The document discusses the passive voice and causative structures in English. It explains that the passive voice is used when the focus is on the action rather than the subject performing the action. It provides rules for transforming sentences from active to passive voice, including making the object the subject and using forms of the verb "to be" plus the past participle. Examples are given for different tenses. The causative structure is used to indicate having something done by another person, using "have" and "get" plus the past participle.

1. PASSIVE VOICE

2. • Passive voice is used when we say what happens to the subject.
This house was built in 1935.
• Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not
important or not known, however, who or what is performing the
action.
My bike was stolen.
• Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice.
A mistake was made. (You made a mistake)

3. FORM:
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the
passive sentence
We wrote a letter
A letter was written by us.
The finite form of the verb is changed
Finite form of to be + Past Participle
We wrote a letter
A letter was written by us.
Step 1: VERB TO BE reflects the verbal tense (Present Simple, Future…)
Step 2: Add the PAST PARTICIPLE FORM of the main verb.

4. TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE
PRESENT SIMPLE Ben Affleck directs that film. IS / ARE + PAST PPLE
That film is directed by Ben Affleck
PRESENT CONTINUOUS Ben Affleck is directing that film. IS / ARE + BEING + PAST PPLE
That film is being directed by Ben Affleck
PAST SIMPLE Ben Affleck directed that film. WAS / WERE + PAST PPLE
That film was directed by Ben Affleck
PAST CONTINUOUS Ben Affleck was directing that film. WAS / WERE + BEING + PAST PPLE
That film was being directed by Ben Affleck
PRESENT PERFECT Ben Affleck has directed that film. HAS / HAVE + BEEN + PAST PPLE
That film has been directed by Ben Affleck
PAST PERFECT Ben Affleck had directed that film. HAD + BEEN + PAST PPLE
That film had been directed by Ben Affleck
WILL Ben Affleck will direct that film. WILL + BE + PAST PPLE
That film will be directed by Ben Affleck
BE GOING TO Ben Affleck is going to direct that film. IS / ARE + GOING TO + BE + PAST PPLE
That film is going to be directed by Ben Affleck
MODALS Ben Affleck should direct that film. SHOULD + BE + PAST PPLE
That film should be directed by Ben Affleck
HAVE TO Ben Affleck has to direct that film. HAS TO / HAVE TO + BE + PAST PPLE
That film hast to be directed by Ben Affleck
MODAL PERFECTS Ben Affleck should have directed that
film.
SHOULD + HAVE + BEEN + PAST PPLE
That film should have been directed by Ben Affleck

5.  The subject of the active sentence either becomes the agent of
the passive sentence (with preposition by)…
We wrote a letter - A letter was written by us.
REMEMBER TO CHANGE PRONOUNS (SUBJECT – AGENT COMPLEMENT)REMEMBER TO CHANGE PRONOUNS (SUBJECT – AGENT COMPLEMENT)
PERSONAL PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
prep.+
ME
YOU
HIM
HER
IT
US
YOU
THEM
Elena is my teacher = She is my teacher.
This novel was written by David Lodge.
=
This novel was written by him.

6.  … or it is dropped.
Somebody sends me a lot of flowers. - A lot of flowers are sent to me
The by+agent is omitted when…
• the agent is unknown: My pen has been stolen. (I don’t know who stole it)
• it’s obvious or not important: In England, Christmas was banned in 1647. (The
agent – the Government – is obvious)
• we don’t want to name it: The window was broken while we were playing tennis.
(We don’t want to say who broke it)
We sometimes use get instead of be in the passive when something
happens or changes.
The goods got stolen.
There was a fight at the party but nobody got hurt.

7.  As in Active voice, Passive Object questions are made with an
auxiliary-subject inversion . This doesn’t happen with Subject
questions:
Where was the product purchased? (Passive Object Question)
AUX SUBJ VERB
What is produced in this factory? (Passive Subject Question)
SUBJ AUX VERB
 Those verbs which have two objects (direct & indirect) can have
two possible Passive voice sentences:
Somebody gave the police the information They offered me the job.
INDIR OBJ DIR OBJ INDIR OBJ DIR OBJ
1) The police were given the information. 1) I was offered the job.
2) The information was given to the police 2) The job was offered to me.

8.  Passive voice structures with the pronoun it or another subject
and verbs THINK / BELIEVE / SAY / KNOW… are common.

9. CAUSATIVE
HAVE / GET

10.  It’s used to say that we arrange for somebody else to do something for
us.
 It’s also used when something happens to somebody or their belongings
and it isn’t nice.
Paul had all his money stolen while he was on holiday.

11. FORM:
Have sth done = Get sth done
* Get is a bit more informal and more common in spoken language
HAVE * + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE
 Lisa had the roof repaired yesterday.
 Our neighbour has just had a garage built.
 We are having the house painted at the moment.
 I think you should have your coat cleaned.
 How often do you have your car serviced?
 Where did you have your hair cut?
 I don’t like having my photograph taken.

12. TENSE ACTIVE CAUSATIVE STRUCTURE
PRESENT SIMPLE The hairdresser cuts my hair. HAS / HAVE + OBJECT + PAST PPLE
I have my hair cut by the hairdresser.
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
The hairdresser is cutting my hair. IS / ARE + HAVING + OBJECT + PAST PPLE
I ´m having my hair cut by the hairdresser.
PAST SIMPLE The hairdresser cut my hair. HAD + OBJECT + PAST PPLE
I had my hair cut by the hairdresser.
PAST
CONTINUOUS
The hairdresser was cutting my hair. WAS / WERE HAVING + OBJECT + PAST PPLE
I was having my hair cut by the hairdresser.
PRESENT PERFECT The hairdresser has cut my hair. HAS / HAVE + HAD + OBJECT + PAST PPLE
I have had my hair cut by the hairdresser.
PAST PERFECT The hairdresser had cut my hair. HAD + HAD + OBJECT + PAST PPLE
I had had my hair cut by the hairdresser.
WILL The hairdresser will cut my hair. WILL + HAVE + OBJECT + PAST PPLE
I will have my hair cut by the hairdresser.
BE GOING TO The hairdresser is going to cut my hair. IS / ARE + GOING TO + HAVE + OBJECT + PAST PPLE
I ‘m going to have my hair cut by the hairdresser.
MODALS The hairdresser should cut my hair. SHOULD HAVE + OBJECT + PAST PPLE
I should have my hair cut by the hairdresser.