3. Stage 1 : BR and DR both high and fluctuating. There are no countries at this stage, only small regions. No access to birth control, high infant mortality, poor diet and hygiene.

4. Stage 2: e.g. Ethopia DR falling due to better diet, improved medical facilities and better sanitation. BR remains high so population growing.

5. Stage 3: e.g. Bangladesh BR now fall rapidly due to improved knowledge of family planning and a changing role of women. DR continues to fall.

6. Stage 4: e.g. Poland BR and DR are both low and fluctuating. BR is still slightly higher, so the population is increasing. Characteristic of most MEDCs.

7. Stage 5: e.g. Russian Federation Some countries are now moving to the point where DR is higher than the BR. Therefore the population is falling.

11. Net immigration by country

12. Net emigration by country

13. Push and pull factors Push factors Forcing people away from where they live now Pull factors Attracting people to a new area MIGRATION

14. Lee’s Model of Intervening Obstacles