The skeletal system contains 206 bones that support the body, protect organs, allow for movement, and store minerals. It includes the axial skeleton of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum, as well as the appendicular skeleton of the limbs and their attachments. The muscular system contains over 650 muscles that work with the skeletal system to enable movement. Key bones of the axial skeleton include the cranial and facial bones that make up the skull, the vertebrae of the spinal column, and the ribs and sternum of the rib cage.
Detailed Lesson Plan (ENGLISH, MATH, SCIENCE, FILIPINO)Junnie Salud
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Skeletal system. anatomy and physiology of skeletal system. appendicular skel...mamtabisht10
SKELETAL SYSTEM
bones, cartilage and ligaments are tightly joined to form a strong, flexible framework called skeletal system
anatomy and physiology of axial and appendicular skeletal system
Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine, ribs and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton:
The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxWINCY THIRUMURUGAN
A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow marrow.
The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone.
The wider section at each end of the bone is called the epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is filled with spongy bone.
The medullary cavity has a delicate membranous lining called the endosteum (end- = “inside”; oste- = “bone”), where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur.The outer surface of the bone is covered with a fibrous membrane called the periosteum (peri- = “around” or “surrounding”). The periosteum contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone.Flat bones, like those of the cranium, consist of a layer of diploë (spongy bone), lined on either side by a layer of compact bone .Four types of cells are found within bone tissue: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts .Compact bone is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue ,spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, contains osteocytes housed in lacunae, but they are not arranged in concentric circles. Bones of the axial skeleton protect internal organs that includes skull (22), vertebral column (26), thoracic cage (25), ear bones (6) & Hyoid (1) TOTAL = 80
Bones of the appendicular skeleton facilitate movement with TOTAL 126 (64 in the upper & 62 in the lower) appendicular skeleton.
126+80=206.Skull bones:
The adult skull comprises 22 bones. These bones can be further classified by location:
Cranial bones: The 8 cranial bones form the bulk of your skull. They help to protect your brain.
Facial bones: There are 14 facial bones. They’re found on the front of the skull and make up the face.
Vertebral column:
The vertebral column is made up 33 bones.
Cervical vertebrae: These 7 bones are found in the head and neck.
Thoracic vertebrae: These 12 bones are found in the upper back.
Lumbar vertebrae: These 5 bones are found in the lower back.
The sacrum (5) and coccyx (4) are both made up of several fused vertebrae. Thoracic cage: The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum (breastbone) and 12 pairs of ribs.
These bones form a protective cage around the organs of the upper part, including the heart and lungs & gives attachment to muscles involved in respiration and upper limb movement.
The sternum consists of the manubrium, body of the sternum, and xiphoid process.
Ribs 1-7 are called true ribs because they attached directly to the sternum in front and vertebrae at back
Ribs 8-12 are known as false ribs.
the last two false ribs (11 & 12), have no anterior attachment, are called floating, fluctuating or vertebral ribs.
Ear bones (6):
Bones of the inner ear: Inside the temporal bone are the 3 smallest bones of the body:
Malleus
Incus
Stapes ( the smallest bone in the body) etc..
Throughout history, the symbol of the skull and crossbones has served as a representation of mortality, likely owing to the fact that following death and decay, bones are the sole remnants. Many individuals perceive bones as inert, desiccated, and fragile. While these attributes accurately portray the bones of a preserved skeleton, the bones within a living human being are profoundly alive. Living bones exhibit strength and flexibility, serving as the primary components of the skeletal system.
1. Chapter 7 Lesson 7.1
Skeletal system
206 bones make up the
skeletal system
Functions
1. Supports and protects
2. Makes red and white
blood cells
3. Stores minerals like
calcium and phosphorus
4. Aid in movement,
muscles attach to bones
2. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
FUNCTION - MOVEMENT
MORE THAN 650 MUSCLES IN
THE BODY
Two categories: VOLUNTARY
AND INVOLUNTARY
MUSCLES ALSO
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE HEART
BEATING AND YOU BREATHING
3. SKELETAL SYSTEM
Two broad divisions:
1. Axial skeleton
•trunk of the body
•Includes
a. vertebral column
b. skull
c. thoracic cage (ribs, sternum,
and vertebrae),
d. hyoid bone (in the neck)
4. SKELETAL SYSTEM
Two broad divisions:
1. Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton –
2.
the appendages and their girdles
(where they attach to the axial
skeleton).
5. Axial skeleton
Skull – Cranial bones divided
into two main parts:
1. CRANIUM
LARGEST PART OF THE SKULL IS MADE
OF THE CRANIAL BONES
HAS 8 BONES THAT ARE JOINED
INCLUDES BONES OF THE BACK OF
HEAD, SIDE, AND TOP
6. Axial skeleton
Skull – Cranial bones divided into two main parts:
1. CRANIUM
2. FACIAL
14 BONES
FACE AND JAW
11. Sutures - in adults where the bones
of cranium are joined tightly
together which will absorb shock.
Frontanels – tough membrane in
babies/children where the bones of
cranium are connected which allows
a baby’s brain to grow.
16. Mandible
•Lower jaw
•Lower teeth attach
•Moves
•Held to skull by
ligaments
•Ligaments are Mandible
connective tissue
that hold bones to
bones
17. Palate – roof of mouth formed
by palatine bones and
maxillary bones
Palatine bone
Maxilla
18. Sinuses – air-filled pockets
(hollow spaces in the bone)
located within the bones of
the face and around the nasal
cavity.
Function:
Sound
resonation
Makes skull
19. Hyoid bone – in the upper
neck and where muscles
like tongue attach.
20. Smallest bones of body in the ear and
include:
Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes(stirrup)
Function: to
amplify
the sound
21. Vertebral Column
Function: to protect the
spinal cord and support
the body.
Composed of 26 vertebrae
or individual bones.
22. Types of Vertebrae:
•7 cervical (head attaches)
•12 thoracic (ribs attach)
•5 lumbar (support weight)
•5 fused sacral – five fused
vertebrae
• 4 fused coccyx also called the
tailbone
23.
24. C1: To blood supply to the head, pituitary gland, scalp, bones of the face, brain inner and middle ear,
sympathetic nervous system, eyes, ears
C2: To eyes, optic nerves, auditory nerves, sinuses, mastoid bones, tongue, forehead, heart
C3: To cheeks, outer ear, face, bones, teeth, trifacial nerve, lungs
C4: To nose, lips, mouth, Eustachian tube, mucus membranes, lungs
C5: To vocal cords, neck glands, pharynx
C6: To neck muscles, shoulders, tonsils
C7: Tothyroid gland, bursa in the shoulders, elbows
T1: To arms from the elbows down, including hands, arms, wrists and fingers; esophagus and trachea,
heart
T2: To heart, including its valves and covering coronary arteries; lungs bronchial tubes
T3: To lungs, bronchial tubes, pleura, chest, breast, heart
T4: To gallbladder, common duct, heart, lungs, bronchial tubes
T5: To liver, solar plexus, circulation (general), heart, esophagus, stomach
T6: To stomach, esophagus, peritoneum, liver, duodenum
T7: To kidneys, appendix, testes, ovaries, uterus, adrenal cortex, spleen, pancreas, large intestine
T8: To spleen, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, adrenal cortex, small intestine, pyloric valve
T9: To adrenal cortex, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, ovaries, uterus, small intestine
T10: To kidneys, appendix, testes, ovaries, uterus, adrenal cortex, spleen, pancreas, large intestine
T11: To kidneys, ureters, large intestine, urinary bladder, adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex, uterus,
ovaries, ileocecal valve
T12: To small intestine, lymph circulation, large intestine, urinary bladder, uterus, kdneys, ileocecal valve
L1: To large intesine, inguinal rings, uterus
L2: To appendix, abdomen, upper leg, urinary bladder
L3: To sex organs, uterus, bladder, knee, prostate, large intestine
L4: To prostate gland, muscles of the lower back, sciatic nerve
L5: To lower legs, ankles, feet, prostate
Sacrum: To hip bones, buttocks, rectum, sex organs, genitalia, urinary bladder, ureter, prostate
Sacral Plexus: Forms the sciatic as well as other nerves that go to muscles, joints and other structures of
the legs, knees, ankles, feet and toes
Coccyx: To rectum, anus
25. Spinal curvature:
Spine is “S” shaped with 4
curvatures:
cervical – convex (forward)
thoracic – concave (back)
lumbar – convex (forward)
sacral – concave (back)
Curved spine acts as a shock
absorber, and for strength and
28. •Between the
vertebrae are the
intervertebral disc
made up of cartilage.
•Cartilage – tough,
rubbery connective
tissue.
•Disk act as shock
absorbers.
29. Atlas and axis – first two
cervical vertebrae that
support head and allow
for sideways movement.
30. Abnormalities of the curvature of
the spine:
Scoliosis – abnormal sideways
curve of the spine.
Kyphosis – (hunchback) abnormal
curve of the thoracic vertebrae
Lordosis – (swayback) abnormal
curve of the lumbar vertebrae
33. Ribs
Attach to the thoracic
vertebrae in back and
most attach to the
sternum in the front by
costal cartilage
There are 12 pairs for
both male and female,
but one of best areas for
regenerating
34. Types of Ribs:
•True ribs – first seven
pairs that connect to
sternum directly by costal
cartilage.
•False ribs – last five pair
that indirectly attach by
joining the cartilage of the
7th rib or don’t attach to the
sternum at all.
35. Types of Ribs:
•True ribs
•False ribe
•Floating ribs – last
two pairs of false ribs
that do not attach to
sternum directly or
indirectly.