Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the lymphoid line of blood cells characterized by the proliferation of immature lymphocytes. It most commonly affects children aged 2-6 years and has a peak incidence in adults at around 35 years of age. The disease involves replacement of normal bone marrow by leukemic blasts. Treatment involves chemotherapy with regimens depending on risk stratification including induction, consolidation, CNS prophylaxis and maintenance phases. Prognosis depends on factors like age, white blood cell count, genetics and response to initial treatment.
What is Lymphoma?
Malignant lymphoma is a term given to tumors of the lymphoid system and specifically of lymphocytes and their precursor cells
i.e.
Cancer of the lymphatic system.
Many lymphomas are known to be due to specific genetic mutations.
What is Lymphoma?
Malignant lymphoma is a term given to tumors of the lymphoid system and specifically of lymphocytes and their precursor cells
i.e.
Cancer of the lymphatic system.
Many lymphomas are known to be due to specific genetic mutations.
chronic myeloid leukemia, CML, epidemiology, BCR ABL1 gene, philadelphia chromosome, t(9;22), CML incidence, etiology of CML, pathophysiology of CML, phases of CML, treatment of CML, Allogenic stem cell transplant, TKI therapy for CML, Sokal index for CML,
This presentation is about chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), its epidemiology and incidence, staging, molecular characteristics, clinical features and management.
chronic myeloid leukemia, CML, epidemiology, BCR ABL1 gene, philadelphia chromosome, t(9;22), CML incidence, etiology of CML, pathophysiology of CML, phases of CML, treatment of CML, Allogenic stem cell transplant, TKI therapy for CML, Sokal index for CML,
This presentation is about chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), its epidemiology and incidence, staging, molecular characteristics, clinical features and management.
WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues : 2016 U...Ankit Raiyani
This is a complilation of expected changes in the myeloid neoplasms in the upcoming 2016 update of the "WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues".
Some of the changes may not be incorporated in the actual published book.
This compilation has been prepared from presentations from persons actually concerned with revision of the book. All credits goes to them.
acute leukemia
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
10. FAB CLASSIFICATION OF ALL CYTOLOGIC FEATURES L1 L2 L3 Cell size Small cells predominate,homogenous Large,heterogenous in size Large homogenous cytoplasm Scanty Variable,often moderately abundant Moderately abundant nucleoli Small One or more,often large One or more,prominent Nuclear shape Homogenous Variable, heterogenous Stippled, homogenous Nuclear shape Regular Irregular clefts regular Cyt.basophilia variable variable Intensely basophilic Cyt.vacuolation variable variable prominent
11. Classification of ALL(WHO) Immunologic subtype % of cases FAB subtype Cytogenetic abnormalites Pre B ALL 75 L1,L2 t(9;22),t(4;11)t(1;19) Tcell ALL 20 L1,L2 14q11 or 7q34 Mature Bcell ALL(burkitt leukemia) 5 L3 t(8;14)
12. Pre B ALL(L1) Small blasts wth thin rim of cytoplasm
17. B Cell ALL (85%) type tdt CALLA Surface Ig Early pro B ALL positive negative negative Pre Bcell ALL positive positive negative Mature B ALL negative positive positive
32. Treatment of ALL Induction 1 cycle chemotherapy Dose and schedule Induction Prednisolone or 1mg/kg p.o days 1-28 days vincristine 1.5mg/m2 i.v weekly one dose x 4 weeks doxorubicin 30mg/m2 i.v weekly one dose x 4 weeks L-Asparginase 1,00,000 u/m2(total dose) in divided doses of 10,000 u daily for 10 days CNS Preventive therapy methotrexate 12mg IT days 1,8,15,22
33.
34. Induction 2 Induction2 drugs Dose and schedule Cyclophosphamide Cytosine arabinoside 650mg/m2 i.v days 1 and 15 75mg/m2 i.v x 4 days a weeks for 4 week i.e day 1-4,8-11,15-18,22-25 methotrexate 12mg/m2 IT days 1,8,15,22 Cranial radiation 200 cGy x 9days
35. Reinduction Reinduction drug Dose and schedule vincristine 1.5 mg/m2 i.v weekly one dose on day 1 and 8 doxorubicin 30mg/m2 i.v. weekly one dose on day 1 and 8 prednisolone 1mg/kg p.o daily for 14 days
36. consolidation consoldation drugs Dose and schedule cyclophosphamide 750/m2 .i.v days 1 and 15 Cytosine arabinoside 75mg/m2 doses days 1-4 and 15-18
37. Maintenance phase duration- upto 2 years maintenance drug Dose and schedule 1 st month methotrexate 12.5mg i.t on day 1 vincristine 1.4mg/m2 .v day 1 prednisolone 1mg/kg p.o daily day 1-7 6 mercaptopurine 60mg/m2 p.o. daily for next 3 weeks methotrexate 15mg/m2 p.o. once a week for 3 weeks. 2 nd month 6 MCP and T.Methotxerate for 4 weeks.
45. Prognostic factors in ALL Determinants Favourable unfavourable WBC Counts <10,000 >2,00,000 Age 2-10 years <1yr,>10yr Gender female male Ethnicity white blac Node,liver,splenomegaly absent massive Testicular enlargement absent present CNS involvement absent Csf blast and pleocytosis FAB Type L1 L2 Cytogenetics T(12;21)(TEL-AML1) Trsomies 4,10,17 t(9;22)(bcr-abl) t(4;11)(MLL-AF4) Ploidy hyperdipoidy hypodiploidy Time to remission <14days >28days
46. References. 1.Harrison’s principles of internal medicine 17 th edition 2.Williams hematology 8 th edition 3.Wintrobe’s clinical hematology 4.Nelson textboo K of paediatrics 5.ash.hematologylibrary.com/image ban k.
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