This course provides an application of translation rules and strategies for translating various written materials from English to Filipino. It covers fundamental translation theories and processes. The course is worth 3 credits and meets for 3 hours per week. There are no prerequisites. Grading is based on individual outputs, group outputs, and a term project or major exam. The course modules will cover introductions to translation, the translation process, understanding word meaning, and techniques for sentence translation.

1. Translation
Jerrylyn Bacroya-Magbuo, Ph.D
College of Education
SY 2020-2021

2. ENGEL1 - Translation (3 units)
This course provides the application of rules of discourse and rhetoric in translation of various
types of written material in consideration with the principles and strategies in translating texts
of various types from English to Filipino Language. To accomplish that, it will tackle
fundamental notions, theories and empirical groundings of the translation studies.
Course Credits : 3
Contact Hours : 3 hours/week
Pre - Req. : None

3. Grading
system
Individual Outputs– 25%
Group Outputs – 25%
Term Project/Major exam –
50%

4. Prelims: A Brief Introduction to Translation
This module discusses why translation matters, what is translation, and
what is good translation. It also gives an overview of the content of the
entire course.
• Why Translate
• What Is Translation
• What Is Good Translation

5. Prelims: The Process of Translation
This module discusses the four-step process of translation. Each step is
discussed in detail.
• Four-Step Translation Process
• Gathering Background Information
• Deciding on the Word Meaning
• Looking for Appropriate Expressions

6. Midterms:
Understanding and Expressing Word Meaning
This module discusses how to understand word meaning in the source
language and how to express word meaning in the target language.
• Identifying Specialized Vocabulary
• Analyzing Grammar and Logic
• Making Conversions
• Adding or Omitting Words, Phrases, Clauses
• Considering Connotations and Tones
• Being Flexible

7. Finals:
Sentence Translation:
Word Order, Division, and Combination
This module discusses the techniques often used in the translation of
sentences: keeping/changing the original word order and
dividing/combining sentences.
• Changing the Word Order
• Keeping the Word Order
• Dividing a Sentence
• Combining Sentences

8. What will happen to
human life without
translation?
Group yourself into 4. Draw the world without translation using
Jamboard. Be ready to present in class.

9. Introduction to Translation
Module 1

10. Why do we need to
learn translation?
Because translation
matters.
Why do translation
matters?

11. Without translation, what would
happen to our life, to the technologies
we're so use to, to literature and arts
that we enjoy? To our religious and
spiritual experiences, to our political,
social, professional, and personal life?

12. • There are more than 6,000 human languages in the world
• Without translation, it would be impossible for even the most gifted linguists who
read, and through reading, to learn any facts, thoughts, feelings, written in any
language they don't know.

14. Results of academic's research in one language
and made available to researchers of other
languages through translation, who may then
advance the study.

16. Without that translation, the English-speaking people would
not have had the opportunity to bathe in the light or to come
by the water. Similarly, Martin Luther's translation of the Bible
into German in the 16th century, brought about not only the
religious reform in Germany, but also the revival of the German
language and even the German nation.

22. What is Translation?
• What is Translation?
• What does translation mean to you now?
• Do you think your definition of translation affects
how you translate the meaning of texts?

23. Without translation, we cannot be
inspired and touched by the thoughts,
perspectives, experiences and feelings
in them. To become ever more open-
minded, learned, sympathetic, to know
the world and ourselves better.

24. Today’s life is run by translation
• for nations to interact..
• for companies to operate..
• for students and teachers to learn the latest development in their
fields of study..
• For everyone of us to be informed about the news in the world..
• to travel..
• to read..
• to watch films..
• To be come better humans

26. But even with the importance of translation,
translators are just waste of space.

28. beautiful but unfaithful woman…

29. The translator in whole words is a servant
who serves both the original work and the
reader at the same time.. And is expected
to be faithful to both.

30. In other words, the job of the translator is to accelerate and
deeply understand the meaning of the original work,
faithfully express the meaning of the target language and
express it in such a way that a target readers would feel as
if that were really a work written in their native language.

31. "I like to think of the original work as an ice cube.
During the process of translation the Cube is melted.
While in its liquid state, every molecule changes place;
none remains in its original relationship to the others.
Then begins the process of forming the work in a
second language. Molecules escape, new molecules
are poured in to fill in the spaces, but the lines of
molding and mending are virtually invisible. The work
exists in a second language as a new ice cube-
different, but to all appearances the same.” - -
Margaret Sayers Peden

32. What is the role of a translator?
What do you think are your
responsibilities as future translators?
Group your self into 4 groups.
Create a list of answers to these questions.
Be ready to present this in class next week
(ppt, 5 mins per group).

33. The Good Translation
Week 3

36. Either @google hates Greece or Greeks hate
games... #GoogleTranslateFails

37. That time you laughed and it was really
awkward.

38. Source Language
Thought
Feelings
Experiences
Perspectives
c
Target Language
Thought
Feelings
Experiences
Perspectives
c

39. Good translation is
You choose your philosophy of
translation just as you choose how
to live: the free adaptation that
sacrifices detail to meaning, the
strict crib that sacrifices meaning
to exactitude
-Anne Michaels, Canadian Writer
FAITHFUL
but easy to understand.
FAITHFUL
but expressive.

40. It will be great if the translation can be truthful and expressive,
but in reality, it's very difficult to be both.
When we do translations, we may not consciously think about making a choice between the two.
But when we are in difficulty or dilemma,
we realize that we have to make a choice.
Are we going to be faithful to the original text or to the reader?
Are we going to create a beautiful but unfaithful translation?
Or are we going to create a faithful but not beautiful translation?
If we want our translation to be exactly the same as the original text,
we may cause barriers in understanding to the readers.
If we want the readers to enjoy reading,
we may take the risk of misrepresenting the original text.

41. Source Language
Thought
Feelings
Experiences
Perspectives
Target Language
Thought
Feelings
Experiences
Perspectives
The Translator’s Subjectivity
Translator’s
Knowledge
Experiences
Values
(Time, Society,
Culture)

42. Cocktail lounge, Norway: “Ladies are Requested Not to have Children in the Bar”
At a Budapest zoo: “PLEASE DO NOT FEED THE ANIMALS. If you have any suitable food, give it to the
guard on duty”
Hotel in Acapulco: “The Manager has Personally Passed All the Water Served Here” Car rental
brochure, Tokyo: “When passenger of foot heave in sight, tootle the horn. Trumpet him melodiously
at first, but if he still obstacles your passage then tootle him with vigor.”
On an Athi River highway: “TAKE NOTICE: When this sign is under water, this road is impassable.”
Tokyo hotel’s rules and regulations: “Guests are requested NOT to smoke or do other disgusting
behaviors in bed.”
In an East African newspaper: “A new swimming pool is rapidly taking shape since the contractors
have thrown in the bulk of their workers.”
Hotel lobby, Bucharest: “The lift is being fixed for the next day. During that time we regret that you
will be unbearable.
In Nairobi restaurant: “Customers who find our waitresses rude ought to see the manager.”

43. A sign on a car in Manila, Philippines: “Car and owner for sale.”
Hotel in Zurich: “Because of the impropriety of entertaining guests of the opposite sex in the
bedroom, is it suggested that the lobby be used for this purpose.”
Airline ticket office, Copenhagen: “We take your bags and send them in all directions.”
War museum on the River Kwai, Thailand: “The Museum is building now — sorry for the visitor”
In a Bangkok dry cleaner’s: “Drop your trousers here for best results.”
In an advertisement by a Hong Kong dentist: “Teeth extracted by the latest Methodists.”
Instructions for a soap bubble gun: “While solution is not toxic it will not make child edible.”
Detour sign in Kyushu, Japan: “Stop: Drive Sideways.”
Sign at Mexican disco: “Members and non-members only.”
A sign posted in Germany’s Black Forest: “It is strictly forbidden on our black forest camping site that
people of different sex, for instance, men and women, live together in one tent unless they are
married with each other for that purpose.”
Japanese hotel room: “Please to bathe inside the tub.”
On a South African building: “Mental health prevention centre.”

44. The Translation Process

45. THE PRE-TRANSLATION PROCESS – what is it
and why is it useful?
• There is a lot more to translation than meets the eye. The essence of
the translation process is to transform a piece of text from one
language, the source language (SL), into another, the target language
(TL). However, there is far more to consider than many people realize:
there is so much to contemplate and decide before the actual
‘translation process’ can begin.
• There is an entire process to consider first. With multiple factors to
contemplate and points to clarify, the following pre-translation steps
are essential for ensuring a smooth translation process, avoiding
delays and producing an accurate end result.

46. Read the whole ST through
• Although seemingly obvious, this is a step that is often skipped either
due to laziness or over-eagerness to start translating. Without reading
the entire text through first, it would be all too easy to misinterpret
the meaning in the beginning and thus make inaccurate translations.
To fully understand and grasp the significance of what is written, you
need to first asses the text as one whole entity before breaking it
down into smaller portions.

47. Do your research
• Having the ability to speak two languages does not mean the
translator can understand everything in either language, even their
native language. English is my native language, yet if I was given a
medical document to read in English, I know there is a high
probability that I would fail to understand everything because I have
no complex understanding of medical terms. Therefore, if given a text
to translate on a subject which you are not an expert in, it is crucial to
conduct thorough research of the domain and any complex terms.
Failure to do this would result in inaccurate work

48. Who and what is the text for?
• Rarely is the target audience (TA) of the target text (TT) the same as
that of the source text (ST). There are nearly always differences
between them, such as a different culture, age or level of domain
knowledge. Depending on the differences of the TA, the translator
will then have to adjust and be mindful of the register, tone and
complexity of the text. Equally so these things will also need to be
considered when assessing the purposes of the TT. If the translated
text will be used for a purpose different from that of the original text,
it again may be necessary to adjust the text’s register, tone or
complexity.

49. Assess what changes to make
• Now, based on the research carried out and on the text assessment
the translator can be clear on what strategy to take when translating.
Understanding the changes that need to be made helps to construct a
consistent and focused final translation.
•

50. Now we translate!
• Only after all these stages have been thoroughly conducted can the
translator begin the process of translating the text. Having a
meticulous pre-translation ritual prepares the translator for any
potential difficulties and ensures the best possible quality result.

51. Task
qForm a group with three
members. Meet and record
your meeting.
qTranslate the poem of Lang
leav.
qPresent your answer in class.
J

52. The first step in translation, is to understand the source language. This
is the key to good translation. If we do not understand the source
language, or if we do not understand it deeply and thoroughly, our
translation will be dissatisfactory.
To understand a source language text means to understand, first of all
of course, the language. Including not only the surface meaning, the
underlying meaning, the implications, and the overtones. But also the
structures of the sentences, and the logical relationship between
sentences and paragraphs.

53. Over tones vs Undertones
What was said and how it is said.
“Leave me.
Yes. Its fine.”

54. Searching for Background Information:

57. Translate the script of the video and
deliver your Filipino lines:
• Create two groups. Follow
our Pre-translation steps and
translate the script from this
award winning movie:
Memoirs of a Geisha.
Deliver your lines in a video
recording of the scene.
• Purpose: This is a lesson to
Grade 89students
• Objectives: Introduce Japan,
Japanese culture and beliefs

58. General Translation Principles

59. There are some general translation principles
which are relevant to all types of translation.
1) Meaning :
The translation should reflect accurately the
meaning of the original text. Nothing should
be arbitrarily added or removed, though
occsionally part of the meaning can be
transposed.

60. 2) Form :
The ordering of words and ideas in the
translation should match the original
as closely as possible. This is
particularly important in translating
legal documents, guarantees,
contracts, etc. But differences in
language structure often require
changes in the form and order of
words. When in doubt, underline in
the original text the words on which
the main stress falls.

61. 3) Register :
Languages often differ greatly in
their levels of formality in a given
context, for example, the
business letter. To resolve these
differences, the translator must
distinguish between formal or
fixed expressions and personal
expressions, in which the writer
or speaker sets the tone.

62. 4) Source language influence
One of the most frequent criticism of translation
is that it does not sound natural. This is because
the translator's thoughts and choice of words are
too strongly molded by the original text. A good
way of shaking off the source language influence
is to set the text aside and translate a few
sentences aloud, from memory. This will suggest
natural patterns of thought in the first language,
which may not come to mind when the eye is
fixed on the source language text.

63. 5) Style and clarity :
The translator should not
change the style of the
original. But if the text is
sloppily written, or full of
tedious repetitions, the
translator may, for the reader's
sake, correct the defects.

64. 6) Idiom:
Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable.
These include similes, metaphors, proverbs and sayings,
jargon, slang, and colloquialisms and ( in English ) phrasal
verbs. If the expressions cannot be directly translated, try
any of the following :
a. retain the original word, in inverted commas.
b. retain the original expression, with a literal
explanation in brackets.
c. use a close equivalent.
d. use a non-idiomatic or plain prose translation.

65. The golden rule is : if the idiom
does not work in the L1, do not
force it into the translation.