The document provides tables outlining the forms of the verbs "to be" and "have got" in the present and past tenses. It includes the affirmative, negative, interrogative and short answer forms for each subject pronoun. Additional sections cover likes/dislikes using verb-ing forms, wh-words, present tenses including the present simple and present continuous, and relative clauses.
https://youtu.be/uUMh2Ztznjs
#learningisfun #englishgrammar Tenses | Introduction | Simple Present Tense | Lesson 1
Prajnaparamita Bhowmik
Tenses and Aspects of Verb
1. Why do we use it?
2. Classification
3. Indefinite/simple aspect of present tense
4. Where do we use it?
5. How to write a correct sentence using a simple present form of verbs?
To know about the categories of English sentences and how to write them properly, please click the below mentioned link
https://youtu.be/sCV0GuYTy4Q
For more knowledge about pronoun, please click below mentioned link.
https://youtu.be/F83hNk9-zY8
For more knowledge about articles, please click below mentioned link
https://youtu.be/rmTTH-2ONEw
https://youtu.be/uUMh2Ztznjs
#learningisfun #englishgrammar Tenses | Introduction | Simple Present Tense | Lesson 1
Prajnaparamita Bhowmik
Tenses and Aspects of Verb
1. Why do we use it?
2. Classification
3. Indefinite/simple aspect of present tense
4. Where do we use it?
5. How to write a correct sentence using a simple present form of verbs?
To know about the categories of English sentences and how to write them properly, please click the below mentioned link
https://youtu.be/sCV0GuYTy4Q
For more knowledge about pronoun, please click below mentioned link.
https://youtu.be/F83hNk9-zY8
For more knowledge about articles, please click below mentioned link
https://youtu.be/rmTTH-2ONEw
The Past Simple tense, also called the Simple Past. The simple past is a verb tense that is used to talk about things that happened or existed before now. Imagine someone asks what your brother Wolfgang did while he was in town last weekend.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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3. SUBJECT
PRONOUNS
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVES SHORT ANSWERS
I WAS WAS NOT / WASN’T WAS I …? YES, I WAS. / NO, I WASN’T.
YOU WERE WERE NOT / WEREN’T WERE YOU …? YES, YOU WERE. / NO, YOU WEREN’T
HE WAS WAS NOT / WASN’T WAS HE …? YES, HE WAS. / NO, HE WASN’T.
SHE WAS WAS NOT / WASN’T WAS SHE …? YES, SHE WAS. /NO, SHE WASN’T.
IT WAS WAS NOT / WASN’T WAS IT …? YES, IT WAS. / NO, IT WASN’T.
WE WERE WERE NOT / WEREN’T WERE WE …? YES, WE WERE. / NO, WE WEREN’T.
YOU WERE WERE NOT / WEREN’T WERE YOU …? YES, YOU WERE. / NO, YOU WEREN’T
THEY WERE WERE NOT / WEREN’T WERE THEY …? YES, THEY WERE. / NO, THEY WEREN’T.
SUBJECT
PRONOUNS
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVES SHORT ANSWERS
I AM / ‘M AM NOT / ‘M NOT AM I …? YES, I AM / NO, I’M NOT
YOU ARE / ‘RE ARE NOT / AREN’T ARE YOU …? YES, YOU ARE / NO, YOU AREN’T
HE IS / ‘S IS NOT / ISN’T IS HE …? YES, HE IS. / NO, HE ISN’T.
SHE IS / ‘S IS NOT / ISN’T IS SHE …? YES, SHE IS. /NO, SHE ISN’T.
IT IS / ‘S IS NOT / ISN’T IS IT …? YES, IT IS. / NO, IT ISN’T.
WE ARE / ‘RE ARE NOT / AREN’T ARE WE …? YES, WE ARE. / NO, WE AREN’T.
YOU ARE / ‘RE ARE NOT / AREN’T ARE YOU …? YES, YOU ARE. / NO, YOU AREN’T
THEY ARE / ‘RE ARE NOT / AREN’T ARE THEY …? YES, THEY ARE. / NO, THEY AREN’T.
VERB TO BE : PRESENT
VERB TO BE : PAST
4. SUBJECT
PRONOUNS
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVES SHORT ANSWERS
I HAVE GOT / ‘VE GOT HAVE NOT GOT / HAVEN’T GOT HAVE I …? YES, I HAVE./ NO, I HAVEN’T.
YOU HAVE GOT / ‘VE GOT HAVE NOT GOT / HAVEN’T GOT HAVE YOU …? YES, YOU HAVE./ NO, YOU HAVEN’T.
HE HAS GOT / ‘S GOT HAS NOT GOT / HASN’T GOT HAS HE …? YES, HE HAS. / NO, HE HASN’T.
SHE HAS GOT / ‘S GOT HAS NOT GOT / HASN’T GOT HAS SHE …? YES, SHE HAS. /NO, SHE HASN’T.
IT HAS GOT / ‘S GOT HAS NOT GOT / HASN’T GOT HAS IT …? YES, IT HAS. / NO, IT HASN’T.
WE HAVE GOT / ‘VE GOT HAVE NOT GOT / HAVEN’T GOT HAVE WE …? YES, WE HAVE./ NO, WE HAVEN’T.
YOU HAVE GOT / ‘VE GOT HAVE NOT GOT / HAVEN’T GOT HAVE YOU …? YES, YOU HAVE./ NO, YOU HAVEN’T.
THEY HAVE GOT / ‘VE GOT HAVE NOT GOT / HAVEN’T GOT HAVE THEY …? YES, THEY HAVE./ NO,THEY HAVEN’T.
HAVE GOT : PRESENT
5. LIKES & DISLIKES
LIKE / LOVE / HATE / DON’T – DOESN’T MIND
+
VERB-ING
She likes playing football.
They hate studying for the exams.
8. PRESENT SIMPLE
Uses
•ROUTINES & HABITS: I play football every Saturday
•PERMANENT ACTIONS: The sun rises in the east.
•WITH STATIVE VERBS: He thinks that his proposal is a good one.
STATIVE VERBS:
9. Some verbs can be both stative and dynamic:
Be
be is usually a stative verb, but when it is used in the continuous it means 'behaving' or 'acting'
you are stupid = it's part of your personality
you are being stupid = only now, not usually
Feel
feel (stative) = have an opinion: I feel that Mr. Peters is a good teacher.
I’m feeling a little tired today.
Have
have (stative) = own : I have a car
have (dynamic) = part of an expression : I'm having a party / a picnic / a bath / a good time / a break
Look
It looks cold outside
She’s looking out the window
See
see (stative) = see with your eyes / understand : I see what you mean / I see her now, she's just coming along the
road
see (dynamic) = meet / have a relationship with: I've been seeing my boyfriend for three years
Smell
Something smells bad. What is it?
Anne is smelling the perfume to see if she wants to buy it.
Taste
taste (stative) = has a certain taste : This soup tastes great
taste (dynamic) = the action of tasting : The chef is tasting the soup
('taste' is the same as other similar verbs such as 'smell')
Think
think (stative) = have an opinion: I think that coffee is great
think (dynamic) = consider, have in my head: “what are you thinking about?” “I'm thinking about my next holiday”
10. Time expressions
EXPRESSIONS OF FREQUENCY:
I play tennis_____________
Once / twice / three times... a day / week / month / year…
On Mondays...
Everyday / Every… Monday / August / year / class…
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY:
I __________ play tennis.
I don’t ____________ play tennis.
I am _____________ tired.
ALWAYS / USUALLY / OFTEN / SOMETIMES / HARDLY EVER / ALMOST NEVER/
NEVER
11. Structure
(+) VERB / VERB –S / -ES* (3rd person singular = he / she / it)
I play tennis / She dances a lot
* verb finishes in.... –O : go / goES -S: kiss / kissES
-CH: watch / watchES -X: fix / fixES
-SH: wash / washES - Z: buzz / buzzES
* Verb finishes in consonant + y: cry / crIES
BUT ... if a verb finishes in vowel + y: play / playS
(-) DON’T / DOESN’T + VERB
I don’t play tennis / She doesn’t dance a lot
(?) DO / DOES + SUBJECT + VERB...?
Do you play tennis ? Yes , I do / No, I don’t.
Does she dance a lot? Yes, she does / No, she doesn’t.
12. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Uses
•THINGS THAT ARE HAPPENING NOW ( I’m explaining Present Continuous)
•TEMPORARY THINGS (I’m living in Lleida, only this summer)
•FUTURE PLANS (I’m having dinner with Joe next Friday)
Time expressions
NOW / RIGHT NOW / AT THE MOMENT / THIS MOMENT
TONIGHT
TODAY
THIS YEAR
AT PRESENT / PRESENTLY
TOMORROW / NEXT WEEK
You aren’t listening to me now.
13. Structure
VERB TO BE + VERB-ING Yo estoy cantando = I am singing
He is singing They are listening.
He isn’t singing They aren’t listening
Is he singing? Yes , he is / No he isn’t
Are they listening? Yes, they are / No, they aren’t.
SPELLING – ING:
1)Verbs which end in –e : the –e disappears
Write : writeing / writING
2)Verbs which end in –y
Play: playING
Cry: cryING
3)Verbs which end in CONS + VOW + CONS (tonic syllable)
Stop: stoPPING Cut: cuTTING
15. • They are subordinate clauses which give
information about a noun (person, thing, place,
idea…) in the sentence.
• The noun just before the relative clauses is the
antecedent.
• Relative clauses start with a relative pronoun.
The shop which opened last week is around the corner.
Relative clause
Main clause
Antecendent Relative pronoun
16. TYPES OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS
*THAT: it can be used , but only in defining clauses.
WHICH / * objects
The phone which / that is on the shelf is already broken.
The phone which / that I bought a week ago is already
broken.
WHO / * people
My neighbour is the person who / that won the lottery.
Have you seen those people who / that we met on holiday?
17. WHOM is also used to refer to people.
It’s only used as object of the relative clause and may
appear with prepositions.
It’s seen in formal written English.
The person about whom they were talking is Paul.
The person whom they were talking about is Paul.
Have you seen those people whom we met on holiday?
WHEN / * time
The month when / that we met wasn’t very rainy.
18. WHERE place
The café where we met is being torn down.
WHOSE possession
The man whose wallet was stolen was very angry.
19. TYPES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
Defining
They give essential information about the
antecedent. The main clause would be
meaningless if there wasn’t a relative clause.
In these clauses:
•Who / which / *when can be substituted by that.
•We can omit relative pronouns who / whom /
which / when / that only if they function as objects
in the relative clause.
20. • SUBJECT
The newspaper reported that the tiger which killed its
keeper has been put down.
OBJECT
The house (which) we rented in London was fully
furnished.
21. We didn’t recognize the people.
•The people had just had an accident.
•We were looking at the people.
We didn’t recognize the people who / that had just had an
accident.
We didn’t recognize the people(who / that) we were
looking at.
We didn’t recognize the people at whom we were looking.
=
We didn’t recognize the people (whom) we were looking
at.
22. This is the law.
•This law is very important for us.
•The government has just passed this law.
This the law which / that is very important for us.
This the law (which / that) the government has just
passed.
I don’t remember the date.
She was born on the date.
I don’t remember the date (when / *that) she was born.
*“when” can be substituted by “that” after common nouns
referring to time: date, day , year...
23. TYPES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
Non-defining
They add extra information about the antecedent.
The main clause would be meaningful if there
wasn’t a relative clause.
Shakespeare wrote very famous plays.
•Shakespeare died in 1616.
•I read an essay about Shakespeare.
Shakespeare , who died in 1616, wrote very famous plays.
Shakespeare , who I read an essay about, wrote very
famous plays.
24. Shakespeare , about whom I read an essay, wrote very
famous plays.
Shakespeare , whom I read an essay about, wrote very
famous plays.
My new bike is fantastic.
•My new bike is very expensive.
•I bought my new bike last week.
My new bike, which is very expensive, is fantastic.
My new bike , which I bought last week, is fantastic.
25. In 1999 I found my first job.
•I finished university in 1999.
In 1999, when I finished university, I found my first job.
Seville can be very hot in the summer.
•My friend Anne lives in Seville.
Seville, where my friend lives, can be very hot in the
summer.
Beyonce is a very famous singer.
•Beyonce’s latest album is great.
Beyonce, whose latest album is great, is a very famous
singer.