Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania transmitted by sandfly bites. It presents clinically as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral leishmaniasis depending on the infecting species. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin lesions while mucocutaneous involvement can also affect mucosal tissues. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs like the liver and spleen and can be fatal if not treated. Diagnosis involves identifying the parasites in tissues or cultures and treatment depends on the clinical form and involves antimonial drugs or amphotericin B.
paragonimiasis is a intracellular food born disease mainly cause by paragonimus westermani (lung fluk) . it is mainly found in middle Asia, central Africa and Latin America. The first intermediate host fresh water snail and second is human.
Hookworm is one of the most important small intestinal nematodes causing iron deficiency anemia. This PPT illustrates hookworms associated with human diseases, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hookworm infection.
paragonimiasis is a intracellular food born disease mainly cause by paragonimus westermani (lung fluk) . it is mainly found in middle Asia, central Africa and Latin America. The first intermediate host fresh water snail and second is human.
Hookworm is one of the most important small intestinal nematodes causing iron deficiency anemia. This PPT illustrates hookworms associated with human diseases, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hookworm infection.
By the end of this presentation we’ll be able to learn about- -Geographical distribution of leishmania parasites- Know the different stages of leishmania parasites and their morphology.-Describe the lifecycle of leishmania.-Causes and pathogenesis of leishmania -Preventive measures of leishmaniasis
Medical Parasitology
Life cycle, Medical menifestation, signs, Diagnosis and Prevention.
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
Chagas disease
visceral leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis dates back to the 1st century AD. It was initially known as “Dum dum” fever and later “Kal- Azar.” It is a neglected disease that affects 700 000 to 1 million new cases that occur annually (WHO, 2021).
A comprehensive description of leischmaniasis with its types, transmission, epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention and control. It also includes details regarding lab diagnosis, disease agent, vector and host.
Leishmaniasis is a vectorborne disease that is transmitted by sand flies and caused by obligate intracellular protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Human infection is caused by more than 20 species. These include the L. donovani complex with 2 species (L. donovani, L. infantum [also known as L. chagasi in the New World]); the L. mexicana complex with 3 main species (L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, and L. venezuelensis); L. tropica; L. major; L. aethiopica; and the subgenus Viannia with 4 main species (L. [V.] braziliensis, L. [V.] guyanensis, L. [V.] panamensis, and L. [V.] peruviana). The different species are morphologically indistinguishable, but they can be differentiated by isoenzyme analysis, molecular methods, or monoclonal antibodies.
Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...Dr. Asif Anas
All leishmania pass their life cycle in two hosts. In man and some other mammals (definitive host) they occur exclusively in the amastigote form, having an ovoid body containing a nucleus and kinetoplast. In the sand-fly (intermediate host), they occur in promastigote form, with a spindle-shaped body and a single flagellum arising from the anterior end.
Definitive host:
In the body of definitive host, Leishmanias are mostly found within macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils or endothelial cells. Within these cells they multiply by binary fission, producing numerous daughter cells that distend the cells and rupture them.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
Leishmaniasis.ppt
1.
2. Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by the
protozoa belonging to the genus, Leishmania .
Human leishmaniasis is not a disease, but a group of diseases.
While several ways to classify leishmaniasis (eg, by
geography or taxonomy) are available, clinically, it can present
itself in various ways, and is more easily classified as
cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis.
4. Species, Reservoirs, and Clinical Diseases
Clinical Disease Leishmaniasis Species (Possible
reservoir)
Geographic Location
Cutaneous
leishmaniasis
L. tropica complex
L. tropica (dog)
L. aethiopica (rock hyrax)
L. major (gerbils & rodents)
Old World
L. mexicana complex
L. mexicana (woodrats, cat, and
others)
L. pifanoi
L. amazonensis (small forest
mammals, rodents, marsupials, and
foxes)
L. garnhami
L. venezuelensis
New World
L. braziliensis complex
L. peruviana (domestic dog and
probably a wild rodent)
L. guyanensis (arboreal sloths and
anteaters)
L. panamensis (sloths, rodents,
monkeys, procyonids)
L. lainsoni (agouti)
L. colombiensis (sloth)
New World
5. Cutaneous
leishmaniasis
L. infantum Old World
L. chagasi New World
Mucocutaneous
leishmaniasis
L. braziliensis complex
L. braziliensis
L. guyanensis
L. panamensis
New World
L. mexicana New World
L. tropica Old World
L. major Old World
Species, Reservoirs, and Clinical Diseases
6. Species, Reservoirs, and Clinical Diseases
Visceral leishmaniasis L. donovani complex
L. donovani (no
reservoir in Indian or
Kenyan area, various
rodents in Sudan , dogs
in China )
L. infantum (human is
accidental host, natural
infection in dogs, other
Canidae, and
porcupines)
Old World
Old World
L. chagasi (domestic
dogs and cats, foxes)
New World
L. tropica Old World
L. amazonensis New World
7. • During blood meal, infected sandflies inject the infective stage,
the so-called promastigote parasite, into the human host.
• Injected promastigotes are first phagocytized by macrophages
and transform into so-called amastigote parasites.
• These multiply in the infected cells and also affect different
tissues, depending on the Leishmania species, which causes
the corresponding clinical manifestation of the disease.
8. • When sandflies take blood meals from an infected host,
they take up parasitized macrophages.
• In the vector fly's midgut, these parasites differentiate
into the so-called promastigote form, which multiplies
and finally migrates to the fly's proboscis.
11. Epidemiology
• The species of visceral
leishmaniasis are endemic in
areas of India, China, Central
and South America, East and
West Africa, and the countries
surrounding the Mediterranean.
• In India, no extrahuman
reservoirs are known, but in
other regions, infection may
involve several mammalian
species, including dogs, foxes,
and wild rodents.
• Sandflies of the genus
Phlebotomus are the insect
vectors that spread L.
donovani.
12. Pathogenesis
• The flagellated promastigotes of L. donovani are
introduced by an insect bite.
• After entering macrophages of the
reticuloendothelial system, these forms change
into amastigotes, which multiply in phagocytic
cells.
• Released amastigotes disseminate
hematogenously and invade reticuloendothelial
cells in the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone
marrow, and skin.
13. Incubation and Clinical Symptoms
• Incubation period is 6-8 months.
Symptoms:
• weakness, dizziness, weight
loss, diarrhea, and
constipation.
• Fever, may spike twice daily;
• chills and sweating.
• hepatosplenomegaly
• anemia and leukopenia.
• bleeding from the gingivae,
nose, or GI tract,
• ecchymoses and petechiae on
the skin.
14.
15. Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
Etiology and Epidemiology
Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis is
caused by three species of Leishmania
that belong to the L. tropica complex:
L. tropica is present in the Middle East
and the Mediterranean littoral;
L. major is found in the Middle East,
Arabia, India, and sub-Saharan Africa;
L. aethiopica is found principally in
Ethiopia and Kenya.
Phlebotomus sandflies are the
principal vectors.
• Infections that are caused by
Leishmania can be acquired by
travelers, as well as by military and other
personnel residing in endemic areas.
• Military personnel in the Middle East
have acquired cutaneous leishmaniasis
with L. major and viscerotropic
infections with L. tropica.
16. Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
• New World cutaneous leishmaniasis arises from infection with
parasites belonging to the L. mexicana group or the L.
braziliensis (Viannia subgenus) group.
• The patterns of illness vary with the nature of the infecting
leishmanial organisms, which are found in different regions of
North, Central, and South America.
• Infections with strains of L. viannia, which are endemic in
various areas of South America, cause cutaneous
leishmaniasis and, in a small percentage of those infected,
result in the later development of mucocutaneous
leishmaniasis. Such mucocutaneous disease (espundia)
involves the nasal or oropharyngeal mucosa, or both, and may
prove fatal.
• All of these New World leishmanial parasites are transmitted
principally by sandfly vectors, although direct human contact
may also bring about infection.
• Various mammals are naturally infected reservoirs of the
organisms.
17. Pathogenesis
• Both Old World and New World forms of
leishmaniasis are initiated when the bite of an
infected sandfly injects promastigotes into the
human host.
• The organisms enter tissue macrophages and
capillary endothelial cells, become amastigotes,
and multiply.
• A granulomatous inflammatory response
develops at the bite site.
• With local ischemia, the lesion ulcerates; a
bacterial infection of the necrotic area may
extend the ulceration.
18. Incubation and Clinical Symptoms
Incubation period is from 2-8
months to 1,5 years and more.
In Old World symptoms of
cutaneous leishmaniasis:
• a papule (at the inoculation
site).
• papule ulcerates and a shallow
circular lesion appears that is
several centimeters in diameter
and has a raised margin.
• lymphadenopathy.
• Healing of the lesions is slow,
sometimes requiring more than
a year.
19. Clinical Symptoms of New World
leishmaniasis
L. mexicana
• single lesion or a few lesions on
exposed surfaces of the body such
as the face and ear, which heals
spontaneously over 6 months.
• extensive destruction of the pinna.
L. viannia
• lesions on the skin or mucous
membranes.
• progressive ulcerations of
lymphatic nodes and mucous
membranes.
• the infection metastasizes to
the nasal or oral mucosa.
• Metastatic lesions can erode
the nasal septum or the hard
palate or soft palate.
• Some patients die of
malnutrition or bacterial
infection.
Incubation period is 2-3 weeks to 1-3 mounths.
20.
21.
22. Immunity
• In visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar) cellular
immunity is responsible for resolving mild
disease. High levels of antibodies are found.
• In cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
host defense relies on cell-mediated immunity;
antibody titers are low. The response ranges
from a local granuloma with few parasites to a
histiocytoma with many parasites.
23. Laboratory Diagnostics of visceral
leishmaniasis
• Demonstration of the organism in host tissues cultured
on a Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle (NNN) or other medium or
detection of Leishman-Donovan bodies (amastigotes) in
stained tissue samples.
• PCR can be performed using genus- or species-specific
oligonucleotides.
• Established by examining bone marrow aspirates.
• Splenic aspirates have the highest yields but may be
risky.
• Liver biopsy or aspiration of enlarged lymph nodes can
also provide diagnostic material.
24. Laboratory Diagnostics of cutaneous and
mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
• Demonstrating amastigotes on
stained smears of a biopsy or of
scrapings from the border of an
ulcer.
• Culturing amastigotes on NNN
medium inoculated with lesion
material.
• PCR targeting parasite kinetoplast
DNA has allowed detection of
organisms that might be missed
on histologic section or culturing.
25. Laboratory Diagnostics of cutaneous and
mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
• Except in diffuse cutaneous
leishmaniasis, the
leishmanin skin test is
usually positive.
26. Treatment
• There are two common therapies containing antimony,
meglumine antimoniate (Glucantim®) and sodium
stibogluconate (Pentostam®). Unfortunately, in many
parts of the world, the parasite has become resistant to
antimony and for visceral or mucocutaneous
leishmaniasis, amphotericin is now the treatment of
choice.
• Miltefosine (Impavido®), is a new drug for visceral,
mucocutaneous and cutaneous leishmaniasis.
• Drug-resistant leishmaniasis may respond to
immunotherapy (inoculation with parasite antigens plus
an adjuvant) which aims to stimulate the body's own
immune system to kill the parasite.
27. Prevention:
• Preventing sandfly bites is the
most immediate form of
protection. Insect repellent,
appropriate clothing, screening
of windows, and fine mesh
netting around the bed (in
endemic areas) will reduce
exposure.
• Public health measures to
reduce the sandfly population
and animal reservoirs are
important. There are no
preventive vaccines or drugs for
leishmaniasis.