The document provides guidance on proper grammar and word usage for questions in English. It addresses topics such as question word order, the placement of prepositions in questions, and the difference between using verbs with "to" versus the "-ing" form. Key rules covered include using "who" for people and "what" for things, placing prepositions at the end of questions, and using "to" after verbs like "want" but the "-ing" form after verbs like "enjoy".

1.  Remember : the subject is after the first verb.
☺Where has Davidgone ? (not where has gone David ?)
☺Are those peoplewaiting for something ?(not are waiting …?)
☺When was the telephoneinvented?(not When was invented …?)
positive question
They work hard. Do they workhard ?
You watch television. How often do you watchtelevision ?
Chris works hard. Does Chris work hard?
She gets up early. What time does she get up?
They worked hard. Did they work hard?
You had dinner. What did you have for dinner?
She got up early. What time didshe get up?
 Sometimes do is the main verb (do you do/did he do etc.):
☺What do you usually do at weekends ?
☺What does your brother do? =>he works in a bank
☺ How did you do that ?(not how did you that?) => I broke my finger last week.
 Why isn’t …?/ why don’t…?etc.(why +negative)
☺where’s John ?Why isn’t hehere ?(not why he isn’t here?)
☺Why can’t Paulacome to the meeting tomorrow?(not why Paula can’t…?)
☺Why didn’t youcall me last night ?
 Who saw you ?who did you see?
☺ Silvia saw Paul.
Who sawPaul?
Silvia.(Silvia saw him.)=>who is the subject
WhodidSilvia see?
Paul. (she saw Paul.)=>Paul is the object
 in these questions, who / what is the subject :
☺Who livesin this house ?=(somebody lives in it-who?)
(not does live ?)
☺What happened?=(something happened – what?)
(not what did happened?)
☺What’s happening ?=(what’s=what is)
☺Who’s gotmy key? = (Who’s=who has)

2.  In these questions, who / what is the object :
☺Who did you meet yesterday? + (you meet somebody-who?)
☺What did Paulsay ?=(Paul said something – wahat?)
☺Who are you phoning
☺What was Silviawwearing?
 Compare :
☺George likes oranges. Who likesoranges?-George
What doesGeorge like?-Orange
☺Jone won a new car. Who wona new car ?- Jane
What did janewin ?- a new car
 Use who for people (somebody). Use what for things, ideas
etc.(something):
☺Who is your favorite song ?
☺What is you favorite song?
 Who is she talking to ? What is it like ?
☺ Julia is talking to somebody
Who is she talkingto ?
 In questions beginning
who…?/what…?/where…?/which…?,preposeitions(to/from/with
etc)usually go at the end:
☺Jack was afraid. What was she afraid of?
☺Who do these books belong to? Theye’re mine.
☺Tom’s father is in hospital. Whch hospitalis she in ?
☺Kate is going on holiday. Who with?/Who is she going with?
Can we talk? Sure. What do you want to talk about?
 What’s it like ? / What are they like ?etc.
When we say “What is it like?” like is a preposition. It is not
the verb like (Do you like your new house ?)etc.
☺A: There’s a new restaurant in our street.
B: What’s it like? Is it good?
C: I don’t know. I haven’t aten there yet.
☺A: What’s you new techerlike ?
B: She’s very good. We lern a lot.
☺ A: I met Nicole’s parents yesterday.

3. B: Did you ?What are they like ?
C: They’re very nice.
☺A: Did you have a good holiday? What was the weather like ?
B : it was lovely. It was sunny every day.
 What + noun ( Whatcolour…?/What kind …?etc.)
☺What colouris your car?
☺ What sizeis this shirt ?
☺ What timeis it ?
☺What kindof job do you want?= (What type of job?)
☺What colourare your eyes?
☺What makeis you TV set ?
☺What dayis it today?
 What without a noun:
☺What’s your favouritecolour?
☺What do you want to do tonight?
 Which + noun (things or people )
☺Which traindid you catch? – the 9.50 0r the 10.30?
☺Which doctordid you see – Doctor Ellis, Doctor Rray or Doctor Hill?
 We use which without a noun for things, not people:
☺Which is bigger – Canada or Autralia ?
 We use who for people (without a noun )
☺Who is taller – Joe or Garry ?(not which is taller?
 What or Which?
We use which when we are thinking about a small number of
possiblities (perhaps 2,3 or 4 ):
☺We can go this or that way.
Which wayshall we go?
☺There are four umbrellas here.
Which isyours?
 What is more general :
☺What’s the capital of Indonesia ?
☺What short of music do you like?=(all kinds of music)
 Compare :
☺What colourare his eyes ?(not which colour?)

4. Which colourdo you prefer, pink or yellow?
☺What is the longest river in the world ?
Which is the longest river- the Mississippi, the Amazon or the Nile ?
 How…?
☺How was the party last night ?
 it was great
☺How do you usually go to work ?
 By bus
 You can use how + adjective/adverb (how tall/how old/how often
etc):
How Tall are you ? I’m 1 metre 70.
Big is the house ? Not very big.
Old is your mother ? she’s 45.
Far is it from here to the airport ? Five kilometers.
Often do you use your car ? every day.
Long have they been married ? ten years.
Much was the meal ? thirty pounds.
 How long does it take…?
☺How long does it takeby plane from New York to Washington?
 It takesan hour.
☺How long does it takeby train from London to Manchester?
 It takestwo hours by train from London to Manchester.
 How long does it take to do something?
Does
How long Did It take to..?
Will

5. takes a week
Took a long time
It Will take three hours to…
Doesn’t
Didn’t long
Won’t
☺How long does it take to crossthe Atlantic by ship?
☺I came by train. Did you? How long did it take(to get here)?
☺How long will it take to getfrom here to the hotel?
☺It takesa long time to learn a language.
☺It doesn’t takelong to cook an omlette.
☺It won’t takelong to fix the computer.
 How long does it take you to do something?
Does you
How long Did It take Tom To…?
will Them
Takes Me A week
It Took Tom A long time To…?
Will take Them Three
hours
☺It took methree days to readit.
☺How long will it take me to learnto drive?
☺It took usan hour to do the shoping.
☺Did it take youa long time to finda job?

6. ☺It will take mean hourto cookdinner.
☺It takes Tom20 minutes to get to work in the morning.
 Do you know where …?
I don’t know what…etc.
☺We say : Where ispaula?
But Do you knowwhere Paulais?
(notDo you know where is Paula?)
☺In the same way we say :
I know
I don’t knowWherepaula is?
Can you tell me
 Compare :
☺Who are those people?
☺How old is Nicole?
☺What time is it?
☺Where can I go?
☺How much is this camera?
☺When are yougoing away?
☺Where have theygone?
☺What was katewearing?
But
Who those people are
Do you know How old Nicole is
Can you tell me What time it is ?
Where I cango
I know How much this camera is
I don’t know When you’re going away
I don’t remember Where they havegone
What Kate waswearing

7.  Questions with do/does/did (presnt simple and past simple)
☺Where does he live?
But Do you knowwhere he lives?(not do you know where does he live?)
 Compare :
☺How do aeroplanesfly?
☺What does Jane want?
☺Why did shego home?
☺Where did Iput the key?
But
Do you know How aeroplanes fly ?
I don’t know What Jane wants
I don’t remember Why she wenthome .
I know Where I putthe key
 Questions beginning Is…?/Do…?/Can…?etc.(yes/no questions)
 Compare:
☺Is Jackat home ?
☺Have theygot a car?
☺Can Brianswim?
☺Do theylive near here?
☺Did anybodysee you?
But
Do you know Jack is at home ?
If They’ve got a car
I don’t know Or Brian can swim .
whether They live near here
Anybody saw you
 You can use if or whether in these sentences:
☺Do you know if they’ve got a car? Or Do you know whether they’ve got a car?

8. ☺I don’t know ifanybody saw me. Or I don’t know whetheranyboby saw me.
 She said that … He told me that …
 Say and tell
say said Tell told
☺He said that he was tired. ☺He told methat he was tired.
(not He said me) (not he told that)
☺What did she say toyou? ☺What did she tell you?
(not say you) (not tell to you)
 We say he said to me, I said to Annetc. We say he told me, I told Annetc.
But not ‘he said me’,’I said Ann’. But not’he told to me ‘,’I told to Ann’.
 You can say:
☺He said that he was tired. Or He said he was tired.(without that)
☺Kate told me that she couldn’t find a job. Or Kate told me she couldn’t find a job.
 Work/go/be etc.(verb)
We use the verb with will/can/must etc:
1. Will : Anna will behere soon
2. Shall : ShallI open the window?
3. Might : I might phoneyou later
4. May : may I sit here?
5. Can : I can’t meetyou tomorrow
6. Could : could you pass the salt please?
7. Must : it’s late. I must gonow.
8. Should : you shouldn’t work so hard.
9. Would : would you like some coffe?
 We use the verb with do/does/did:
1. Do/does(present simple):
☺Do you work?
☺They don’t workvery hard.
☺Hellendoesn’t knowmany people
☺How much does it cost?
2. Did(past simple):
☺What time did the train leave?
☺we didn’t sleepwell.

9.  To work/to go/to be etc.(to+verb):
1. (I’m) going to… : I’m going to playtennis tomorrow.
: What are you going to do?
2. (I) have to… : I have to gonow.
: Everybody has to eat
3. (I) want to… : Do you want to goout?
: They don’t want to comewith us.
4. (I) would like to… : I’d like to talkto you.
: Would you like to goout?
5. (I) used to… : Dave used towork in a factory.
 Working/going/playing etc.:
1. Am/is/are + ing (present continuous):
☺Please be quiet. I’m working.
☺Tom isn’t workingtoday.
☺What time are you going out?
2. Was/were + -ing (past continuous):
☺ Itwas raining, so we didn’t go out.
☺What were you doing when the phone rang?
 Verbs + to …(I want to do)
+to…(to do/to
work/to be etc.)
☺ What do you want to dothis evening?
☺It’s not very late. We don’t need to gohome yet.
☺Tina has decided to sellher car.
☺You forgot to switchoff the light when you went out.
☺My brother is learning to drive.
☺I tried to readmy book, but I was too tired.
Want plan Decide try
Hope Expect Offer Forget
need Promise refuse Learn

10.  Verbs + -ing( I enjoy doing)
+ -
ing(doing/working/being
etc.)
☺I enjoy dancing(not enjoy to dance).
☺I don’t mind gettingup early.
☺Has it stopped raining?
☺Sonia suggested goingto the cinema.
 Verbs + -ing or to…:
+ -ing (doingetc.)or
to…(to do etc.)
☺Do you like gettingup early? Or Do you like to getup early?
☺I prefer travellingby car. Or I prefer to travelby car.
☺Anna loves dancing. Or Anna loves to dance.
☺I hate beinglate. Or I hate to belate.
☺It started raining. Or Itstarted to rain.
 It like to … etc.
+ to …(to do /to work/to be
etc.)
☺Julia would like to meetyou.
☺I’d love to go to Australia.(I’d = I would)
☺Would you like to sit down?
No, I’d prefer to stand,thank you.
☺I like this city very much. I wouldn’t like to move.
☺I’d hate to losemy adrees book.
 I want you to…
You
I want Someboby To dosomething
Sarah
Enjoy stop suggest
Mind Finish
Like love Start
prefer Hate begin continue
Would like Would love
Would prefer Would have

11. ☺The woman wants to go.
The man doesn’t wantthe woman to go.
He wants her to stay.
☺I want you to be happy.(not I want that you are happy).
☺They didn’t want anybody to knowtheir secret.
☺Do you want me to lendyou some money?
 We use would like in the same way:
☺Would you like me to lendyou some money?
 We also use this structure (verb+somebody+to…)with:
Verb + Somebody + To…
Ask Sue Asked A friend To lend Her some
money.
Tell I Told You To be Careful.
Advise What do you Advise Me To do?
Expect I didn’t Expect Them To be Here.
persuade We Persuaded Gary To come With us.
teach I Am teaching My brother To swim
 I told you to…/ I told you not to…
☺Jane told me to wait for her. ☺Paul toldjanenot to waitfor him.
 Make and let
After make and let we do not use to :
☺He’s very funny. He makes me laugh.(not makes me to laugh)
☺At school our teacher made us workvery hard.
☺Andin let me use her computer because mine wasn’t working .(not let me to use )
 You can say let’s …(=let us) when you want people to do
things with you:
☺Come on let’s dance .
☺Do you want to go out tonight ? No, I’m tired .Let’s stayat home.
 I went to the shop to…
☺She went to the shop to geta newspaper.
 to…(to get/to see etc.)tells us why a person does something:
☺Why are you going out? =>to get some bread.
☺Catherine went to the station to meether friend.
☺Jessica turned the television to watchthe news.
☺I’d like to go to Spain to learnSpanish.
 Money/time to do (do something):

12. ☺We need some money to buy food.
☺I haven’t got time to watchtelevision.
 To … and for…
To + verb For + noun
(to get/to see etc.) (for a newspaper / for food etc.)
☺I went to the shop to geta newspaper.
(not for get)
☺I went to the shop for a newspaper.
☺They’re going to Brazil to seetheir friends. ☺They’re going to Brazil for holiday.
☺We need some money to buyfood. ☺We need some money for food.
 Wait for…:
☺Please wait forme .
☺Are you waiting forthe bus?
 Wait to(do something):
☺Harry up! I’m waiting to go.
☺Are you waiting to seethe doctor?
 Wait for(somebody/something) to…:
☺I can’t go out yet. I’m waiting for John to phone.
☺Are you waiting for the doctor to come?
 Go to…(go to work/go to London/go to a concert etc.):
☺What time do you usually go to work?
☺I’m going to Chinanext week.
☺Sophie didn’t want to go to the concert.
☺Where’s tom? He’s gone to bed.
☺I went to Dentistyesterday.
 Go to sleep = start to sleep:
☺I was very tired and went to sleepquickly.
 Go home (without to):
☺I’m going homenow.(not going to home)

13.  Go on …
☺We’re going on holidaynext week.
☺Children often go on school trips.
☺When we were in Scotland, we went on a lot of excursisionsto
different places.
☺Workers at the airport have gone on strike.
(=they are refusing to work)
 Go for…
a walk =>☺Where’s Elma? She’s gone for a walk.
A run => ☺Do you go for a runevery morning?
Go(somewhere)for A swim => ☺The water looks nice. I’m going for a swim
A drink => ☺I met Chris in town, so we went for a coffe.
A meal => ☺Shall we goout for a meal? I know a good restaurant.
 Go + -ing
We use go + -ing for many sports (smimming/skiing etc.)and
also shopping.
Shopping
I go Swimming
He is going Fishing
We went Sailing
They have gone Skiing
She wants to go Jogging etc.
☺Are you going shoppingthis afternoon?
☺it’s a nice day. Let’s go swimming.(or let’s go for aswim)
☺Richard has a small boat and he often goes sailing.
☺I went joggingbefore breakfast this morning.
Holiday =>
A trip =>
Go on A tour =>
An excursion
A cruise =>
strike

14.  Do and make
Do is a general word for action:
☺what are you doing this evening?( not what are ou making?)
☺Shall I open the window? No,it’s ok. I’ll do it.
☺Rachel’s job is very boaring. She does the same this every day.
☺I did a lot of things yesterday.
 What do you do?=(what’s your job?)
☺What do you do? I work in a bank.
 Make produce/create :
☺She’s making coffee.
☺He has made a cake.
☺They make umbrellas.
☺It was made in China.
 Compare Do and Make :
☺I dida lot yesterday. I cleaned my room, I wrote some letters and I made a cake.
☺A: What do you do in your free time ? sport? Reading? Hobbies?
B: I make clothes. I make dresses and jackets. I also make toys for my children.
 Expression with do
I’m doing my driving testnext week.
John has just done a training course.
Our children have to do a lot of homework.
I hate doing housework. Especially cleaning.
Sue could you do me a favour?
I go for a run and do exercises every morning.
 Also do the shopping / do the washing / do the washing up/ do
the ironing/do the cooking etc:
☺I did the washing,but I didn’t do the shopping.
An exam / a test
A course
Homework
do Housework
Somebody a favour
An exercise

15.  Expressions with make :
I’m sorry, I made a mistake.
I need to make an appointmentto
see the doctor.
Excuse me I have to make a phone
call.
Have you made a shopping list?
It’s late. Don’t make a noise.
Sometimes I forget to make my bed
in the morning.
 We say make a film but take a photograph:
☺When was this film made? But When was this photograph taken?
 Have and have got
I have got (something) or I have (something)= it is mine :
☺I’ve got a new car. Or I have a new car.
☺Rerehas gotlong hair.Or Rere haslong hair.
☺Have they got any children? Or Do they have any children ?
☺Tim hasn’t gota job. Or Tim doesn’t havea job.
☺How much time haveyou got? Or How much time do you have?
Also:
I’ve got A headache / (a) toothache / a pain (in my leg) etc.
I have A cold / a cough / a sore throat / a temperature / flu etc.
☺I’ve got a headache. Or I have a headache
☺Have you got a cold? Or Do you have a cold?
 The past is I had (without got) / I didn’t have / did you
have?etc:
☺When I first met Catherine , she hadshort hair.
A mistake
An appointment
make A phone call
A list
A noise
A bed

16. ☺He didn’t haveany money because he didn’t havea job.
☺Did you have enough time to do everything you wanted?
 Have breakfast / have a shower etc.
In these expressions have = eat/drink/take etc. you can’t use have got.
Where’s Lisa? She’s having lunch.
I don’t usually have breakfast.
I had three cups of coffe this morning.
Have a biscuit! Oh, thank you.
 We also use have (not have got) in these expressions:
I had a shower this morning.
We’re having a party next week.
You must come
Enjoy your holiday. Have a nice
time!
Did you have a good time in
Tokyo?
Sandra has just had a baby.
Can I have a look at your
newspaper?
 Compare :
Have got or have
☺I’ve got/ I have a new shower. It’s very good.
 Have(nothave got)
☺I havea shower every morning.(not I’ve gota shower every morning)
☺A: Where’s Paul?
B: He’s having a shower(=he’s washing now)
 We use me/her/them etc.(object)aftera preposition (for/to/with etc.):
☺This letter isn’t for me. It’s for you.
☺Who is that woman? Why are you looking at her?
Breakfast/lunch/dinner.
have A meal/ a sandwich/a pizza etc.
A cup of coffe / a glas of milk etc.
Something to eat/drink
A bath/ a shower
A rest/ a holiday/a party
A nice time/ a good trip / fun etc.
have A walk/ a swim/ a game(of tennis etc.)
A dream/ an accident
A baby
A look (at something)

17. ☺We’re going to the cinema. Do you want to come wiith us?
☺Saly and kevin are going to the cinema. Do you want to go with them?
☺Where’s the newspaper? You’re sitting on it.
 Give it? Them to…:
☺I want that book. Please give it to me.
☺Robert needs the books. Can you give them to him, please?
 We use mine/yours etc. without a noun:
☺Is this book mine or yours?(=my book or your book)
☺I didn’t have an umbrella, so hellen gave me hers.(=her umbrella)
☺It’s their problem, not ours.(=not our problem)
☺we went in our car, and they went in theirs.(=their car)
 We can use his with or without a noun:
☺Is this his cameraor hers? It’s his.
 A friend of mine / a friend of his/ some friends of yours etc:
☺I went out to meet a friend of mine.(not a friend of me)
☺Tom was in the restaurant with a friend of his.(not a friend of him)
☺Are those people friends of yours?(not friends of you)
 Whose…?
☺Whose bookis this?(=is it your book?/my book/his book etc.)
 You can use whose with or without a noun:
☺Whose moneyis this?
Whose is this? It’s mine.
☺Whose shoesare these?
Whose are these? They’re John’s.
 By my self/ by your selfetc = alone
☺I went on holiday by myself(=I went alone)
☺Was she with friends? No, she was by herself.
 Each other

18. ☺Kate and Helen are agood frinends. They know each otherwell.
(=Kate knowshelen/Helen knows kate)
☺Paul and I live near each other(=he lives near me/ I live near him)
 Compare each other and selves:
☺Tom and chacha looked at each other.(=he looked at her , she looked at him)
☺Tom and chacha looked at themselves.(=he looked at himself, she looked at herself)
 Compare friends’s and friends’
☺My friend’s house= one friend
(=hishouse ourher house?
We write ‘safter friend/student/mother etc(singular):
☺My mother’s car (one mother)
☺My father’scar(one father)
☺My friends’ house = two or more friends (=their house)
We write ‘ after friends/students/parents etc(plural):
☺My parents’ car (two parents’)
 We use of…for things, places etc :
☺Look at the roof ofthat building.(not that buildings roof)
☺We didn’t see the beginning of the film.(not the film’s beginning)
☺What’s the nameofthis village?
☺Do you know the cause ofthe problem?
☺You can sit in the back ofthe car.
☺Madrid is the capital of Spain.
 We use a/an …when we say what athing or a person ia.for
example:
☺Football is a game.
☺Dallas is a city in Texas.
☺A mouse is an animal. It’s a small animal.
☺Joe is a very nice person.
 We use a/an…for jobs etc:
☺A: What’s your job?
B: I’m aDentist.(not I’m Dentist)
☺What does mark do? He’s an aenginner.
☺Would you like to be a teacher?
☺Beethoven was a composer.
☺Picasso was a famous painter
☺Are you a student?
 A noun can be countable or uncountable noun
 Countable nouns
☺a car,a man, a bottle, a house, a key, an idea, an accident

19.  You can use one, two, three (etc)+countable nouns (you can
count them):
☺One bottle, two bottles, three men, four houses
 Countable nouns can be singular(=one)or plural(=two or more)
Singular A car The car My car Etc.
plural cars Two cars The cars Some cars Many cars Etc.
☺I’ve got a car.
☺New cars are very expensive.
☺There aren’t many cars in the car park.
 You can use the singular (car/bottle/key etc.) alone. You need
a/an:
☺we can’t get into the house without a key.(not without key)
 Uncountable nouns
☺water,salt, money, music, rice, plastic, tennis
 You can’t say one/two/three(etc)+ these things : one water, two musics
 Uncountable nouns have only one form :
☺Money, the money, my money, some money, much money etc.
☺I’ve got some money.
☺There isn’t much moneyin the box.
☺Money isn’t everything.
 You can’t use a/an + uncountable nouns: a money, a music, a water
 But you can say a piece of…/a bottle of …etc. + uncountable nouns:
☺a bottle ofwater
A piece ofchese
A bowl ofrice
A cartoon ofmilk
A bottle ofperfume
A cup ofcoffee

20. A bar ofchocolate
A piece ofmusic
A game oftennis.
 A/an and some:
a/an + singular countable nouns (car/apple/shoe etc.):
☺I need a new car
☺Would you like anapple ?
 Some + plural countable nouns (cars/apples/shoesetc.):
☺I need some new shoes.
☺Would you like some apples?
 Some + uncountable nouns (water/money/music atc.):
☺I need some water.
☺would you like some cheese? Or (would you like a piece ofcheese?
 Compare a and some:
☺Nicole bought a hat, some shoesand some perfume.
☺I read a newspaper,made some phone calls,and listened to some music.
 Many nouns are sometimes countable and sometimes uncountable:
☺a cake/some cakes/some cake or piece of cake/a chicken/ some chickens/some chicken or
piece of chicken.
 Compare a paper (=a newspaper)and some paper:
☺I want something to read. I’m going to buy a paper.
But ☺I want to make a shopping list. I need some paper/ a piece ofpaper.(not a paper)
 Be careful with :
☺advise/bread/furniture/hair/information/news/weather work

21.  These nouns are usually uncountable. So you can’t say a/an …(a bread, an
advice). And they can’t be plural(advices, furnitures etc.):
☺Can I talk to you ? I need some advice.(not an advice)
☺I’m going to buy some bread.(not a bread)
☺They’ve got some very nice furniture in their house.(not furnitures)
☺Silvia has got very long hair.(not hairs)
☺I’d like some informationabout hotel in London.(not informations)
☺Listen ! I’ve just had some good news.(not a good news)
☺It’s nice weather today.(not a nice a weather)
☺Do you like your job? Yes,but it’s hard work(not a hard work)
 We saya job(not a new work):
☺I’ve got a new job.( not a new work).
 Compare a/an and the
a/an:
☺There are three windows here.
Can you open a window?
A window = window 1 or 2 or 3.
☺Paris is an intereresting city.=(there are many interesting cities and parisia one).
The :
☺There is one window here=the window
Can you open the window?
☺Paris is the capital of France.=(there is only one Capital of France).
☺Alicia is the youngest studentin her class.=(there is only one youngest student in her class).
 Compare a and the :
☺I bought a jacketanda shirt.The jacketwas cheap,but the shirtwas expensive.

22. (=the jacket and theshirt that I bought)
 We say the… when t is clear which thing or person we mean. For example:
☺the door/ the ceiling /the floor /the carpet/the light etc.(of a room)
☺the roof/the garden/the kitchen/the bathroom/etc..(of a house)
☺the centre/the station/the airport/the town hall. Etc.(of a town)
 Don’t forget the :
☺Do you live near the city centre?(not near city centre)
☺excuse me, where is the nearest bank?(not where is nearest…)
 The same:
☺We live in the same street(not in same street)
☺Are these two books different?(No, they’re the same(not they’re same)
 We do not use the with:
☺Television:
☺I watch Tv a lot.
☺What’s on televisiontonight?
But you turn off the television? =(the TV set)
☺Breakfast/lunch/dinner:
☺What did you have breakfast ?(not the breakfast?
☺Dinner is ready
☺next/last+week/month/year/summer/Monday etc:
☺I’m not working next week(not the next week)
☺Did you have a holdaylast summer?(not the last summer)
the

23.  Go to work/go home/go to the cinema:
We say:
(go) to work, (be) at work, start work, finish work
☺Bye! I’’m going to work now.not to the work)
☺I fnish work at 5 o’clock every day.
(go) to school, (be) at school, start school, leave school etc.
☺What did you learn at school yesterday?(not at the school)
☺Some childen don’t like school.
(go)to university/college,(be) at university/college.
☺Hellen wants to go to university when she leaves school.
☺What did you study at college?
(go)to hospital,(be) in hospital.
☺Ray had an asccident. He had to go to hospital.
(go)to prison,(be) in prison.
☺Why is she in prison? What did he do?
(go)to church,(be)in/at church
☺David usually goes to church on Sundays
(go) to be,(be) in bed.
☺I’m tired. I’m going to bed.(not to the bed)
☺Where’s jane ? She’s in bed
(go)home,(be) at home etc.
☺I’m tired. I’m going home.
☺Are you going out tonight, or staying at home?
the

24. We say :
(go to) the cinema/the theatre/the bank/the post office/the station/the airport/the city centre.
☺I never go to the theatre, but I go to the cinema a lot.
☺Are you going to bank? No, to the post office.
☺The number 5 bus goes to thr airport, the number 8 goes to the city centre.
(go to) the doctor, the dentist.
☺You’re not well. Why don’t you go to the doctor?
☺I have to go to the dentist tomorrow.
Do not usethe for general ideas:
☺I like music,especially classical music.(not the music…the classical music)
☺We don’t eat meat very often.(not the meat)
☺Life is not possible without water.(not the life…the water)
☺I hate exams.(not the exams)
☺Do you know a shop that sells foreign newspaper?
☺I’m not very good at writing letters.
 Do not use the for games and sports:
☺My favourite sports are football and skiing.(not the football…the sking).
 Do not use the for lanuguages or school subjects(historyeography/physics/biology etc.):
☺Do you think English is difficult? (not the English)
☺Tom’s brother is studying physic and chemistry.
 Flowers or the flowers?
Compare:
☺Flowers are beautiful.(=flowers in general) ☺I love this garden.The flowersare beautiful.
(=the flowers in this garden)
☺I don’t like cold weather (=cold weatherin
general).
☺The weather isn’t very good today. (=The
wethertoday).
the
the

25. ☺We don’t eat fish very often.(fish in general) ☺We had a great meal last night.The fishwas
excellent.(=the fish we ate last night)
☺Are you interested in history?(=history in
general)
☺Do you know much about the historyof your
country?
 The…(names of places)
Places (continents, countries, states,islands, towns etc.
In generalwe do not use the with names of places:
☺France is a very large country.(not the France)
☺Cairo is the capital of Egypt.
☺Corsica is an island in the Mediterranean.
☺Peru is in South America.
But we use in names with republic/states/kingdom:
☺The Czech Republic.
The United States of America (the USA)
The United Kingdom(the UK)
 The-s (plural names)
We use the with plural names of contries/islands/mountains:
☺The Netherlands
The Philippines
The Canary Islands
The Alps
 Seas,rivers etc.:
We use the names of oceans/seas/river/canals:
☺The Atlantic (Ocean)
The (River) Nile
the
the
the
the

26. The Mediterranean (sea)
The Suez Canal
The Amazon
The Black Sea
 Places in town (streets, buildings etc.)
In generalwe do not use the with names of streets, squares etc :
☺Kevin lives in Newton street.
☺Where is Highfield road please?
☺Time square is in New york.
 We do not use the with name of airports, stations and many other
important buildings:
☺Kennedy Airport
Victoria Station
Westminster Abbey
Cambridge University
London Zoo Edinburgh Castle
 But we use the names of most hotels, museums,theatres and cinemas :
☺The Regent Hotel
The science Museum
The National Theatre
The Odeon (cinema)
 The…of…
We use the + names with…of…:
☺The Museum of Modern Art
the
the
the

27. The Great wall of China
The University of California
The Tower of London
 We saythe north/the south/the
east/the west(of…):
☺I’ve been to the north of Italy, but not to the south.
 This /that/these/those
This (singular)
☺Do you like this picture?
These (plural)
☺These flowers are for you.
That (singular)
☺Do you like that picture?
Those (plural)
☺Who are those people?
 We use this/that/these/those with a noun(this picture/those girls etc.)or without a noun:
☺This hotel is expensive, but it’s very nice.
☺who’s that girl? I don’t know
☺Do you like these shoes? I bought them last week with a noun
☺Those apples look nice . Can I have one.
☺This is a nice hotel, but it’s very expensive.
☺Excuse me, is this your bag? Oh yes,thank you. Without a noun.
☺Who’s that? (=who is that person?)
☺Which shoes do you prefer?-these or those?
This picture
(=this picture here)
These flowers
(=these flowers here)
That picture
(=that picture there)
Those people
(=those people there)

28.  That = something that has happened:
☺I’m sorry I forgot to phone you. That’s all right.
☺That was a relly nice meal. Thank you very much.
 That = what somebody has just said:
☺You’re a teacher,aren’t you? Yes,that’s right.
☺Martin has got a new job. Has he? I didn’t know that?
☺I’m going on holiday next week. Oh, that’s nice.
 We use this is …and is that…on the telephone:
☺Hi sarah, this is David.
(this=the speaker)
☺Is that Sarah?
(that = the other person)
 We use this is …to introduce people:
☺A: Brian, this is Chris.
B: Hello, Chris-nice to meet you.
C: Hi.
 Some and any
 Some
Use some in positive sentences:
☺I’ve got some money.
☺I’m going to buy some clothes.
☺There’s some ice in the fridge.
☺We made some mistakes.
 Any
Use any in negative sentences:

29. ☺I haven’t got any money.
☺I’m not going to buy any clothes.
☺There isn’t any milk in the fridge.
☺We didn’t make any mistakes.
 Any and some in question
In most questions (but not all) we use any (not some):
☺Have you got any money?
☺Is there any ice in the fridge?
☺Has she got any friends?
☺Do you need any help?
 We normally use some (not any)when we offer things(would you like…?):
☺A : would you like some coffe?
B : Yes,please.
 Or when we ask for things (can I have…?)etc:
☺A : Can I have some soup, please?
B : Yes,help yourself.
☺A : Can you lend me some money?
B : Sure, How much do you need?
 Some and any without a noun :
☺I didn’t take any photographs, but Jane took some.(=some photographs)
☺You can have some coffee,but I don’t want any.(=any coffee)
☺I’ve just made some coffee. Would you like some?(=some coffee)
☺Where’s your luggage? I haven’t got any.(=any luggage)
☺Are there any biscuits? Yes,there are some in the kitchen.(=some biscuits)
 Something/somebody(or someone):

30. ☺She said something.
☺I saw somebody (someone)
☺Would you like something to aet?
☺Somebody’s at the door.
 Anything /anybody(or anyone):
☺She didn’ say anything .
☺I didn’t see anybody (or anyone)
☺Are you doing anything tonight?
☺Where’s sally ? Has nybody seen her?
 Not (-n’t) + any:
☺The cark park is empty.
There aren’t any cars in the car park.
There are no cars
How many cars are there in the car park?
None.
Not (-n’t)+any
☺There aren’t any cars in the car park.
☺Yostie and Jeff haven’t got any children.
☺You can have some coffe,but I don’t want any.
 No + noun (no cars /no garden etc.)
No…= not any or not a
☺There are no cars in the car park.(=there aren’t any cars)
☺we’ve got no coffee.(=we haven’t got any coffee)
☺I’ts a nice house, but there’s no garden(=there isn’t a garden)

31.  we use no…specially after have(got)and there is/are.
Negative verb + any = positive verb + no
☺They haven’t got any children. Or They’ve got no children.
(not They haven’t got no children)
☺There isn’t any sugar in your coffee. Or There’s no sugar in your coffee.
 No and none:
Use no + noun (no money/no children etc.):
☺we’ve got no money.
☺Everything was ok. There were no problems.
Use none alone (without a noun):
☺How much money have you got ? None.(no money)
☺Were there any problems? No,none.(=no problems)
 None and no-one
None = 0 (zero)
No-one = nobody
None is an answerfor how much?/how many? (things or people):
☺How much money have you got? None.(= no money)
☺How many people did you meet? None.(=no people)
 No-one is an answer for who?
☺Who did you meet? No-one. Or Nobody.

32.  Not + anybody/anyone/anything
Nobody/no-one/nothing
Not + anybody /anyone
Nobody / no-one
Not + anything
Nothing
(for people) (for things)
*There isn’t (anybody/onyone) in the room. *There isn’t anything in the bag
*There is (nobody/no-one) in the room. *There is nothing in the bag.
*A: Who is in the room? *A: What’s in the bag?
B: Nobody/no-one. B: Nothing
-body and-one are the same:
Anybody=anyone nobody=no-one
 Not + anybody/anyone
☺I don’t know anybody(or anyone) here.
Nobody =not +anybody
No-one = not+anyone
☺I’m lonely. I’ve got nobody to talk to.(= I haven’t got anybody )
☺The house is empty. There is no- one in it.(there isn’t anyone in it)
 Not + anything
☺I Can’t remember anything
Nothing = not+anything
☺She said nothing(= she didn’t say anything)
☺There’s nothing to eat.(= There isn’t anything to eat)
 You can use nobody/no-one/nothing at the beginning of a sentence or
alone (to answera question):
☺The house is empty. Nobody lives there.(not nybody lives there.)
☺Who did you speak to? No-one.

33. ☺Nothing happened(=not anything happened)
☺What did you say? Nothing.
☺He doesn’t know anything.(not he doesn’t know nothing)
☺Don’t tell anybody.(not don’t tell nobody)
☺There is nothing to do in this town.(not there isn’t nothing)
 Somebody/anything/nowhere etc.
Somebody or someone has broken the window.
Somebody/someone = a person, but we don’t know who.
She has got something in her mouth.
Something = a thing, but we don’t know what.
Tom lives somewhere near London.
Somewhere = in/to a place, but we don’t know where.
 People (-body or –one)
@There is somebody/someone at the door.
@Is there anybody/anyone at the door?
@There isn’t anybody/anyone at the door.
@There is nobody/no-one at the door.
Note :body and –one are the same: somebody=someone, nobody=no-
one etc.
Remember : Negative verb + anybody / anyone/ anything.
Positive verb + nobody/no one /nothing.
Somebody or someone
Anybody or anyone
Nobody or no-one
?

34. Things (-thing):
@Lucy said something, but I didn’t understand what she said.
@Are you doing anything at the weekend?
@I was angry, but I didn’t say anything.
@What did you say? Nothing.
 Places(-where):
@Ruth’s parents live somewhere in the south of England.
@Did you go anywhere interesting for your holidays?
@I’m staying here. I’m not going anywhere.
@I don’t like this town. There is nowhere to go.
 Something/anybody etc.+ adjective(big/cheap/interesting etc.):
☺Did you meet anybody interesting at the party?
☺We always go to the same place. Let’s go somewhere different.
☺What’s that letter? It’s nothing important.
 Something/anybody etc.+ to…
☺I’m hungry. I want something to eat.(=something that I can eat)
☺Tony hasn’t got anybody to talk to.(=anybody that he can talk to)
☺Thre is nowhere to go in this town.(=nowhere where people can go)
 Every & all
☺every house in the street = all the housesin the street
 We use every + singular noun (every house/everycountry etc):
☺sarah has been to every country in Europe.
☺Every summer we have a holiday by the sea.
☺She looks different every time I see her.
 Use a singular verb after every …:
☺Every house in the street is the same (not are the same)
☺Every country has a national flag.(not have)
Something
Anything
nothing
Somewhere
Anywhere
nowhere

35.  Compare every & all :
 Every day & all day
Every day = on all days:
How often?
sunday monday tuesday wednesday thursdady friday Saturday
E V E R Y D A Y
☺It rained every day last week.
☺Bill watches TV for about two hours every evening= on all eveningsalsoevery
morning/night/summer etc.
 All day = the complete day:
How long?
Beginning end of the day
Of the day
A L L D A Y
☺It rained all day yesterday.
☺On Monday, I watched TV all evening = the complete evening also all morning/night/summer etc.
 Everybody or everyone/everything/everywhere.
looked
☺everystudentinthe classpassedthe
exam.
☺everycountryhas a national flag.
☺all the students inthe classpassedthe
exam.
☺all countrieshave a national flag.
☺Everybody or
everyone(people)
☺everything(things
)
☺everywhere(place
☺everybody or everyone needs friends.= all people need friends
☺Have you got everything you need?= all the things you need
☺I lost my watch. I’ve looked everywhere for it.= I’ve looked in all
places.

36.  Use a singular verb after everybody/everyone/everything:
☺everybody has problems. (not everybody have).
 All/most/some/any/no or none.
 Compare:
 Most/mostof…/some/some of… etc.
 Most/some etc.+ noun
All
Most Cities
Some of Children
Any Books
No Money
☺Children/money/booksetc.(ingeneral):
☺Children likeplaying.(=childreningeneral)
☺Money isn’teverything.(=moneyingeneral)
☺I enjoyreadingbooks.
☺Everybodyneeds friends.
☺The children/the money/these booksetc:
☺Where are the children?(=ourchildren)
☺I wantto buy a car, but I haven’tgot the
money.(=the moneyforacar)
☺Have you read these books?
☺I oftengoout with my friends.
all No/none/not+anymost any?some
☺Most children like playing.(=ingeneral)
☺I don’twant anymoney.
☺Some books are betterthan others.
☺He’sgot no friends.
☺All cities hve the same problems.(=citiesingeneral)

37.  Do not use of in these sentences:
☺Most people drive too fast.(not most of people)
☺Some birds can’t fly.(not some of birds)
 Mostof/some of etc.+ the/this/my…etc.
 You can sayall the…orall of the…(with or without of):
☺All the students in our class passed the exam.(or all of the students…)
☺Silvia has lived in London all her life.(or…all of her life.)
 All of it/most of them/none of us etc.
All
Most It
Some of Them
Any Us
none you
 Both / either / neither
We use both/either/neither to talk about two things or people:
+ +
or
All (of) The…
Most This/that…
Some of These/those…
Any My/your…etc.
None
☺Most of the childrenatthisschool are under11
yearsold.
☺I don’twanyanyof thismoney.
☺Some of these books are veryold.
☺None of my friends livenearme.
☺youcan have some of thiscake,but not all of it.
☺A: Do youknow those people?
B: Most of them,butnot all of them.
☺some of us are goingouttonight.Whydon’t youcome withus?
☺I’ve gota lotof books,butI haven’tread anyof them.
☺How manyof these bookshave youread? None of them.
both Neither (not+either)either

38. ☺Gio has two children. Both are married.(both = the two children)
☺Would you like tea or coffee?You can have either.(either = tea or coffee)
☺A: Do you want to go to the cinema or theatre?
B: Neither. I want to stay at home.(neither = not the cinema or theatre)
 Compare either &neither:
Either. I don’t mind. (=tea or coffee)
☺Would you like tea or coffee? I don’t want either. (not I don’t want neither)
Neither.(= not tea or coffee)
 Both /either/neither + noun
Both + plural
Either + singular
Neither
☺Last year I went to Paris an Rome. I liked both citiesvery much.
☺First I worked in an office, and later in a shop. Neither jobwas very interesting.
☺There are two ways from here to the station, you can go either way.
 Both of…/ either of…/ neither of…
☺Neither of my parents is British
☺I haven’t read either of these books.
 Yo can say both of the/those/my…or both the/those/my …(with or
without of):
☺I like both ofthose picture. Or I like both those pictures.
☺Both ofpaul’s sisters aare married. Or Both Paul’s sisters are married.
☺But Neitherof Paul’s sisters is married.(not Neither Paul’s sisters)
 Both of them / neither of us
Both (of) The…
Either of These/those…
neither My/your/paul’s…etc
Both : windows/books/childrenetc.
Either/neither: window/book/child etc.

39. ☺Paul has got two sisters. Both ofthemare married.
☺Sue and I didn’t eat anything. Neither ofuswas hungry.
☺Who are those two people? I don’t know either ofthem.
 Too/either so am I/neither do I etc.
 Too & either
☺A: I’m happy B: I’m happy too.
☺A: I’m not happy B: I’m not happy either.
 We use too and either at the end of a sentence.
 We usetoo aftera positive verb:
☺A: I enjoyed the film.
B: I enjoyed it too.
☺Jane is a doctor . Her husband is a doctor too.
 We use either after a negative verb :
☺A: I’m not happy.
B: I’m nothappy either.(not I’m not… too)
☺A: I can’t cook.
B: I can’t either.(not I can’t too)
☺Bill doesn’t watch TV. He does’ntread newspapereither.
Both Them
Either of Us
neither You