The document provides information on English grammar tenses and structures including: 1) The present simple tense and its use to describe habitual or repeated actions. Examples of its formation and use are given. 2) The present progressive tense and its use to describe actions happening now. The formation of this tense is explained for different subjects. 3) The past simple tense and how it is used to describe completed actions in the past. Both regular and irregular verb forms are covered. 4) Comparatives and superlatives are defined and examples of their formation using -er, -est and more, most are provided.

1. Review units
1-6
Daniela García Cárdenas

2. Present simple
 Actions that happen in the present.
 Example: I play soccer.
 With he, she and it verbs need… what?
 Which is the correct one?
 She/He/It played/plays/play

3. Answer
She/He/It played/plays/play
WithI, you, we, and they you DON’T
need that.

4. Present simple
 FORQUESTIONS AND NEGATIVE
SENTENCES YOU NEED:
 DOES  ???????
 DO  ?????????

5. Answer
 DOES  she, he, and it
 DO  I, you, we, and they

6. Present simple
 NEGATIVEExample: They don’t eat cookies.
He doesn’t like cats.
 QUESTIONDo they eat cookies? Does he
like cats?
 Choose the correct
 Do/did/does we have an exam tomorrow?
 she like/liked/likes puppies.
 You didn’t/ weren´t/ don’t do the activities.

7. Answers
 Do/did/does we have an exam
tomorrow?
 she like/liked/likes puppies.
 You didn’t/ weren´t/ don’t do the
activities.

8. Present progressive
 About actions that are happening right
now. Ex: I am writing about present
progressive.
 FORMULA: noun + VERB TO BE (ARE, AM
OR IS) + verb- ing.
 She,he and it  ???
 You, we, they???
 I???

9. Answers
 She,he and it  IS
 You, we, they ARE
 I AM

10. Present progressive
 NEGATIVE: convert the am, is or are with the
NOT. Ex: is not = isn’t are not= aren’t
am not. Ex: I am not reading, I am writing.
He isn’t paying attention.
 QUESTIONS: just change the noun and the
verb to be. Ex: affirmative She is washing
the dishes. IN QUESTION  Is she washing
the dishes?

11. SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS PRONOUNS ADJECTIVES PRONOUNS
I ME MY MINE
YOU YOU YOUR YOURS
HE HIM HIS HIS
SHE HER HER HERS
IT IT ITS
WE US OUR OURS
THEY THEM THEIR THEIRS

12. Possessive case
 The dog of my cousin. El perro de mi
prima. In possessive case :
 My cousin’s dog (singular). El perro de mi
prima.
 The notebooks of my friends. Las libretas de
mis amigos. In possessive case:
 My friends’ notebooks.

13. Past simple
 About actions of the past.
 Regular verbs  end with –ed
 Irregular verbs change
 Ex:
 Walk – walked
 Buy- bought

14. Past simple
 Buy - __________
 Run- ___________
 Write- _________
 Be- ______ / _______
 Go- _______
 Have- ________
 Do- __________
 Talk-___________

15. Answers
 Buy - bought
 Run- ran
 Write- wrote
 Be- was/ were
 Go- went
 Have- had
 Do- did
 Talk- talked

16. Past simple
 FOR QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVE YOU
NEED: DID
 Ex:You didn’t do the homework
 Ex: Did you do the homework?

17. Past progressive
 Actions that happened in a past.
 Ex: I was listening to music. Now I am
writing.
 FORMULA: Noun + verb to be in PAST
(WAS OR WERE) + verb-ing
 I,
she, he, it ????
 You, we, they?????

18. Answers
 I, she, he, it  was
 You, we, they were

19. Past progressive
 NEGATIVE  convert with not the was
and were. Ex: was not= wasn’t
were not = weren’t
 Ex: she wasn’t watching the tv.
 We weren’t reading a book.
 QUESTION  change the noun and was
or were. Ex: Was she watching the tv?
 Were we reading a book?

20. Present progressive and past
progressive
 She is playing the piano.
 She was playing the piano.
I am watching tv.
 I was watching tv.
 We are reading this.
 We were reading this.

21. Present progressive and past
progressive
 NEGATIVE
 He isn’t running in the park.
 He wasn’t running in the park.
 You aren’t drinking water.
 You weren’t drinking water.
 They aren’t buying apples.
 They weren’t buying apples.

22. Present progressive and past
progressive
 QUESTIONS
 Arewe studying for the exam?
 Were we studying for the exam?
 Am I riding a horse?
 Was I riding a horse?

23. USED TO
 Solía.Ex: I used to watch Barney (yo solía
ver Barney)
 The “used” is in present or past?
 Ex:she used to be small.
 He used to play basketball.
 They used to drink soda.

24. USED TO
 NEGATIVE: ?
 QUESTION: ?

25. Prepositions
 Pg 39

26. COMPARATIVE
 TO COMPARE 2 THINGS
 With short adjectives: add –er
 Ex: big- bigger, warm- warmer, fast- faster, slow-
slower.
 With long adjectives: add more
 Ex: beautiful- more beautiful, expensive-more
expensive, important- more important
 *****
when we use more, the adjectives stay the
same

27. COMPARATIVE
 Exceptions:
 Good  better
 Bad  worse
 Far  farther

28. COMPARATIVE
 KEY:
 WITHTHE COMPARATIVE YOU MUST USE:
 THAN
 Ex:Cheetahs are faster than lions.
 A car is more expensive than a bicycle.

29. As …(adjective) … as
 When you have as………….. as in a
sentence, the adjective stays equal.
 Ex: Nike is as expensive as Puma.
 You CANNOT write: Nike is as more
expensive as Puma

30. SUPERLATIVE
 TO COMPARE +2 THINGS
 With short adjectives add: -est
 Ex: cheap- cheapest, busy- busiest, hot-
hottest, large-largest.
 With long adjectives add: most
 Ex: most expensive, most modern, most
interesting.

31. SUPERLATIVE
 Exceptions
 Good- best
 Bad- worst
 Far- farthest

32. Superlative
 KEY:
 WE MUST USE “THE” FOR THE SUPERLATIVE.
 Ex:the giraffe is the tallest animal of all.
 A castle is the most expensive of all
buildings.

33. ZERO CONDITIONAL (present
simple)
 If
: si
 When: cuando
 Ex: if you eat a lot, you get fat.
 Si tu comes mucho, te pones gordo.
 Ex: when you eat a lot, you get fat.

34. Future
 Check the other presentation

35. Present Perfect simple
 FORMULA: noun+ HAVE OR HAS + verb in
past participle.
 She, he, and it  has
 I, you, we, and they  have

36. Present Perfect simple
 Ex:she has eaten all the cookies. (ella se
ha comido todas las galletas).
 We have seen the movie called Scream.
 Choose the correct one
 He had/have/has play/played/playing
soccer.
 They have/had/has drink/ drinking/
drank water.

37. Answers
 Hehad/have/has play/played/playing
soccer.
 Theyhave/had/has drink/ drinking/
drank water.

38. Present Perfect simple
 NEGATIVE  Put the has or have with NOT.
Ex: has not= hasn’t
have not= haven’t
 QUESTION  change the noun and the
has or have.
 Ex: (affirmative) I have cleaned my room.
 In question: Have I cleaned my room?

39. TOO AND ENOUGH
 Too mucho o demasiado
 Enough lo suficiente
 Ex:This shirt is too big for me.
 Too is first, then the adjective.
 My laptop is fast enough to search.
 The adjective is first, then the enough.

40. How much, how many, a few,
a little
 How much and a little are used for
uncountable nouns like: cheese, milk,
soda, water, sand, jam, soup, homework,
time,money, etc.
 Howmany and a few are used for
contable nouns like: apples, leaves,
books, chairs, pens, computers, coins,
songs, etc.

41. How much, how many, a few,
a little
 Ex:
 How much money do you have?
 I have a little money.
 How many dollars do you have?
 I have a few dollars and many coins.

42. RELATIVE PRONOUNS
 Who and that  PEOPLE.
 Which and that THINGS, PLACES, ANIMALS.
 So.. (entonces..)
 THAT  PEOPLE AND THINGS, PLACES,ANIMALS.
(el that se puede utilizar para todo)
 WHO  only for people.
 WHICH  only for things, places, animals.

43. RELATIVE PRONOUNS
 Ex:
 Jonhy is a person who has many pets.
Jonhy is a person that has many pets.
Jonhy is a person which has many pets.
 Karla, that is a nice girl, has many friends.
Karla, who is a nice girl, has many friends.
Karla, which is a nice girl, has many friends.
 The dog is an animal which runs fast.
The dog is an animal that runs fast.
The dog is an animal who runs fast.

44. MUST- HAVE TO
 Must debes
 Have to  tienes que
 Ex:
You must study for exams.
 Negative: You must not (mustn’t) lie.
 Ex:
I have to finish this presentation.
 Negative: I don’t have to watch tv.