. Prognostic factors include age, white blood cell count, cytogenetics, and immunophenotype. Diagnosis involves examination of peripheral blood, bone marrow aspirate, immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, and molecular testing. Treatment and monitoring of minimal residual disease is important. Genetic conditions and environmental exposures can predispose children to developing ALL.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a syndrome in which either the extrinsic or intrinsic or both pathways are activated to produce multiple fibrin clots in small blood vessels.
Thalassemia is a blood disorder caused by a genetic defect that results in inadequate hemoglobin production. It is most common in populations from the Mediterranean, Middle East, Africa, and Asia. There are two main types - alpha and beta thalassemia. Management involves regular blood transfusions to correct anemia, along with iron chelation therapy to prevent iron overload. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for complications, providing transfusions and chelation therapy, and educating patients and their families.
Pancytopenia is a condition defined by low levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It can be caused by bone marrow failure, bone marrow infiltration, ineffective hematopoiesis, or peripheral destruction/pooling of blood cells. Evaluating the history, examination, blood counts, blood film, bone marrow aspiration/biopsy, and other tests can help determine the underlying cause, such as aplastic anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, or myelodysplastic syndrome. The bone marrow may appear hypocellular, normocellular, or hypercellular, providing clues to diagnoses like aplastic anemia or hematologic malignancies.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the lymphoid line of blood cells characterized by increased numbers of immature lymphocytes in the bone marrow. It is the most common cancer in children. Treatment involves chemotherapy given systemically and intrathecally in phases including induction, consolidation and maintenance to achieve and maintain remission. Prognosis depends on risk factors like age, white blood cell count, genetics. Late effects of intensive chemotherapy include secondary cancers, organ dysfunction. Relapse indicates poor prognosis requiring aggressive salvage therapies like stem cell transplant.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a pathological condition where widespread blood clot formation occurs throughout the small blood vessels of the body. It can be acute, subacute, or chronic. DIC results from the activation of coagulation pathways due to factors like sepsis, trauma, malignancy, or obstetric complications. This leads to fibrin deposition, thrombosis, multi-organ failure, and bleeding manifestations as clotting factors are depleted. Treatment involves controlling the underlying condition, replacing clotting factors, and using anticoagulants.
The document discusses leukemia, which is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. It defines leukemia as an abnormal proliferation of white blood cells. It then classifies leukemias as either acute or chronic, depending on how quickly symptoms develop, and as either lymphocytic or myeloid, depending on the affected cell type. The four main types of leukemia are described as acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia. Clinical manifestations and nursing management are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of leukemias, including:
- Leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow that results in an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
- There are four main types: acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia.
- Signs and symptoms vary depending on the type but can include fatigue, infections, anemia, bruising/bleeding, and enlargement of the liver and spleen.
- Diagnosis involves blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and other exams. Treatment involves chemotherapy, targeted therapies, radiation, stem cell transplant, and management of symptoms.
1. White blood cells (leukocytes) include granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils which fight infection, and agranulocytes like monocytes and lymphocytes which are involved in immune responses.
2. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells characterized by abnormal proliferation of white blood cells. The four main types are acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
3. Factors involved in leukemia development include genetic mutations, chromosomal translocations, radiation exposure, certain chemicals, and some viruses. Maintaining overall health can help support white blood cell counts.
Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of immature white blood cells. There are several types classified by how quickly the disease develops (acute or chronic) and the affected blood cell type (lymphoid or myeloid). Common types include acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia. Treatment involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or stem cell transplantation and varies depending on the leukemia type and stage.
Leukemia is a cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It causes the body to produce immature white blood cells that do not function properly. There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Management of leukemia involves chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy or stem cell transplant depending on the type and stage of leukemia. The goal of treatment is to destroy signs of leukemia in the body and induce remission.
Leukemia and lymphoma are cancers that affect the blood and bone marrow. Leukemia begins in the bone marrow and results in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells. There are two main types of leukemia - acute and chronic. Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system that most often spreads to the lungs, liver and brain, causing enlarged lymph nodes and systemic symptoms like fever and night sweats. Both are diagnosed through blood tests and biopsies and treated with chemotherapy, radiation or other medications, with varying survival rates depending on the specific type and stage of cancer.
This document provides an overview of leukemia, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow characterized by abnormal blood cell production. There are four main types classified by cell type and disease progression: acute or chronic, myeloid or lymphoid. Causes are often genetic defects or environmental exposures. Symptoms vary by type but can include fatigue, infections, bruising, and organ enlargement. Diagnosis involves blood and bone marrow tests. Treatment aims to cure or control the disease using chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplants, and supportive care.
This document provides information about leukemia, including:
- Leukemia is a group of cancers that affect the blood and bone marrow. It results from abnormal bone marrow stem cells and causes an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
- There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. They are distinguished based on the type of blood cell affected and speed of progression.
- Treatment depends on the leukemia type and involves chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, or watchful waiting. The goal is to destroy signs of leukemia and induce remission while managing side effects.
-
This document provides an overview of leukemia, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing management. It discusses the main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia. For each type, it covers clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, medical management options like chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation, and associated nursing care. The document also reviews the TNM staging system and mentions a research study on imatinib therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia.
The document discusses lymphoma, which is a cancer of the lymphatic system. It begins by describing the anatomy and function of the lymphatic system. It then defines lymphoma and discusses the two main types: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and has a good prognosis. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common and diverse, with several subtypes that can vary in aggressiveness. The document outlines signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options including chemotherapy and stem cell transplant, and the nursing management of patients with lymphoma.
Leukemia is a group of blood cancers that begin in the bone marrow and result in abnormal blood cells. The most common types are acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adults. Treatment involves chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, bone marrow transplant, immunotherapy or CAR-T cell therapy to kill leukemia cells and achieve remission in phases including induction, consolidation, and maintenance therapy.
The document discusses the classification and treatment of various types of leukemia. It begins by defining leukemia as the neoplastic proliferation of white blood cells. Leukemias are classified as either lymphoid or myeloid and as either acute or chronic depending on the affected cell type and disease progression. The four major types are described as acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Treatment options are discussed including chemotherapy regimens, bone marrow transplantation, supportive care and goals of treatment.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are cancers that develop from lymphocytes. They are distinguished from Hodgkin's lymphoma by the absence of Reed-Sternberg cells. The cause is often genetic mutations or translocations that affect cell growth and survival. Symptoms depend on the type and location of the tumor. Biopsy and testing are needed for diagnosis and to classify the specific lymphoma. Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplants. Prognosis depends on factors like tumor stage, grade, the patient's age and health. Common types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma.
Leukaemia is a group of malignant blood disorders affecting the bone marrow and blood-forming tissues. There are four main types classified by whether the affected cells are lymphoid or myeloid, and whether the disease course is acute or chronic. Acute leukemias involve immature blast cells and a rapid progression, while chronic leukemias involve more mature cells and a slower course. The document defines each type and discusses their signs, symptoms, diagnosis, prognostic factors and treatment approaches.
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a cancer of the lymphoid cells characterized by the overproduction of immature white blood cells. It most commonly affects children aged 3-7 years but can also affect adults over 40. The cause is unknown but genetic factors and certain infections/chemical exposures are associated with increased risk. Symptoms include fatigue, bleeding, and infections due to bone marrow failure and organ infiltration by cancerous cells. Diagnosis involves blood and bone marrow tests showing excess immature white blood cells. Treatment aims to induce remission through chemotherapy with stem cell transplant offering a potential cure in some cases. Prognosis depends on factors like age, white blood cell count, and ability to achieve
This document provides information about leukemia, including its types and treatments. It defines leukemia as cancer of the white blood cells that develops in the bone marrow. There are four main types classified as either acute or chronic, and affecting either lymphocytic or myeloid cells. Symptoms can include fatigue, infections, and bruising. Diagnosis involves blood and bone marrow tests. Treatments include chemotherapy, radiation, bone marrow transplants, and new drugs that target specific genetic mutations in leukemia cells. Research continues on developing more effective treatments and potential cures.
An update of Acute leukemia in children.pptTareqHasanRana
This document provides information about leukemia, including its types and treatments. It begins by defining leukemia as cancer of the blood cells. There are four main types of leukemia classified by how quickly they progress and what type of blood cell is affected: acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia. Symptoms can include fatigue, infections, bruising, and bone pain. Diagnosis involves blood and bone marrow tests. Treatments may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, bone marrow transplants, and new drugs. Research continues on developing more effective treatments and potential cures.
Acute leukemias are clonal malignant disorders characterized by the accumulation of immature blast cells in the bone marrow, which replaces normal marrow tissue. This results in bone marrow failure and peripheral blood cytopenias. Acute leukemias are classified as either acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) based on the affected cell lineage. Treatment involves intensive chemotherapy aimed at inducing remission followed by consolidation therapy to eradicate residual leukemia cells. Supportive care is also important to manage complications such as infection during treatment. Long term side effects can include second malignancies, organ dysfunction, and infertility. Prognosis depends on factors like age, white blood cell count, and response to initial
1. This document discusses four main types of oncological disorders in children: leukemia, neuroblastoma, lymphoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma.
2. Leukemia is cancer of the white blood cells and can be acute or chronic. Neuroblastoma arises from nerve tissue and most commonly occurs in young children.
3. Lymphoma includes Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, both of which can cause swelling of the lymph nodes.
4. Rhabdomyosarcoma is a type of soft tissue cancer that usually begins in muscles and can occur in different parts of the body.
Leukemia is a cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It causes the body to overproduce immature white blood cells that do not function properly. There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The document discusses the definition, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment approaches which may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy and stem cell transplant, and management of the different types of leukemia.
This document provides information about leukemia, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Leukemia is a cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It is defined as a group of malignant disorders affecting the blood and blood-forming tissues. There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia is diagnosed based on blood tests showing low blood cell counts and the presence of immature white blood cells. Treatment depends on the type of leukemia and involves chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy or stem cell transplant.
Cell signaling is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates all cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity, as well as normal tissue homeostasis
Both Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are diseases of the brain. Both may cause forgetfulness. However, the similarities end there. In fact, researchers believe that even the memory disorder that results from Parkinson’s is distinct from the memory disorder that Alzheimer’s causes.
One main difference between the diseases is how they affect the body:
Alzheimer’s disease primarily affects memory. In advanced stages, the disease also impairs motor functions.
Parkinson’s disease primarily affects movement and coordination. In advanced stages, it may impair memory and other cognitive functions.
Rotavirus is a contagious virus that can cause gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines). Symptoms include severe watery diarrhea, often with vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain. Infants and young children are most likely to get rotavirus disease.
Glaucoma is an eye disease that is often associated with elevated intraocular pressure, in which damage to the eye (optic) nerve can lead to loss of vision and even blindness. Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world.
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Endocarditis usually occurs when germs from elsewhere in the body travel through the blood and attach to damaged areas of the heart. People with damaged or artificial heart valves or other heart conditions are most at risk.
Gene therapy involves introducing genes into cells to treat disease. It can be used for both somatic and germ line cells. Viruses are often used as vectors to deliver therapeutic genes. Gene therapy for diabetes may involve transplanting genetically modified islet cells to produce insulin in response to blood glucose levels, inducing tolerance to one's own islet cells to prevent autoimmune destruction, or adding genes to increase islet cell survival. The goals are to maintain normal blood glucose levels regardless of diet and provide an unlimited source of insulin-producing cells.
This document discusses rational drug use and the role of pharmacists in promoting it. It defines rational drug use as using the appropriate drug, dose, and dosage form for the right patient at low cost. Irrational drug use can occur through incorrect diagnosis, prescription, or dispensing. Some common types of irrational prescription and dispensing are identified. Obstacles to rational drug use include financial incentives for over-prescribing and easy drug availability. Measures like education, regulation, and management can help promote rational use. Pharmacists can play a role by selecting essential drugs, maintaining good inventory, and advising patients.
The patch clamp technique allows the study of single or multiple ion channels in cells. It works by isolating a patch of a cell's membrane electrically and recording the current flowing through ion channels in that patch. Some key applications include identifying calcium channel types, studying electrophysiological cell properties, and evaluating antiarrhythmic drugs. There are several variations of the patch clamp technique that provide access to different surfaces of the cell membrane and channels.
This document provides an overview of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It defines RA as a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints, causing swollen and painful joints, most commonly in the wrists and hands. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of RA. The treatment section explains the main categories of drugs used to manage RA, including NSAIDs, DMARDs, glucocorticoids, and biological therapies that target cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-1.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and divide through mitosis. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, and fetal stem cells which have different potency and sources. Stem cell therapy works by stem cells differentiating into the surrounding tissue when signals are received. Current applications of stem cell therapy include treatment of diseases like diabetes, baldness, blindness, brain/spinal cord injuries, and heart disease. However, there are also potential obstacles like ethical concerns regarding the source of stem cells and difficulty with transplantation.
This document summarizes screening models used to test centrally and peripherally acting muscle relaxants. It describes in vivo models using mice to test drugs' effects on inclined plane, chimney, grip strength, and rota rod tests. For peripherally-acting drugs, it outlines ex vivo phrenic nerve-diaphragm and sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius muscle preparations to assess muscle contraction responses. The rabbit head drop method evaluates centrally-acting drugs' abilities to relax neck muscles supporting the head.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
3. INTRODUCTION
Leukemia is a group of cancers that usually begin in
the bone marrow and result in high numbers of white
blood cells.
These white blood cells are not fully developed and are
called blasts or leukemia cells.
Clinically and pathologically, leukemia is subdivided
into a variety of large groups.
The first division is between its ACUTE and
CHRONIC forms.
4. Acute leukemia
Acute leukemia is characterized by a rapid increase in
the number of immature blood cells.
The crowding that results from such cells makes the
bone marrow unable to produce healthy blood cells.
Immediate treatment required because of the rapid
progression and accumulation of the malignant cells.
Most common form of leukemia in children.
5. CHRONIC LEUKEMIA
It is characterized by the excessive buildup of relatively
mature, but still abnormal, white blood cells.
Typically taking months or years to progress, the cells
are produced at a much higher rate than normal,
resulting in many abnormal white blood cells.
Chronic leukemia are monitored for sometimes before
treatment to ensure maximum effectiveness of
therapy.
Mostly occurs in older people, but can occur in any age
group.
6. SUBDIVISION OF LEUKEMIA
The diseases are subdivided according to which kind
of blood cell is affected.
This divides leukemias into lymphoblastic or
lymphocytic leukemias and myeloid or
myelogenous leukemias.
In lymphoblastic or lymphocytic leukemias, the
cancerous change takes place in a type of marrow cell
that normally goes on to form lymphocytes.
Most lymphocytic leukemias involve a specific subtype
of lymphocyte, the B-cell.
7. In myeloid or myelogenous leukemias, the
cancerous change takes place in a type of marrow cell
that normally goes on to form red blood cells, some
other types of white cells, and platelets.
There are some types of subcategories like hairy cell
leukemia(subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia), T-
cell prolymphocytic leukemia(very Rare and
aggressive), large granular lymphocytic
leukemia(involve either T-cells or Nk cells, adult T-cell
leukemia (caused by human T- lymphotropic virus),
clonal eosinophilias (mutation in hematopoietic
stem cells).
9. ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA
Most common type of leukemia in young children.
It also affects adults, especially those 65 and older.
Standard treatment involve chemotherapy and
radiotherapy.
The survival rate vary by age : 85% in children and 50%
in adults.
10. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
Most often affects adults over the age of 55.
Sometimes occurs in younger adults, but it almost
never affects children.
Two-third of affected people are men.
It is incurable , but there are many effective
treatments.
The five year survival rate is 75%.
11. ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA
It occurs more commonly in adults than in children,
and are more commonly in men than women.
It is treated with chemotherapy.
The five year survival rate is 40%.
12. CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS
LEUKEMIA
It occurs mainly in adults; a very small number of
children also develop this disease.
It is treated with imatinib (Gleevec in United states,
Gluivec in Europe).
The five year survival rate is 90%.
14. CAUSES
Mutation in the DNA: can trigger leukemia by activating
oncogenes or deactivating tumor suppressor gene.
Inherited: genetic predisposition towards leukemia.
Demonstrated by family histories and twin studies.
Viruses : human T-lymphotropic virus causes adult T-cell
leukemia.
Radiation: Large doses of Sr-90 emission from nuclear
reactors, increases the risk of bone cancer and leukemia in
animals and in people.
Non-ionizing radiation: High levels of extremely low
frequency magnetic field energy might cause cases of
childhood leukemia.
15. RISK FACTORS
Smoking.
Family history.
Ionizing radiation.
Some chemicals.
Prior chemotherapy.
Down syndrome.
16. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Sometimes an immature blast cell have two gene
mutations which prevent it from maturing into a
specialized blood cell and cause it to multiply out of
control.
These immature blast cells crowd the bone marrow
and impair the ability of the to make healthy blood
cells.
17. DIGNOSTIC METHODS
BLOOD TEST: Complete blood counts(white blood
cell count increases abnormally).
LYMPH NODE BIOPSY: Performed to diagnose certain
types of leukemia in certain situations.
BONE MARROW THERAPY: abnormal cell division in
the bone marrow WBC’s amount continues to
increase.
X-ray (bones),MRI(Brain),Ultrasound(kidney, spleen,
liver).
18. TREATMENT
Chemotherapy:
Acute Lymphoblastic/ Acute Myelogenous: to prevent
leukemic cells from spreading to other sites, particularly
the CNS. Treatment divided in several phases:
• Induction therapy(bone marrow remission)
Adults: predinisone, vincristine, and an anthracycline drug.
Children: prednisone, L- asparginase, and vincristine.
• Consolidation therapy or intensification
therapy(eliminate remaining leukemia cells)
Antimetabolite drugs : methroxate and 6- meracaptopurine.
19. Chronic Lymphocytic leukemia
• Primary chemotherapeutic plan,
Combination therapy with chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide, plus a
corticosteroid such as prednisone or prednisolone.
• In Resistant cases, single agent treatments with nucleoside drugs
such as fludarabine, pentostatin, orcladribine.
Chronic Myelogenous
• Standard of care of newly diagnosed patient
imatinab (Gleevec) therapy
Hairy Cell
• One week of cladribine( i.v) or 6 months of pentostatin, given every 4
weeks by i.v route.
• Other treatments include rituximab infusion or self- injection with
Interferon- alpha.
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
• Purine Analogues( pentostatin, fludarabine, cladribine)
chlorambucil.
• Combination Therapy ( cyclophosphamide, bleomycin VAPEC-B).
• Alemtuzumab( Campath ), a monoclonal antibody.
BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION .
21. INTRODUCTION
Lymphoma is a group of blood cell tumors that develop
from lymphocytes(a type of white blood cell).
Lymphoma most often spreads to the lungs, liver, and
brain.
Lymphoma’s symptoms are like enlarged lymph nodes ,
fever, sweat, itching etc.
The enlarged lymph nodes are usually painless.
There are two types of lymphomas:
• Hodgkin’s lymphomas
• Non- hodgkin lymphoma.
About 90% of lymphomas are non-hodgkin lymphomas.
22. HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMAS
Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most common
known types of lymphomas.
A hodgkin lymphoma is marked by the presence of a
type of cell called the reed-sternberg cell.
23. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The pathophysiology of lymphoma refers to the
process or processes going on inside the body that are
sometimes reflected in the signs and symptoms that
are identified as being indicative of lymphoma.
For example, swollen, painless lymph nodes are a
symptom of lymphoma. Pathophysiology of
lymphoma with this symptoms is that it becomes this
way when cancerous lymphocytes do not die, as they
are supposed to, but rather proliferate and collect at
the lymph nodes.
24. in follicular lymphoma, it is very common to find that
a specific gene, known as BCL-2, has undergone
chromosomal rearrangement—in other words, a
structural change has occurred to that gene and is
likely the reason it turned cancerous. As it develops,
the pathophysiology of lymphoma often includes
mutations of certain proteins that encode certain
genes, such as p53 and p16. Since the gene encoded by
p53 is a tumor suppressor gene, a mutation in p53 could
mean that the ability of that gene to suppress tumor
development is compromised.
25. SYMPTOMS
Enlarged lymph nodes Or lymphadenopathy.
B symptoms (systemic symptoms)- can be associated
with both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-hodgkin
lymphoma. They consist of :
• Fever
• Night Sweats
• Unintended weight loss
• Itching
• Feeling tired/fatigue.
• Anorexia or loss of appetite.
26. RISK FACTORS
Risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma include infection
with,
• Epstein-barr virus.
• History of the disease in the family.
Risk factors for common types of non-Hodgkin
lymphomas include,
• Autoimmune disease.
• HIV/AIDS.
• Infection with human T- lymphotropic virus.
• Immunosuppresant medications.
• Pesticides.
• Tobacco smoking.
27. DIAGNOSTIC METHOD
Lymph Node Biopsy.
• A partial or total excision of a lymph node examined under the
microscope.
• This examination reveals the histopathology features that may
indicate lymphoma.
• After lymphoma is diagnosed, a variety of tests may be carried
out to look for specific characteristic of different types of
lymphoma. These includes :
• Immunophenotyping (study the protein expressed by cells).
• Flow cytometry (simultaneous multiparametric analysis of the
physical and chemical characteristics of up to thousands of
particles per second).
• Fluorescence in situ hybridization testing.(to detect and
localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on
chromosomes ).
28. TREATMENT
Treatment may involve chemotherapy, medication,
radiation therapy and rarely stem-cell transplant.
Medications
Chemotherapy,
Bone marrow stimulant,
Steroid, and Blood transfusion
Surgery
Autotransplantation
29. REFERENCE
Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, Roger Walker
Rang & Dale’s pharmacology
Essential of medical pharmacology, K D Tripathi
www.Google.com