The document discusses demography, emphasizing its role in studying human populations through statistics. It outlines the concept of demographic transition, which describes the changes in birth and death rates across five stages, from high rates in pre-industrial societies to low rates in developed countries. The document critiques the model's limitations while affirming its relevance and acceptance in understanding population dynamics.

1. BY
SAYANTANI SINGH

2. What is Demography?
• The statistical study of human population.
• It encompasses the structure, size and
distribution in a particular geographical region
or in a whole.

3. What is Transition?
• Transition indicates the transfer from one
condition to another condition.
Demographic Transition
• Demographic Transition means how
birthrates and death rates changes from one
stage to another.

5. • Warren Thomson in 1929 observed a tradition
of birthrate and death rate which had a great
impact on the socio economic condition.
• Following his concept , Notestain and Blacker
gave his idea on demographic transition and its
impact on economics

6. STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC
TRANSITION
There are five stages in DTM.
• High Birth Rate and High Death Rate.
• High Birth Rate and Low Death Rate.
• Low Birth Rate and Low Death Rate.
• Low Birth Rate and Very Low Death Rate .

8. STAGE –1
HIGH EXPANDING

9. High Expanding
• High Birthrate
• High Death rate
• Natural increase is vey low
• Pre – Industrial stage
• Agriculture based society
• Weak Economy

10. COUNTRIES
Ethiopia, Somalia, Mozambique, Namibia

11. Reason for the Birth rate and
Death rate
BIRTH RATE ARE
HIGH BECAUSE
•Lack of Family
Planning
•High Infant mortality
Rate
• Religious Belief
• Children as asset
DEATHRATE ARE
HIGH BECAUSE
•Lack of education
• Poor sanitation system
•Famine
•War
•Lack of health care
• High level of disease

12. STAGE –2
LATE EXPANDING

13. High Expanding
• High Birthrate
• High Death rate
• Natural increase is very high
• Industrial revolution started during this
era
• Economy is mixed type

14. COUNTRIES
Kenya and Egypt

15. Reason For Decline Death Rate
• Improved medical science
• Improved health care
•Improved sanitation
•Decrease infant mortality rate

16. STAGE –3
LATE EXPANDING

17. Late Expanding
 Falling Birthrate
 Falling Death rate
 Natural increase is started to decline
 Industry introduced technology
 Economy is strong

18. COUNTRIES
India, Brazil , Argentina

19. REASON BEHIND FALLINF
BIRTHRATE AND FALLING DEATH
RATE
 Started to plan family structure
 Literacy rate is high
 High standard of living
 Changing the women status
 Low infant mortality rate

20. STAGE –4
STATIONARY

21. STATIONARY
 Low Birthrate
 Low Death rate
 Natural increase is stable or slow
increase
 Technology brings a revolution in
industry
 Economy is strong

22. COUNTRIES
USA, UK, Mexico, Canada,
Japan

23. STAGE –5
DECLINE?

24. DECLINE ?
1. Low Birthrate
2. Very Low Death rate
3. Natural increase is stable or slow down
4. Technology brings a revolution in
industry
5. Economy is strong but possible to
decline

25. COUNTRY: GERMANY

26. REASON FOR VERY LOW BIRTH RATE
AND VERY LOW DEATH RATE
1. Better standard of living
2. Proper health care
3. Family planning
4. Late marriages
5. Standard of living

28. CRITICISMS
1. Sequence of stages are not equal
2. There is no time scale
3. Birth rate is not declined in urban areas
4. Not applied for theoretically
5. Reason for birthrate and death rate are varied for
different countries

29. CONCLISION
The theory of
demographic
transition model is
more relevant than
other theory
It is more rigorous and broad
based approach
The theory of
demographic
transition model is
widely accepted