This document provides a summary of key grammar points in English including verb tenses, relative clauses, indefinite pronouns, and vocabulary. It covers the present, past, and future tenses; defining relative clauses using who, which, that, and where; indefinite pronouns such as some, any, no, and every; and vocabulary related to housework, shopping, and adjectives ending in -ed and -ing.

1. REVISION SECOND TERM
2º NIVEL BÁSICO

2. SUMMARY
VERB TENSES: DEFING RELATIVE CLAUSES:
PRESENT TENSES: who, which, that, where
Present simple
Present continuous
PAST TENSES: INDEFINITE PRONOUNS:
Past simple somebody, anybody,…
Past continuous
Present perfect
FUTURE TENSES: VOCABULARY:
Be going to + infinitive Expressions for paraphrasing
Present continuous Housework
Will + infinitive Expressions with “make” and “do”
Shopping
Adjectives ending in –ed / -ing

3. PRESENT TENSES
 PRESENT SIMPLE
Form:
+ I am happy / He is happy / They are happy
I play football / He plays football
- I am not happy / He is not happy / They are not happy
I don’t play football / He doesn’t play football
? Am I happy? / Is he happy? / Are they happy?
Do you play football? / Does he play football?
Use:
- Habits, routine. e.g.Maria smokes
- Permanent actions. e.g. Pedro lives in Seville
- Eternal truths. e.g. The earth is round

4. PRESENT TENSES
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Form:
+ I am playing football / He is playing football / They are
playing fooball
- I am not playing football / He is not playing football /
They are not playing football
? Am I playing football? / Is he playing football? / Are
they playing football?
Use:
- Actions in progress at the moment of speaking in the
present.
- Temporary things that are happening now

5. PAST TENSES
 PAST SIMPLE
Form:
+ I was happy / He was happy / They were happy
I played football
- I was not happy / He was not happy / They were not
happy
I did not play football
? Was I happy? / Was he happy? / Were they happy?
Did you play football?
Use:
Past finished actions

6. PAST TENSES
 PAST CONTINUOUS
Form:
+ I was playing / He was playing / They were playing
- I was not playing/ He was not playing / They were
not playing
? Was I playing? / Was he playing? / Were they
playing?
Use:
Actions in progress at a specific moment in the past

7. PAST TENSES
 PRESENT PERFECT
Form:
+ I have cleaned/ He has cleaned
- I haven’t cleaned/ He hasn’t cleaned
? Have you cleaned? / Has he cleaned?
Use:
- To talk about recent actions, not saying exactly when things happened. e.g.:
My sister has had a baby! / Someone has stolen my bike.
- To refer to events which have taken place in our life up to now, but the time
when they exactly happened is not mentioned. e.g.: I have been to China
- To refer to actions or situations that started in the past and are still true.
e.g.: I have lived in Málaga for 10 years.
* Sometimes, those events are repeated, non-permanent actions, that have taken
place in our lives (and we are alive) or during a period of time that hasn’t
finished yet and can happen again. e.g.: Ziggy Marley has won three Grammy
awards.

8. PAST TENSES
We use the following adverbials and prepositions with the PRESENT
PERFECT:
- just (to say something happened very recently) and already (to say
something happened earlier than expected) go before the main verb in
positive sentences.
e.g.: I have just finished my homework / I have already phoned Sarah
- yet (to ask if something has happened or say it hasn’t happened up to now)
goes at the end in negative sentences and in questions.
e.g.: Have you done your homework yet? / I haven’t met Paul’s girlfriend yet.
- ever (at any time of your life) goes before the main verb in questions.
e.g.: Have you ever broken a bone?
- for + a period of time and since + a point of time (to talk about the length
of time.
e.g.: I have lived in Spain for 7 years / They have known each other since 1999.

9. FUTURE TENSES
 BE GOING TO + INFINITIVE
Form:
+ I am going to play / He is going to play/ They are going
to play
- I am not going to play / He is not going to play/ They are
not going to play
? Am I going to play? / Is he going to play? / Are they
going to play?
Use:
Future plans. e. g. I’m going to travel to Paris next year
Predictions when there is evidence. e.g. Look! It’s very
cloudy! It’s going to rain

10. FUTURE TENSES
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Form:
+ I am playing football / He is playing football / They are
playing fooball
- I am not playing football / He is not playing football /
They are not playing football
? Am I playing football? / Is he playing football? / Are
they playing football?
Use:
Arrangements. e.g. I’m seeing The hobbit next Friday, I
bought the tickets this morning

11. FUTURE TENSES
 WILL+ INFINITIVE
Form:
+ I will play
- I will not/won’t play
? Will you play?
Use:
- Future predictions when there isn’t evidence (it’s just an
opinion). e.g. I think it will not rain on your wedding day,
it would be very bad luck.
- Promises, offers and decisions. e.g.: I’ll always love you /
Those bags are very heavy, I’ll help you. / I’ll have a tea.

12. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Relative Clauses are formed by joining two sentences.
We need a relative pronoun that substitutes another pronoun or a noun.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS:
WHO to refer to people.
e.g.: Peter is a student who comes from Glasgow.
WHICH to refer to animals, things, …
e.g.: The books which are on the table are mine.
THAT can replace who and which.
e.g.: Peter is a student that comes from Glasgow. / The books that are on
the table are mine.
WHERE refers to places.
e.g.: I love the house where you live.

13. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
WHO, WHICH and THAT can be the Subject of the Relative
Clause:
e.g.: I’ve talked to the man WHO sold me his car. (Who replaces
The man and is the Subject of the Clause “sold me his car”)
They can also be the Object :
- I loved the film (WHICH/ THAT) we saw last night.
- The man (THAT/ WHO) you mentioned is a writer.
¡¡When The Relative is the Object, it can be (and it is usually)
omitted in Defining Relative Clauses!!

14. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
People Things Places
 some- someone /somebody something somewhere
 any- anyone /anybody anything anywhere
 no- no one /nobody nothing nowhere
 every- everyone /everybody everything everywhere

15. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
SOME- Affirmative sentences and questions (when they are
requests or offers)
e.g. Someone was sitting on the sofa
ANY- Negative (with a negative verb) and interrogative
sentences
e.g. The police couldn’t find her anywhere/Is there anything to eat?
NO- Affirmative sentences with a negative meaning
e.g. Nobody was at home when I called/There’s nothing we can do.
EVERY- Affirmative sentences and questions
e.g. Her mother looked for her everywhere/Is everything all right?

16. VOCABULARY
EXPRESSIONS FOR PARAPHRASING
(File 3C)
Cardigan: It’s a _______ of jumper.
kind
Hire: It’s _________ to rent.
similar
Souvenir: It’s ___________you buy to remind you of your holiday.
something
Pilot: It’s ___________ who flies a plane.
someone
Campsite: It’s ___________ you can sleep in tents.
somewhere
Slim: It’s _________ thin, but it’s more polite.
like

17. VOCABULARY
 HOUSEWOK: (Vocabulary bank, page 15**)

18. VOCABULARY
MAKE or DO? (Vocabulary bank, page 15**)
__________ friends
make
__________ the bed
make
__________the housework
do
__________ a phone call
make
__________ sport.
do
__________ a course
do
__________ lunch
make
__________ homework
do

19. VOCABULARY
SHOPPING (Vocabulary bank, page 15**)

20. VOCABULARY
ADJECTIVES ENDING –ED and –ING (File 4C)
1. Going to a spa for the weekend is so r__________.
relaxing
2. Congratulations. That is very e__________ news.
exciting
3. Helen is very d__________. She has lost her job.
depressed
4. Mum, I am b__________. I have nothing to do.
bored
5. We always feel very r__________ on holiday.
relaxed
6. This film is really b__________. Turn off the TV.
boring