This document provides an overview of population and migration topics. It begins with definitions of population density and descriptions of world population density patterns. It then discusses factors that cause populations to rise or fall in different places, including the demographic transition model. The document outlines global and regional migration flows from 1500 to today. It describes different types of migration like voluntary, forced, and chain migration. Push and pull factors that influence migration decisions are identified, including economic opportunities, environmental conditions, and reconnecting cultural groups. The roles of governments in affecting migration through immigration laws and quotas are also summarized.
5. Populations are falling in some parts of the
world. How will Figure 2.5 look different 50
years from now? If you were updating this
textbook in 50 years, where would the largest
population clusters in the world be?
7. A Population Bomb?
• Malthus (early 1800s) worried about
population growing exponentially and
resources growing linearly.
• Ehrlich (1960s) warned of a population
bomb because the world’s population was
outpacing food production.
8.
9. World Population Growth –
Rate of natural increase (does not take into account
immigration and emigration).
10. Today, the pace of world population growth is slowing.
Where have Total Fertility Rates (TFRs) fallen
below replacement level and why?
11. Population Growth in India
• Significant
demographic
variations occur
within countries.
– In India, growth
rates are higher
in the east and
northeast.
12. Why do Growth Rates Vary in
India?
• 1960s population planning program
• 1970s country began forced sterilization
program for men with 3 or more children.
– 22.5 million men were sterilized.
• 2004 state of Uttar Pradesh began guns
for sterilization program.
• Today, most states use advertising and
persuasion to lower birth rates.
13. Maharashtra, India. A sign reads “free family planning sterlization
operation” closed in 1996.
14. The Demographic Transition
in Great Britain
• Studied the change in birth rates, death
rates, and natural growth rates over the
course of British industrialization.
• Found a transition occurred when death
rates decline and then birth rates decline,
resulting in a low or sustained growth rate.
21. Population Pyramids –
Charts that show the percentages of each age group in the
total population, divided by gender.
For poorer countries, the chart is shaped like a pyramid.
Infant mortality rates are high, life expectancy is shorter.
22. In poorer countries, Infant Mortality Rates are
usually high, which is reflected in the pyramid shape.
23. In poorer countries, Life Expectancy is usually
shorter, which is also reflected in the pyramid shape.
24. Affect of AIDS on
population pyramid
for South Africa.
Predicted population for
2035, without and with AIDS.
With AIDS, looks like a
population “chimney.”
26. AIDS is creating large numbers of
AIDS care-givers.
Drawing by a Pokot boy in Kenya, the drawing shows
him working in the fields and taking care of his family
cattle in order to assist his sick family members.
27. Population Pyramids –
Charts that show the percentages of each age group in the
total population, divided by gender.
For wealthier countries, the chart is shaped like a lopsided
vase. Population is aging, TFRs are declining.
28. Age Structure of a Population
• The populations of many countries are
aging.
- eg. Europe
- eg. Japan
Photo credit: H.J. de Blij
Bordeaux, France
29. Aging Populations
• To replace the population, TFR must be
2.1.
- TFR in Bologna, Italy is 0.8
- Why are women having fewer children?
• What are the impacts of an aging
population on a country?
• What are the “solutions” to an aging
population?
31. In the United States, the national infant
mortality rate (IMR) is 7.0. That number
represents an average for the country. Think
about the differences in IMR in the United
States across regions, ethnicities, social
classes, and other sectors.
33. Government Population Policies
• Expansive Population Policies
- Encourages population growth.
• Eugenic Population Policies
- Favors one racial or cultural sector over others.
• Restrictive Population Policies
- range from toleration of unapproved birth control to
outright prohibition of large families.
34. China’s One Child Policy
What are some of the limitations, unintended consequences, and
contradictions found in government policies toward population growth?
35. When studying government policies on
population, one of the most important things to
remember is unintended consequences.
Choose one country in the world where women
have little access to education and are
disempowered. Consider the previous section
of the chapter on age composition, and
determine how restrictive population policies in
this country will alter the population
composition of the country.
38. Movement
• Cyclic Movement –
movement away from home
for a short period.
– Commuting
– Seasonal movement
– Nomadism
• Periodic Movement –
movement away from home
for a longer period.
– Migrant labor
– Transhumance
– Military service
43. Why do People Migrate?
• Forced Migration – Human migration flows
in which the movers have no choice but to
relocate.
• Voluntary Migration – Human migration
flows in which the movers respond to
perceived opportunity, not force.
45. Distance
Decay weighs
into the decision
to migrate,
leading many
migrants to
move less far
than they
originally
contemplate.
Voluntary Migration –
Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide first, to
emigrate from the home country and second, where to go.
46. Kinds of Voluntary Migration
• Step Migration –
When a migrant follows a path of a series of stages, or
steps toward a final destination.
* intervening opportunity –at one of the steps along
the path, pull factors encourage the migrant to settle
there.
• Chain Migration –
When a migrant communicates to family and friends at
home, encouraging further migration along the same
path, along kinship links.
47. Types of Push and Pull Factors
• Economic Conditions
• Political Circumstances
• Armed Conflict and Civil War
• Environmental Conditions
• Culture and Traditions
• Technological Advances
48. Economic Conditions –
Migrants will often risk their lives in hopes of economic
opportunities that will enable them to send money home
(remittances) to their family members who remain behind.
49. Environmental Conditions –
In Montserrat, a 1995 volcano made the southern half of the
island, including the capital city of Plymouth, uninhabitable.
People who remained migrated to the north or to the U.S.
50. Think about a migration flow within your family,
whether internal, international, voluntary, or
forced. The flow can be one you experienced
or one you only heard about through family.
List the push and pull factors. Then, write a
letter in the first person (if you were not
involved, pretend you were your grandmother
or whomever) to another family member at
“home” describing how you came to migrate to
your destination.
52. Global Migration Flows
• Between 1500 and 1950, major global
migration flows were influenced largely by:
– Exploration
– Colonization
– The Atlantic Slave Trade
• Impacts the place the migrants leave and
where the migrants go.
54. Regional Migration Flows
• Migrants go to neighboring countries:
- for short term economic opportunities.
- to reconnect with cultural groups
across borders.
- to flee political conflict or war.
57. Reconnecting
Cultural Groups
About 700,000 Jews
migrated to then-
Palestine between
1900 and 1948.
After 1948, when the
land was divided into
two states (Israel and
Palestine), 600,000
Palestinian Arabs fled
or were pushed out of
newly-designated
Israeli territories.
60. Guest Workers
• Guest workers – migrants whom a country
allows in to fill a labor need, assuming the
workers will go “home” once the labor
need subsides.
- have short term work visas
- send remittances to home country
61. Refugees
A person who flees across an international boundary because of a well-
founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion,
nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.
62. • Subsaharan Africa
• North Africa and Southwest Asia
• South Asia
• Southeast Asia
• Europe
Regions of Dislocation –
What regions generate the most refugees?
63. The Sudan –
Fighting in the Darfur region of the Sudan has generated thousands of
refugees. In eastern Chad, the Iridimi refugee camp is home to almost 15,000
refugees from the Darfur province, including the women in this photo.
64. Imagine you are from an extremely poor
country, and you earn less than $1 a day.
Choose a country to be from, and look for it on
a map. Assume you are a voluntary migrant.
You look at your access to transportation and
the opportunities you have to go elsewhere. Be
realistic, and describe how you determine
where you will go, how you get there, and what
you do once you get there.
66. Governments Place
Legal Restrictions on Migration
• Immigration laws – laws that restrict or
allow migration of certain groups into a
country.
– Quotas limit the number of migrants from
each region into a country.
– A country uses selective immigration to bar
people with certain backgrounds from
entering.