The document provides information on various English grammar topics including prepositions and expressions of place, subject pronouns, possessive adjectives and pronouns, the past simple tense, past continuous tense, and present perfect simple tense. It defines their uses, structures, and examples for each topic. Key points covered include irregular verb forms in the past tense, spelling rules for verbs ending in consonant+vowel+consonant or consonant+y in the -ing form, and common time expressions used with each tense.

1. LET’S SWITCH ON!
UNIT 2

2. PREPOSITIONS &
EXPRESSIONS OF
PLACE

5. SUBJECT
PRONOUNS
POSSESIVE
ADJECTIVES
I MY
YOU YOUR
HE HIS
SHE HER
IT ITS
WE OUR
YOU YOUR
THEY THEIR
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
EXAMPLES:
I play football. This hammer in my basket is very heavy.
That is my car. Those tools on the workbench are very expensive.
DEMONSTRATIVES
NEAR FAR
SINGULAR THIS THAT
PLURAL THESE THOSE
HIM HIS HIS
HER HER HERS
IT ITS ITS
US OUR OURS
YOU YOUR YOURS
THEM THEIR THEIRS

7. PAST SIMPLE
Uses
•An specific event which took place in the past. It’s ended
I drove to the beach on 24th
April.
•Sequence of past complete events: We arrived at the airport and checked in.

8. Time expressions
YESTERDAY
LAST year
three days AGO
IN 1982
IN THE 19TH
CENTURY
WHEN
THEN

9. Structure
(+) VERB –ED (regular verbs) * // VERB in 2nd
column form (irregular verbs)
I played tennis / She drove her car.
* SPELLING OF –ED:
-Verb which ends in CONS + VOW + CONS (tonic syllable) Stop: stoPPed
- Verb finishes in consonant + y: cry / crIED
BUT ... if a verb finishes in vowel + y: play / playED
- Verb ends in silent –e : just add –D like / likeD
(-) DIDN’T + VERB
I didn’t play tennis / She didn’t drive her car.
(?) DID+ SUBJECT + VERB...?
Did you play tennis? Yes , I did / No, I didn’t
Did she drive her car ? Yes, she did / No, she didn’t.

10. Verb to be past form
WAS (1st & 3rd person singular ) / WERE (2nd person singular & 1st, 2nd and 3rd person plural)
She WAS my teacher
She WASN’T my teacher
WAS she my teacher? Yes, she was / No, she wasn’t.
They WERE her students / They WEREN’T their students /
WERE they their students? Yes, they were / No, they weren’t

11. PAST CONTINUOUS
Uses
•An incomplete action in progress (usually interrupted by another action)
I was having a shower when the phone rang
•Two incomplete actions taking place at the same time in the past.
I was having a shower while my sister was talking on the phone.

12. Time expressions
WHILE / AS + PAST CONTINUOUS
WHEN + PAST SIMPLE
WHILE / AS I was having a shower, the phone rang.
The phone rang WHILE / AS I was having a shower.
WHEN the phone rang , I was having a shower.
I was having a shower WHEN the phone rang.

13. Structure
VERB TO BE in the PAST+ VERB-ING Yo estaba cantando = I was singing
He was singing They were listening.
He wasn’t singing They weren’t listening
Was he singing? Yes , he was / No he wasn’t
Were they listening? Yes, they were / No, they weren’t.
SPELLING – ING:
1)Verbs which end in –e : the –e disappears
Write : writeing / writing
2) Verbs which end in –y
Play: playing
Cry: crying
3)Verbs which end in CONS + VOW + CONS (tonic syllable)
Stop: stoPPing Cut: cuTTing

14. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
VERB HAVE (HAVE / HAS)+ VERB in the past participle (-ed / 3rd
column)
Yo he conducido una moto = I have driven a motorbike
He has bought a car. They have bought a car.
He hasn’t bought a car. They haven’t bought a car.
Has he bought a car? Yes , he has / No he hasn’t
Have they bought a car? Yes, they have / No, they haven’t.
VERB HAVE (HAVE / HAS)+ BEEN + VERB-ing

15. Uses
1) Something that started in the past and continues in the present (or maybe its
consequences continue)
They’ve been married for nearly fifty years.
I’ve broken my leg.
2) When we are talking about our past experiences (don’t mention when they
happened)
Have you ever eaten snails?
I’ve never played badminton.
I ‘ve travelled to New York and London vs I travelled to Paris last summer.
!! “Where’s Maria?” “She’s gone to Paris for a week.” (She’ll be back tomorrow)
I’ve been to Italy on holiday. It was great. (I’m already back)
3) A recent action in the past
I’ve just had a sandwich.

16. Time expressions
•EVER (?): Have you ever driven a car?
•NEVER : I’ve never driven a car.
•HOW LONG (‘?): How long have you lived here?
•SINCE : I haven’t smoked since 2010.
•FOR : I haven’t smoke for four years.
•STILL (-) :’ I still haven’t found what I’m looking for.
• (ONLY) JUST : I’ve just bought a car.
•RECENTLY : I’ve seen Mamma Mia! recently.
•LATELY: She hasn’t posted any updates lately.
•ALREADY (+): I’ve already bought my new car.
•YET (-/?): I haven’t bought a car yet.