Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food and other materials through the digestive tract and urinary system. It begins when food is swallowed and the esophagus contracts to push the food into the stomach. The stomach then churns the food into a liquid and peristalsis moves this liquid through the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed. Finally, peristalsis moves the remaining materials through the large intestine where water is absorbed before elimination. Peristalsis also helps move urine from the kidneys to the bladder and bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum. Issues like constipation can arise if peristalsis is too slow, while complete lack of movement causes dysfunctions
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the digestive system. It describes the layers of the gastrointestinal tract and the roles of organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Key functions include motility, secretion, digestion, absorption, storage and elimination of waste. Hormones and neural pathways regulate digestive processes and secretions throughout the gastrointestinal tract.
Intestinal peristalsis physiology and motility disordersSubhasish Deb
The document discusses various topics related to gastrointestinal motility and physiology:
1. It describes the smooth muscle layers, pacemaker cells, and electrical activity involved in generating peristalsis in the GI tract.
2. The roles of the enteric nervous system and various neurotransmitters in coordinating peristalsis are explained.
3. Several GI motility disorders are briefly discussed including achalasia, GERD, gastroparesis, and ileus.
4. Treatment approaches for some of these conditions through lifestyle changes, medications, and surgery are outlined.
The stomach has four layers and is divided into three parts: the fundus, body, and pylorus. It contains gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and the enzymes pepsinogen and pepsin. Gastric secretion is regulated through neural and hormonal mechanisms. Parasympathetic stimulation increases secretion, while somatostatin and prostaglandins decrease it. There are four phases of gastric secretion: cephalic, gastric, intestinal, and interdigestive. The cephalic phase begins before eating, while the others are stimulated by the presence of food in the stomach and small intestine.
The document summarizes gastric motility and secretion. It discusses the main functions of the stomach including storage, preparing chyme, and absorption. It describes the different cell types in the stomach that secrete gastric juice components like HCl and pepsinogen. It also outlines the roles of gastric motility in serving as a reservoir, breaking down food, and emptying contents at a controlled rate. Key regulators of gastric emptying and secretion include hormones like CCK, gastrin, and secretin.
The document describes the digestive system and digestive process. It details the structures and functions of the gastrointestinal tract including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, and large intestine. It explains the mechanical and chemical breakdown of nutrients including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Key enzymes and hormones that regulate digestion and nutrient absorption in each organ are also discussed.
Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food and other materials through the digestive tract and urinary system. It begins when food is swallowed and the esophagus contracts to push the food into the stomach. The stomach then churns the food into a liquid and peristalsis moves this liquid through the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed. Finally, peristalsis moves the remaining materials through the large intestine where water is absorbed before elimination. Peristalsis also helps move urine from the kidneys to the bladder and bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum. Issues like constipation can arise if peristalsis is too slow, while complete lack of movement causes dysfunctions
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the digestive system. It describes the layers of the gastrointestinal tract and the roles of organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Key functions include motility, secretion, digestion, absorption, storage and elimination of waste. Hormones and neural pathways regulate digestive processes and secretions throughout the gastrointestinal tract.
Intestinal peristalsis physiology and motility disordersSubhasish Deb
The document discusses various topics related to gastrointestinal motility and physiology:
1. It describes the smooth muscle layers, pacemaker cells, and electrical activity involved in generating peristalsis in the GI tract.
2. The roles of the enteric nervous system and various neurotransmitters in coordinating peristalsis are explained.
3. Several GI motility disorders are briefly discussed including achalasia, GERD, gastroparesis, and ileus.
4. Treatment approaches for some of these conditions through lifestyle changes, medications, and surgery are outlined.
The stomach has four layers and is divided into three parts: the fundus, body, and pylorus. It contains gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and the enzymes pepsinogen and pepsin. Gastric secretion is regulated through neural and hormonal mechanisms. Parasympathetic stimulation increases secretion, while somatostatin and prostaglandins decrease it. There are four phases of gastric secretion: cephalic, gastric, intestinal, and interdigestive. The cephalic phase begins before eating, while the others are stimulated by the presence of food in the stomach and small intestine.
The document summarizes gastric motility and secretion. It discusses the main functions of the stomach including storage, preparing chyme, and absorption. It describes the different cell types in the stomach that secrete gastric juice components like HCl and pepsinogen. It also outlines the roles of gastric motility in serving as a reservoir, breaking down food, and emptying contents at a controlled rate. Key regulators of gastric emptying and secretion include hormones like CCK, gastrin, and secretin.
The document describes the digestive system and digestive process. It details the structures and functions of the gastrointestinal tract including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, and large intestine. It explains the mechanical and chemical breakdown of nutrients including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Key enzymes and hormones that regulate digestion and nutrient absorption in each organ are also discussed.
The document lists various anatomical terms related to the heart and its chambers, valves, arteries, and overall functioning. The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the body using four chambers and valves to ensure blood flows in one direction, and it can experience problems if the muscle tissue is damaged or not contracting and relaxing properly.
This document lists various anatomical structures and terms related to the brain and meninges. It includes structures like the basal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, ventricles, choroid plexuses, commissures, and meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater). Additionally, it notes the basal nuclei are inhibitory in nature and their dysfunction can cause disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorders and Tourette's.
The brain weighs about 3 pounds and is composed of bundles of neurons that process information. It requires a constant supply of oxygen and glucose to function properly. There are four major divisions of the brain: the brain stem, diencephalon, cerebellum, and cerebrum. The cerebrum is the largest part and is responsible for higher level functions such as thought, language, and reasoning. It is divided into four lobes - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal - each of which controls different functions.
The action potential is an electrochemical signal carried by neurons. It is initiated by a stimulus that opens sodium channels, allowing sodium ions to enter the neuron and depolarize it. Repolarization occurs as potassium channels open and sodium-potassium pumps restore ion concentrations. The action potential then propagates down the axon through continued depolarization of adjacent areas. At synapses, neurotransmitters trigger action potentials in the next neuron. Different arrangements of neurons allow signals to converge, diverge, or oscillate in circuits.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its main functions and divisions. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which branches out from the CNS. Within these systems are neurons, the main cell type, and neuroglia which support neuron function. The document outlines the structure of neurons and how nerve impulses are conducted. It also describes the divisions of the nervous system including somatic, autonomic, afferent and efferent systems.
This document discusses ways to keep the digestive tract healthy such as eating fiber, drinking water, relaxing, and exercising. It then lists and describes common gastrointestinal disorders including food poisoning caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella from meat and dairy, dyspepsia or indigestion, peptic ulcers which are open sores in the stomach caused by bacterial infection that can bleed if untreated, constipation from removing too much water, diarrhea from not enough water removal, dysentery caused by bacteria, protozoa, or viruses where sanitation is poor, and colon cancer which is a common cancer that is 95% curable if detected early and may be related to diet.
This document lists various scientific terms related to nutrition and the human body, including carbon, animals, water, coenzymes, vitamin B12, lipids, stored, neutralize, free, complexes, xerophthalmia, clotting, immune, iodine, bones, iron, goiter, cells, food, drink, dehydration and more. It covers over 60 entries of single words or short phrases touching on different biological components and processes.
This document discusses nutrition, caloric intake, and food groups according to the food pyramid. It defines key terms like nutritionists, balanced diet, and food guide pyramid. It then explains the six main food groups and recommended daily servings. The document also covers calorie measurement, basal metabolism, recommended daily calorie intake, weight loss strategies, and artificial food additives and preservatives.
This document discusses human nutrition and digestion. It explains that we need to intake and digest food for structural materials to rebuild cells, and for energy through the process of oxidation. The main molecules needed are carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Carbohydrates provide our main source of energy through glucose and ATP. Proteins are building blocks made of amino acids. Lipids are a stored energy source and used for building cell membranes, with unsaturated fats being healthier than saturated fats.
The brain contains three main parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres and four lobes. The cerebellum coordinates muscle control to allow the cerebrum to think. The brain stem regulates vital functions and links the cerebrum to the spinal cord, consisting of the medulla, pons, and midbrain.
The brain has three major parts:
1. The cerebrum, which is divided into left and right hemispheres that control opposite sides of the body and have different functions.
2. The cerebellum, which coordinates muscle control and movement.
3. The brain stem, located at the base of the brain, which regulates vital functions like breathing and contains structures like the medulla, pons, and midbrain.
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS; brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (PNS; nerves connecting CNS to body). The CNS is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. Neurons are the basic functional units and have a cell body, dendrites, and axon. The PNS is divided into somatic and autonomic systems. The autonomic system regulates involuntary functions and has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
The document discusses the three main types of muscle in the body:
1. Cardiac muscle found only in the heart that contracts involuntarily over long periods.
2. Smooth muscle found in organs that contracts involuntarily through slow, powerful contractions.
3. Skeletal muscle that is striated, contracts voluntarily through quick, powerful contractions and is attached to bones by tendons.
The document discusses the structure and function of the three main types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth and cardiac - describing their characteristics, the sliding filament model of contraction, motor unit recruitment, and the energy systems that power muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle is made of bundles of striated muscle fibers attached to bones via tendons that contract through calcium-induced actin-myosin crossbridge cycling powered by ATP hydrolysis.
The document lists various anatomical terms related to the heart and its chambers, valves, arteries, and overall functioning. The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the body using four chambers and valves to ensure blood flows in one direction, and it can experience problems if the muscle tissue is damaged or not contracting and relaxing properly.
This document lists various anatomical structures and terms related to the brain and meninges. It includes structures like the basal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, ventricles, choroid plexuses, commissures, and meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater). Additionally, it notes the basal nuclei are inhibitory in nature and their dysfunction can cause disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorders and Tourette's.
The brain weighs about 3 pounds and is composed of bundles of neurons that process information. It requires a constant supply of oxygen and glucose to function properly. There are four major divisions of the brain: the brain stem, diencephalon, cerebellum, and cerebrum. The cerebrum is the largest part and is responsible for higher level functions such as thought, language, and reasoning. It is divided into four lobes - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal - each of which controls different functions.
The action potential is an electrochemical signal carried by neurons. It is initiated by a stimulus that opens sodium channels, allowing sodium ions to enter the neuron and depolarize it. Repolarization occurs as potassium channels open and sodium-potassium pumps restore ion concentrations. The action potential then propagates down the axon through continued depolarization of adjacent areas. At synapses, neurotransmitters trigger action potentials in the next neuron. Different arrangements of neurons allow signals to converge, diverge, or oscillate in circuits.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its main functions and divisions. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which branches out from the CNS. Within these systems are neurons, the main cell type, and neuroglia which support neuron function. The document outlines the structure of neurons and how nerve impulses are conducted. It also describes the divisions of the nervous system including somatic, autonomic, afferent and efferent systems.
This document discusses ways to keep the digestive tract healthy such as eating fiber, drinking water, relaxing, and exercising. It then lists and describes common gastrointestinal disorders including food poisoning caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella from meat and dairy, dyspepsia or indigestion, peptic ulcers which are open sores in the stomach caused by bacterial infection that can bleed if untreated, constipation from removing too much water, diarrhea from not enough water removal, dysentery caused by bacteria, protozoa, or viruses where sanitation is poor, and colon cancer which is a common cancer that is 95% curable if detected early and may be related to diet.
This document lists various scientific terms related to nutrition and the human body, including carbon, animals, water, coenzymes, vitamin B12, lipids, stored, neutralize, free, complexes, xerophthalmia, clotting, immune, iodine, bones, iron, goiter, cells, food, drink, dehydration and more. It covers over 60 entries of single words or short phrases touching on different biological components and processes.
This document discusses nutrition, caloric intake, and food groups according to the food pyramid. It defines key terms like nutritionists, balanced diet, and food guide pyramid. It then explains the six main food groups and recommended daily servings. The document also covers calorie measurement, basal metabolism, recommended daily calorie intake, weight loss strategies, and artificial food additives and preservatives.
This document discusses human nutrition and digestion. It explains that we need to intake and digest food for structural materials to rebuild cells, and for energy through the process of oxidation. The main molecules needed are carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Carbohydrates provide our main source of energy through glucose and ATP. Proteins are building blocks made of amino acids. Lipids are a stored energy source and used for building cell membranes, with unsaturated fats being healthier than saturated fats.
The brain contains three main parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres and four lobes. The cerebellum coordinates muscle control to allow the cerebrum to think. The brain stem regulates vital functions and links the cerebrum to the spinal cord, consisting of the medulla, pons, and midbrain.
The brain has three major parts:
1. The cerebrum, which is divided into left and right hemispheres that control opposite sides of the body and have different functions.
2. The cerebellum, which coordinates muscle control and movement.
3. The brain stem, located at the base of the brain, which regulates vital functions like breathing and contains structures like the medulla, pons, and midbrain.
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS; brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (PNS; nerves connecting CNS to body). The CNS is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. Neurons are the basic functional units and have a cell body, dendrites, and axon. The PNS is divided into somatic and autonomic systems. The autonomic system regulates involuntary functions and has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
The document discusses the three main types of muscle in the body:
1. Cardiac muscle found only in the heart that contracts involuntarily over long periods.
2. Smooth muscle found in organs that contracts involuntarily through slow, powerful contractions.
3. Skeletal muscle that is striated, contracts voluntarily through quick, powerful contractions and is attached to bones by tendons.
The document discusses the structure and function of the three main types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth and cardiac - describing their characteristics, the sliding filament model of contraction, motor unit recruitment, and the energy systems that power muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle is made of bundles of striated muscle fibers attached to bones via tendons that contract through calcium-induced actin-myosin crossbridge cycling powered by ATP hydrolysis.