The document discusses various types and approaches to translation. It contrasts literal versus free translation, with literal translation aiming to retain original sentence structures and figures of speech as much as possible, while free translation deems the message conveyable in a different form. Other pairs discussed include literary versus non-literary translation, semantic versus communicative translation, and static versus dynamic translation. Communicative translation focuses on effectively conveying the message to the target audience with clarity, while static translations refer to standardized text elements like website text.

3. CONSISTS IN REPRODUCING
IN THE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE
THE CLOSEST NATURAL
EQUIVALENT OF THE SOURCE
LANGUAGE MESSAGE

4. LITERAL VERSUS FREE TRANSLATION
LITERARY VERSUS NON-LITERARY
TRANSLATION
SEMANT IC VERSUS COMMUNICATIVE
TRANSLATION
STATIC VERSUS DYNAMIC TRANSLATION

5. PAIRS CONCERNS THE CLOSENESS, SOMETIMES REFERRED TO
AS FIDELITY OR FAITHFULNESS.
Literal translation may be defined as having the following
characteristics:
1. literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text
into consideration at the same time in the course of translation.
2. literal translation strives to reproduce both the ideological content
and style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the
figures of speech and such main sentence structures or patterns
LITERAL FREE
TRANSLATION

6. A
literal English translation of
the German word
"Kindergarten" would be
"children garden," but in
English the expression refers
to the school year between
pre-school and first grade

7. DEEMS THE SOURCE MESSAGE CONVEYABLE IN A
DIFFERENT FORM.
Take some examples.
FREE TRANSLATION

8. 1. He is green with jealousy.---他醋意大发
2. That’s all Greek to me.---我完全不懂那玩意
儿
3. He is a rolling stone.---他是个见异思迁的人
。 。
。

9. 1. “green” here lose its colors
meaning. It means
“extremely envious”
2. Greek is an ancient
language, it’s difficult for
people to understand. It’s a
metaphor here, Greek
means something uneasy
to understand
3. “A rolling stone “ is from “
a rolling stone gathers no
moss.” It is translated as “
滚动的石头不生苔。”,
which means a changeable
man can’t success.

10. Literary translation bridges the delicate
emotional connections between
cultures and languages and furthers the
understanding of human beings across
national borders. In the act of literary
translation the soul of another culture
becomes transparent, and the
translator recreates the refined
sensibilities of foreign countries and
their people through the linguistic,
musical, rhythmic, and visual
possibilities of the new language.

11. THE BACCHAE
(Original Text)
Original Text
A passage from the play in which
Pentheus orders his army out to attack the
women worshippers:
Πενθεύς:
ἤδη τόδ᾽ ἐγγὺς ὥστε πῦρ ὑφάπτεται
ὕβρισμα βακχῶν, ψόγος ἐς Ἕλληνας μέγας.
ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ὀκνεῖν δεῖ· στεῖχ᾽ ἐπ᾽ Ἠλέκτρας ἰὼν
πύλας· κέλευε πάντας ἀσπιδηφόρους
ἵππων τ᾽ ἀπαντᾶν ταχυπόδων ἐπεμβάτας
πέλτας θ᾽ ὅσοι πάλλουσι καὶ τόξων χερὶ
ψάλλουσι νευράς, ὡς ἐπιστρατεύσομεν
βάκχαισιν· οὐ γὰρ ἀλλ᾽ ὑπερβάλλει τάδε,
εἰ πρὸς γυναικῶν πεισόμεσθ᾽ ἃ πάσχομεν.

12. LITERAL TRANSLATION
Geoffrey Kirk (1970, Prentice Hall Greek Drama Series)
Already close by it blazes up like fire,
this mad insolence of the bacchants, a huge reproach to the
men of Hellas!
There must be no hesitation: you, be off to the Electran
gate; order all the heavy infantrymen
and the riders of swift-footed horses to parade,
and all who ply light shields and make the bowstring
sing with their hand, since we shall march against
the Bacchants. No, this exceeds all bounds,
if at the hands of women we are to suffer what we do!

13. PROSE TRANSLATION
David Kovacs (2002, Harvard University Press Loeb Classical Library)
LEARN: Line Endings
The violence of these bacchants now blazes at our doors
like a fire: it shames us greatly in the eyes of Hellas. We
must not delay. (To his retinue) You, go to the Electran
gate! Order a gathering of all hoplites, all riders of swift-
footed horses, brandishers of light shields and those
whose hands make the bowstring sing: we are going to
war with the bacchants! No, it's beyond all bearing if we
endure what these women are doing to us!

16. A semantic translation would change word order and
maybe word choice so that the true meaning is conveyed.
Take this sentence, for example:
"Putting oneself in the place of another, one should not kill
nor cause another to kill." ~Buddhist Golden Rule
A bad machine translation turns it into...
"Placed in another place, we can not kill the lead to another
killing."

17. This sentence doesn't give the
desired meaning.
"Mirrors found good for many uses
for women looking good. Your own
get today for sales big,"
a better semantic translation...
"These Mirrors are used by women
everywhere for making themselves
beautiful. Buy some today for big
sales."

18. In theory, communicative translation addresses itself solely to the
second reader who does not anticipate difficulties or obscurities, and
would expect a generous transfer of foreign elements into his own
culture as well as his language where necessary,[1] communicative
translation is likely to be smother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more
conventional, conforming to a particular register of language and
tending to under translate. Basically, communicative translation
emphasize the sift of massages. This method, pay attention to the
reader or listener of target language that hope there is no difficulties
and unclearly in text of target language and also effectiveness of target
language
For example: awas anjing galak!
It can translate become:
- Beware of dog!, Than Beware of the vicious dog!
Because the first sentence was beckon that the dog is vicious[2]
- I would admit that a I am wrong
- I will admit that a I am wrong

19. Static translations are translated terms (words or
sentences) which are not content, but which concerns
generally the website interface.
For example, terms like "Go home" or "Submit button"
are static translations.
Another example is the common text "Website created by
My Agency" at the bottom of the website. This can of
course be written “hardly” in the view, but it could be nice
to make it available for each language of the website. So if
the user visit the website in french, this text will become
"Site conçu par Mon Agence", which of course is nicer for
french readers.
To manage static translation, go to the Ionize panel
: Content > Translations

21. 1. INTRALINGUAL TRANSLATION or REWORDING.
It is an interpretation of verbal sign by means of other
signs of the same language
2 .INTERLINGUAL TRANSLATION orTRANSLATION
PROPER.
It is an interpretation of verbal signs bymeans of some
other language.
3. INTERSEMIOTIC TRANSLATION or
TRANSMUTATION.
Is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of
nonverbal sign system.

23. Translation vs.
Interpretation
Translation ---> written texts
Interpretation ---> uses oral channel

24. Accuracy
(Precisión)
Adaptation
(Adaptación)
Completeness
(Totalidad)
Style (Estilo)
Grammatical
variation
(Variación de
gramática)
Idiomatic quality
(calidad
idiomática)

25. • The role of a translator: skills
What do you need to become a good translator?
1. Complete knowledge of both source and target speech.
2. Write appropiately in both source and target language.
3. Ability to have language intuition ““to grasp various expressions, idioms and specific
vocabulary and their uses””
4. Be aware of the “”cultural divergence and diverse strategies in the source and target verbal
communication””
5. Be aware of diverse registers, styles of speaking, and social stratification of both source
and target language.
6. You have to be provided with encyclopedias and bilingual dictionaries in a specific context
7. You have to take control of the different kind of speeches in both source and target
language.

26. The translator’s goal is to reproduce in the
receptor language a text which
communicates the same message as the
source language but using the natural
grammatical and lexical choices of the
receptor language…..an idiomatic translation.
The translator knows s/he is successful if
the receptor language readers do not
recognize the work as a translation at all,
but simply as a text written in the receptor
language.
26

27. Refers to the time between the interpreter’s reception
of the speaker’s utterance and his/her production. It is
ear-tongue or hearing-voicing span