Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania transmitted by sandfly bites. It presents clinically as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral leishmaniasis depending on the infecting species. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin lesions while mucocutaneous involvement can also affect mucosal tissues. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs like the liver and spleen and can be fatal if not treated. Diagnosis involves identifying the parasites in tissues or cultures and treatment depends on the clinical form and involves antimonial drugs or amphotericin B.
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania transmitted by sandfly bites. It presents clinically as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral leishmaniasis depending on the infecting species. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin lesions while mucocutaneous involvement can also affect mucosal tissues. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs like the liver and spleen and can be fatal if not treated. Diagnosis involves identifying the parasites in tissues or cultures and treatment depends on the clinical form and involves antimonial drugs or amphotericin B. Prevention focuses on reducing sandfly bites and reservoirs.
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania transmitted by sandfly bites. It presents clinically as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral leishmaniasis depending on the infecting species. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin lesions while mucocutaneous involvement can also affect mucosal tissues. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs like the liver and spleen and can be fatal if not treated. Diagnosis involves identifying the parasites in tissues or cultures and treatment depends on the clinical form and involves antimonial drugs or amphotericin B.
This document provides an overview of Leishmaniasis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It discusses the life cycle of Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar. L. donovani has two forms - the amastigote form found within macrophages in humans and other mammals, and the promastigote form found in the sandfly vector. The sandfly transmits L. donovani between humans during feeding. In humans, L. donovani infects the reticuloendothelial system causing enlargement of the spleen, liver and bone marrow. Clinical features of VL include
By the end of this presentation we’ll be able to learn about- -Geographical distribution of leishmania parasites- Know the different stages of leishmania parasites and their morphology.-Describe the lifecycle of leishmania.-Causes and pathogenesis of leishmania -Preventive measures of leishmaniasis
The document discusses Leishmaniasis, a parasitic infection transmitted by sandflies. It causes several forms of disease depending on the Leishmania species, including visceral leishmaniasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs and can be fatal if untreated, while cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin lesions. The life cycle involves an intracellular amastigote form in humans that transforms into a flagellated promastigote form in sandflies. Symptoms, treatment, epidemiology and the parasite's lifecycle within human and sandfly hosts are described in detail.
This document provides an overview of parasitology, including definitions of key terms like parasite, host, symbiosis, parasitism, and vectors. It describes different types of parasites like ecto-parasites, endoparasites, temporary vs permanent parasites. It also covers classes of hosts, portals of entry, life cycles, pathogenicity, and immune responses to parasites. Laboratory diagnosis methods are discussed, especially demonstration of parasites in blood samples. In summary, the document defines important concepts in parasitology and provides details on parasite and host relationships, life cycles, disease pathogenesis, and diagnostic approaches.
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania transmitted by sandfly bites. It presents clinically as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral leishmaniasis depending on the infecting species. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin lesions while mucocutaneous involvement can also affect mucosal tissues. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs like the liver and spleen and can be fatal if not treated. Diagnosis involves identifying the parasites in tissues or cultures and treatment depends on the clinical form and involves antimonial drugs or amphotericin B.
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania transmitted by sandfly bites. It presents clinically as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral leishmaniasis depending on the infecting species. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin lesions while mucocutaneous involvement can also affect mucosal tissues. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs like the liver and spleen and can be fatal if not treated. Diagnosis involves identifying the parasites in tissues or cultures and treatment depends on the clinical form and involves antimonial drugs or amphotericin B. Prevention focuses on reducing sandfly bites and reservoirs.
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania transmitted by sandfly bites. It presents clinically as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral leishmaniasis depending on the infecting species. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin lesions while mucocutaneous involvement can also affect mucosal tissues. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs like the liver and spleen and can be fatal if not treated. Diagnosis involves identifying the parasites in tissues or cultures and treatment depends on the clinical form and involves antimonial drugs or amphotericin B.
This document provides an overview of Leishmaniasis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It discusses the life cycle of Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar. L. donovani has two forms - the amastigote form found within macrophages in humans and other mammals, and the promastigote form found in the sandfly vector. The sandfly transmits L. donovani between humans during feeding. In humans, L. donovani infects the reticuloendothelial system causing enlargement of the spleen, liver and bone marrow. Clinical features of VL include
By the end of this presentation we’ll be able to learn about- -Geographical distribution of leishmania parasites- Know the different stages of leishmania parasites and their morphology.-Describe the lifecycle of leishmania.-Causes and pathogenesis of leishmania -Preventive measures of leishmaniasis
The document discusses Leishmaniasis, a parasitic infection transmitted by sandflies. It causes several forms of disease depending on the Leishmania species, including visceral leishmaniasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs and can be fatal if untreated, while cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin lesions. The life cycle involves an intracellular amastigote form in humans that transforms into a flagellated promastigote form in sandflies. Symptoms, treatment, epidemiology and the parasite's lifecycle within human and sandfly hosts are described in detail.
This document provides an overview of parasitology, including definitions of key terms like parasite, host, symbiosis, parasitism, and vectors. It describes different types of parasites like ecto-parasites, endoparasites, temporary vs permanent parasites. It also covers classes of hosts, portals of entry, life cycles, pathogenicity, and immune responses to parasites. Laboratory diagnosis methods are discussed, especially demonstration of parasites in blood samples. In summary, the document defines important concepts in parasitology and provides details on parasite and host relationships, life cycles, disease pathogenesis, and diagnostic approaches.
nd invade the genital ridges in the sixth week of
development. here they form primitive sex cords. in
the absence of tdf, medullary cords disappear and
get replaced by a vascular stroma (ovarian medulla).
cortical cords develop and surround one or more
primitive germ cells. the germ cells subsequently
develop into oogonia, while the surrounding epithelial
cells form the follicular cells. this differentiates
undifferentiated gonads into ovaries. stroma of ovary
develops from basal mesenchyme. granulosa and theca
cells develop from celomic epithelium.
development of genital ducts
development of genital duct system and the external
genitalia occurs under the influence of hormones
circulating in the fetus. sertoli cells in the fetal testes
produce a nonsteroidal substance known as müllerian
inhibiting substance (mis) that causes regression of
müllerian ducts. androgen from the fetal testes causes
masculinization of external genitalia. in the absence of
mis, müllerian ducts develop and mesonephric duct
system regresses. in the absence of androgen, external
genitalia differentiate into female phenotype. the
müllerian duct develops between the fifth and sixth
weeks lateral to intermediate cell mass and wolffian
duct. the müllerian duct has the following three parts:
•cranial vertical portion that opens into celomic
cavity. later it differentiates into fallopian tubes.
•horizontal part crosses the mesonephric duct.
•caudal vertical part that fuses with its partner
from opposite side. this fused part later differ
entiates into uterus, cervix, and upper one-third
of the vagina.
the dorsal celomic epithelium (which forms
müllerian duct) remains open at its site of origin and
ultimately forms the fimbriated ends of the fallopian
tubes. at their point of origin, each of the müllerian
ducts forms a solid bud. each bud penetrates the
mesenchyme lateral and parallel to the wolffian duct.
as the solid buds elongate, a lumen appears in the
cranial part, beginning at each celomic opening. the
caudal end of each müllerian duct crosses the way
The document discusses leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease transmitted by sand flies. There are two main forms: cutaneous leishmaniasis, which causes skin sores, and visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar, which infects vital organs and is fatal if untreated. Visceral leishmaniasis causes fever, weight loss, and swelling of the liver and spleen. It is a severe systemic infection and a major killer in developing countries. The document provides details on the transmission, lifecycle, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of leishmaniasis.
This document provides an overview of Leishmaniasis, which is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It discusses the learning outcomes, which include defining Leishmaniasis, describing the vector, reservoir, and life cycle. The geographic distribution and forms of Leishmaniasis are also summarized. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis presents as skin sores, while Visceral Leishmaniasis causes fever, weight loss, and enlarged liver and spleen. Diagnosis involves identifying clinical symptoms and detecting the parasite microscopically from tissue samples.
Leishmania is a protozoan parasite that causes leishmaniasis, which exists in three main clinical forms: visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. It is transmitted by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sand flies. Visceral leishmaniasis, the most severe form, affects the internal organs and is fatal if left untreated. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin sores, while mucocutaneous leishmaniasis additionally affects the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat. Leishmania has a complex life cycle alternating between the sand fly vector and mammalian hosts.
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania parasites and transmitted by the bite of infected sandflies. It exists in three main forms: visceral leishmaniasis (VL), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. VL affects internal organs and is fatal without treatment. It is endemic in parts of India, where it is known as kala-azar. CL causes skin sores but is not fatal. Treatment involves antimony-based drugs or amphotericin B. Prevention focuses on controlling sandfly vectors and reservoirs through insecticides, bed nets, and treating infected dogs.
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It is transmitted by sand fly bites and affects the reticuloendothelial system. There are three main clinical forms: visceral leishmaniasis which involves vital organs, cutaneous leishmaniasis causing skin lesions, and mucosal leishmaniasis affecting mucous membranes. Visceral leishmaniasis, if left untreated, can be fatal and involves enlargement of the spleen, liver and lymph nodes with pancytopenia. Diagnosis involves clinical signs, serology, microscopy and culture. Treatment depends on the geographical region but involves pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B
Leishmaniasis is a vectorborne disease that is transmitted by sand flies and caused by obligate intracellular protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Human infection is caused by more than 20 species. These include the L. donovani complex with 2 species (L. donovani, L. infantum [also known as L. chagasi in the New World]); the L. mexicana complex with 3 main species (L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, and L. venezuelensis); L. tropica; L. major; L. aethiopica; and the subgenus Viannia with 4 main species (L. [V.] braziliensis, L. [V.] guyanensis, L. [V.] panamensis, and L. [V.] peruviana). The different species are morphologically indistinguishable, but they can be differentiated by isoenzyme analysis, molecular methods, or monoclonal antibodies.
Leishmania species are protozoan parasites that cause leishmaniasis. They are transmitted through the bite of infected sand flies. The life cycle involves promastigotes that develop in the sand fly gut and amastigotes that multiply within human macrophages. Leishmaniasis exists in visceral, cutaneous, and muco-cutaneous forms depending on the infecting species and affected tissues. Diagnosis involves identifying amastigotes in tissue samples through microscopy or culturing. Control relies on reducing reservoir hosts and applying preventative measures against sand fly bites.
Leishmaniasis is caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, which are transmitted via the bite of infected sand flies. There are three main clinical forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. Signs and symptoms vary depending on the type but can include skin lesions, facial disfigurement, fever, enlarged liver and spleen. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination, culture, serology or PCR on samples from lesions, blood or bone marrow. Treatment depends on the type but may include antimony-containing compounds or amphotericin B. Prevention focuses on avoiding sand fly bites through protective clothing and insect repellent.
This is about Leishmaniasis in humans and dogs delivered by Professor Dr. Mazhar Ayaz, Professor of Parasitology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal
1. Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan flagellates of the genus Leishmania and affects 350 million people globally.
2. It manifests clinically as cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, or visceral leishmaniasis.
3. The parasite has two forms - amastigotes found intracellularly in humans and promastigotes found in sandfly vectors. The sandflies transmit the infective promastigote form during blood feeding.
This document discusses various parasitic infections caused by protozoa and metazoa. It describes the life cycles and pathologies of malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by mosquitoes; leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania parasites transmitted by sandflies; tapeworm infections such as cysticercosis caused by Taenia solium larvae; hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus; schistosomiasis caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma transmitted by snails; and lymphatic filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti transmitted by mosquitoes. For each parasite, it details the clinical manifestations, histopathology, and
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and affects approximately 2 million people annually. It exists in 3 forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral. The disease is transmitted by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sand flies. Clinical presentation depends on the form, ranging from skin lesions to fever, weight loss, and splenomegaly. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of the parasite or serologic testing. Treatment involves antimonial drugs or liposomal amphotericin B, with prevention centered on protecting against sand fly bites.
Parasitic infections are caused by protozoa and helminth worms. They enter the body through ingestion, arthropod bites, or skin/mucous membrane penetration. Common human parasites include Plasmodium (malaria), Entamoeba histolytica (amoebiasis), Giardia lamblia (giardiasis), and various helminths such as tapeworms and roundworms. Symptoms vary depending on the infecting parasite but may include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and organ damage. Treatment involves antiprotozoal or anthelmintic medications.
1. Leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of female phlebotomine sand flies which inject infective promastigotes during blood meals.
2. Inside the human host, promastigotes are phagocytosed by macrophages and transform into amastigotes, multiplying within infected cells and affecting different tissues.
3. The life cycle continues when female sand flies ingest infected macrophages during a blood meal, and the parasites transform and multiply and migrate to the fly's proboscis as promastigotes.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is the most severe form of leishmaniasis caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani and transmitted by the infected sandflies. It characterized by irregular bouts of fever, substantial weight loss, swelling of the spleen and liver, and anaemia.
This document describes Leishmania donovani, the parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar. It discusses the parasite's classification, life cycle within human and sand fly hosts, geographic distribution, morphology in amastigote and promastigote forms, transmission via phlebotomine sand fly bites, pathology in organs like the spleen and liver, clinical features of kala-azar infection, and treatments like liposomal amphotericin B and miltefosine. It also briefly summarizes Leishmania species complexes that cause cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.
The document provides information about leishmaniasis, including:
- It is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and transmitted by sandfly bites.
- Clinical manifestations include cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis.
- Treatment involves antimony compounds like sodium stibogluconate, pentamidine, miltefosine, and amphotericin B.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
nd invade the genital ridges in the sixth week of
development. here they form primitive sex cords. in
the absence of tdf, medullary cords disappear and
get replaced by a vascular stroma (ovarian medulla).
cortical cords develop and surround one or more
primitive germ cells. the germ cells subsequently
develop into oogonia, while the surrounding epithelial
cells form the follicular cells. this differentiates
undifferentiated gonads into ovaries. stroma of ovary
develops from basal mesenchyme. granulosa and theca
cells develop from celomic epithelium.
development of genital ducts
development of genital duct system and the external
genitalia occurs under the influence of hormones
circulating in the fetus. sertoli cells in the fetal testes
produce a nonsteroidal substance known as müllerian
inhibiting substance (mis) that causes regression of
müllerian ducts. androgen from the fetal testes causes
masculinization of external genitalia. in the absence of
mis, müllerian ducts develop and mesonephric duct
system regresses. in the absence of androgen, external
genitalia differentiate into female phenotype. the
müllerian duct develops between the fifth and sixth
weeks lateral to intermediate cell mass and wolffian
duct. the müllerian duct has the following three parts:
•cranial vertical portion that opens into celomic
cavity. later it differentiates into fallopian tubes.
•horizontal part crosses the mesonephric duct.
•caudal vertical part that fuses with its partner
from opposite side. this fused part later differ
entiates into uterus, cervix, and upper one-third
of the vagina.
the dorsal celomic epithelium (which forms
müllerian duct) remains open at its site of origin and
ultimately forms the fimbriated ends of the fallopian
tubes. at their point of origin, each of the müllerian
ducts forms a solid bud. each bud penetrates the
mesenchyme lateral and parallel to the wolffian duct.
as the solid buds elongate, a lumen appears in the
cranial part, beginning at each celomic opening. the
caudal end of each müllerian duct crosses the way
The document discusses leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease transmitted by sand flies. There are two main forms: cutaneous leishmaniasis, which causes skin sores, and visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar, which infects vital organs and is fatal if untreated. Visceral leishmaniasis causes fever, weight loss, and swelling of the liver and spleen. It is a severe systemic infection and a major killer in developing countries. The document provides details on the transmission, lifecycle, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of leishmaniasis.
This document provides an overview of Leishmaniasis, which is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It discusses the learning outcomes, which include defining Leishmaniasis, describing the vector, reservoir, and life cycle. The geographic distribution and forms of Leishmaniasis are also summarized. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis presents as skin sores, while Visceral Leishmaniasis causes fever, weight loss, and enlarged liver and spleen. Diagnosis involves identifying clinical symptoms and detecting the parasite microscopically from tissue samples.
Leishmania is a protozoan parasite that causes leishmaniasis, which exists in three main clinical forms: visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. It is transmitted by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sand flies. Visceral leishmaniasis, the most severe form, affects the internal organs and is fatal if left untreated. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin sores, while mucocutaneous leishmaniasis additionally affects the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat. Leishmania has a complex life cycle alternating between the sand fly vector and mammalian hosts.
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania parasites and transmitted by the bite of infected sandflies. It exists in three main forms: visceral leishmaniasis (VL), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. VL affects internal organs and is fatal without treatment. It is endemic in parts of India, where it is known as kala-azar. CL causes skin sores but is not fatal. Treatment involves antimony-based drugs or amphotericin B. Prevention focuses on controlling sandfly vectors and reservoirs through insecticides, bed nets, and treating infected dogs.
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It is transmitted by sand fly bites and affects the reticuloendothelial system. There are three main clinical forms: visceral leishmaniasis which involves vital organs, cutaneous leishmaniasis causing skin lesions, and mucosal leishmaniasis affecting mucous membranes. Visceral leishmaniasis, if left untreated, can be fatal and involves enlargement of the spleen, liver and lymph nodes with pancytopenia. Diagnosis involves clinical signs, serology, microscopy and culture. Treatment depends on the geographical region but involves pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B
Leishmaniasis is a vectorborne disease that is transmitted by sand flies and caused by obligate intracellular protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Human infection is caused by more than 20 species. These include the L. donovani complex with 2 species (L. donovani, L. infantum [also known as L. chagasi in the New World]); the L. mexicana complex with 3 main species (L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, and L. venezuelensis); L. tropica; L. major; L. aethiopica; and the subgenus Viannia with 4 main species (L. [V.] braziliensis, L. [V.] guyanensis, L. [V.] panamensis, and L. [V.] peruviana). The different species are morphologically indistinguishable, but they can be differentiated by isoenzyme analysis, molecular methods, or monoclonal antibodies.
Leishmania species are protozoan parasites that cause leishmaniasis. They are transmitted through the bite of infected sand flies. The life cycle involves promastigotes that develop in the sand fly gut and amastigotes that multiply within human macrophages. Leishmaniasis exists in visceral, cutaneous, and muco-cutaneous forms depending on the infecting species and affected tissues. Diagnosis involves identifying amastigotes in tissue samples through microscopy or culturing. Control relies on reducing reservoir hosts and applying preventative measures against sand fly bites.
Leishmaniasis is caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, which are transmitted via the bite of infected sand flies. There are three main clinical forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. Signs and symptoms vary depending on the type but can include skin lesions, facial disfigurement, fever, enlarged liver and spleen. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination, culture, serology or PCR on samples from lesions, blood or bone marrow. Treatment depends on the type but may include antimony-containing compounds or amphotericin B. Prevention focuses on avoiding sand fly bites through protective clothing and insect repellent.
This is about Leishmaniasis in humans and dogs delivered by Professor Dr. Mazhar Ayaz, Professor of Parasitology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal
1. Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan flagellates of the genus Leishmania and affects 350 million people globally.
2. It manifests clinically as cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, or visceral leishmaniasis.
3. The parasite has two forms - amastigotes found intracellularly in humans and promastigotes found in sandfly vectors. The sandflies transmit the infective promastigote form during blood feeding.
This document discusses various parasitic infections caused by protozoa and metazoa. It describes the life cycles and pathologies of malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by mosquitoes; leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania parasites transmitted by sandflies; tapeworm infections such as cysticercosis caused by Taenia solium larvae; hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus; schistosomiasis caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma transmitted by snails; and lymphatic filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti transmitted by mosquitoes. For each parasite, it details the clinical manifestations, histopathology, and
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and affects approximately 2 million people annually. It exists in 3 forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral. The disease is transmitted by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sand flies. Clinical presentation depends on the form, ranging from skin lesions to fever, weight loss, and splenomegaly. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of the parasite or serologic testing. Treatment involves antimonial drugs or liposomal amphotericin B, with prevention centered on protecting against sand fly bites.
Parasitic infections are caused by protozoa and helminth worms. They enter the body through ingestion, arthropod bites, or skin/mucous membrane penetration. Common human parasites include Plasmodium (malaria), Entamoeba histolytica (amoebiasis), Giardia lamblia (giardiasis), and various helminths such as tapeworms and roundworms. Symptoms vary depending on the infecting parasite but may include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and organ damage. Treatment involves antiprotozoal or anthelmintic medications.
1. Leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of female phlebotomine sand flies which inject infective promastigotes during blood meals.
2. Inside the human host, promastigotes are phagocytosed by macrophages and transform into amastigotes, multiplying within infected cells and affecting different tissues.
3. The life cycle continues when female sand flies ingest infected macrophages during a blood meal, and the parasites transform and multiply and migrate to the fly's proboscis as promastigotes.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is the most severe form of leishmaniasis caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani and transmitted by the infected sandflies. It characterized by irregular bouts of fever, substantial weight loss, swelling of the spleen and liver, and anaemia.
This document describes Leishmania donovani, the parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar. It discusses the parasite's classification, life cycle within human and sand fly hosts, geographic distribution, morphology in amastigote and promastigote forms, transmission via phlebotomine sand fly bites, pathology in organs like the spleen and liver, clinical features of kala-azar infection, and treatments like liposomal amphotericin B and miltefosine. It also briefly summarizes Leishmania species complexes that cause cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.
The document provides information about leishmaniasis, including:
- It is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and transmitted by sandfly bites.
- Clinical manifestations include cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis.
- Treatment involves antimony compounds like sodium stibogluconate, pentamidine, miltefosine, and amphotericin B.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
2. Introduction
Leishmaniasis are a group of parasitic diseases
caused by protozoan flagellates of the genus
Leishmania, transmitted through the infective
bite of an insect vector, the
phlebotomine sandfly.
3. Geographical distribution of
leishmania species.
It is endemic in many places in America, Africa,
China, Europe and India
It is endemic in South and Central America,
Africa, China, Europe and India
4. • Leishmaniasis is caused by the obligatory intracellular
protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Primarily it affects the
reticuloendothelial system of the host.
• Leishmania is grouped into four main complexes:
Leishmania donovani, Leishmani mexicana , Leishmania
tropica and Leishmania braziliensis
• Further Leishmania is grouped into:
Old World Leishmania (visceral leishmaniasis)
New World Leishmania(cutaneous and mucocutaneous
leishmaniasis)
5. TYPES OF LEISHMANIASIS
• VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS (VL)
(Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Nepal and Sudan)
• CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS (CL)
(Afghanistan, Brazil, Iran, Peru, Saudi Arabia and
Syria)
• MUCO CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS (MCL)
(Bolivia, Brazil and Peru.
• Post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)
(India and the Sudan)
6.
7. Habitat and Forms of Leishmania
Leishmania species exists in two forms:
• Amastigote form (no flagella)
• Promastigote form (flagellated).
The amastigote are found in the cells of the
reticulo-endothelium system throughout the body
especially abundantly in the liver, spleen and
bone marrow.
The promastigote are found in the digestive tract
of sand fly (vector)
8. LIFE CYCLE
Leishmania are alternatively hosted by the insect
(flagellated promastigote) and by mammals (intracellular
amastigote). When a female sandfly takes blood meal
from an infected mammal; the insect ingests intracellular
amastigotes. Inside the fly amastigotes are transformed in
to flagellated promastigotes in the midgut.
The promastigotes migrate into the anterior portion of the
midgut. The bite of an infected sandfly deposits infective
promastigotes in the mammals’ skin, which are rapidly
phagocytosed by the cells of mononuclear-phagocyte
system. The intracellular parasites change into
amastigotes, which multiply by simple mitosis.
9. PATHOGENESIS
• The bite of an infected sand fly results in the
intradermal inoculation of promastigote stage of
Leishmania. Within the dermis of mammalian
skin, promastigotes escape complement
activation and they are phagocytosed by
macrophages where they transform to
amastigotes.
• Inside macrophages they have the capacity to
resist intracellular digestion and they divide
mitotically.
10. CONT..
• When the intracellular development of the
amastigotes remains localized at the inoculation site,
various cytokines are released and cell reactions are
generated, resulting in the development of localized
lesion of CL.
• In other instances the parasite spread to the organs
of the mononuclear phagocytic system, giving rise to
VL.
• Amastigotes may also spread to other cutaneous
sites as in diffuse cutaneous Leishmaniasis ( DCL) or
to mucosal sites in the case of mucocutaneous
Leishmaniasis ( MCL).
11. CONT…
• The genus Leishmania can be divided broadly in to
viscerotropic (L. donovani, L.infantum) and
dermotropic (roughly all the other species). L.
braziliensis and more rarely L. panamensis are known
for their secondary mucosal spread.
• In CL, interactions of patient’s immune system with
parasites result in spectrum of clinicopathological
changes. The histological patterns range form a diffuse
granuloma containing large numbers of macrophages
with amastigotes (DCL), to hypersensitive tuberculoid
granuloma with many Langhans giant cells
12. CONT..
• VL is a disease of the mononuclear phagocytic
system, commonly affecting the spleen
causing splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and to
lymph node leading to lymphadenopathy. But
also other organs and tissues can be involved
as they contain elements of the monocytic
phagocytic system
13. Prevention and control
• Treating of infected individual
• Using insecticides spraying houses and farm
and building
• Mass education
• Avoid endemic areas especially at time when
sand fly are active
• Distraction of stray dogs in area where dogs
are reservoir hosts.
14. Laboratory Diagnosis
• By demonstration of parasites: (Amastgote) from
the ulcers in direct smear and stained smears
from ulcers, blood, bone marrow lymph nodes
fluid. Liver and spleen aspirates.
• Polymerase chain reaction: Gene amplification
techniques are powerful and sensitive methods
and are useful in diagnosis of Cutaneous
Leishmaniasis particularly when organisms
cannot be detected microscopically.
• Serological diagnosis