Legislatures and Legislative Elections
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This document provides an overview of legislatures and legislative systems. It discusses the key features of parliamentary and presidential systems, including the relationship between the executive and legislative branches. It also covers topics like legislative functions, representation types, voting systems, and party systems.
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Legislatures
This document provides an overview of legislatures and legislative systems. It discusses the key features of parliamentary and presidential systems, including the relationship between the executive and legislative branches. It also covers topics like legislative functions, representation types, voting systems, and party systems.
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This document provides an overview of legislatures and legislative systems. It discusses the key features of parliamentary and presidential systems, including that parliamentary systems have an executive selected from the legislature who can be removed by a legislative vote of no confidence, while presidential systems have a separation of powers between the independent executive and legislature. It also covers types of electoral systems, representation, legislative functions like lawmaking and oversight, and comparisons of unicameral and bicameral legislatures.
Legislatures and Legislative Elections
This document provides an overview of legislatures and legislative systems. It defines legislatures as the assembly or parliament that has the power and authority to make laws. It distinguishes between parliamentary and presidential systems, with parliamentary systems having a fused executive and legislative branch and presidential systems having separated powers. It also discusses representation types, electoral systems, party characteristics, and legislative functions and powers.
Legislatures
This document provides an overview of legislatures and legislative systems. It discusses the key characteristics of parliamentary and presidential systems, including the relationship between the executive and legislative branches. It also outlines some of the variations that exist among legislative bodies in terms of structure, functions, and powers. Some of the topics covered include bicameralism, legislative oversight, budget approval, and powers like filibusters. Electoral systems like plurality voting and proportional representation are also summarized.
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This document provides an overview of legislatures and legislative systems. It defines legislatures as organized political bodies with the power to make laws. It distinguishes between parliamentary and presidential systems, with the former having a fused executive-legislative branch and the latter separated powers. It also discusses representation models, electoral systems, oversight functions, and comparative legislative characteristics.
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This document provides an overview of legislatures and legislative systems. It discusses the key features of parliamentary and presidential systems, including that parliamentary systems have an executive selected from the legislature who can be removed by a legislative vote of no confidence, while presidential systems have a separation of powers between the independent executive and legislature. It also covers types of electoral systems, representation, legislative functions like lawmaking and oversight, and comparisons of unicameral and bicameral legislatures.
Legislatures and Legislative Elections
This document provides an overview of legislatures and legislative systems. It defines legislatures as the assembly or parliament that has the power and authority to make laws. It distinguishes between parliamentary and presidential systems, with parliamentary systems having a fused executive and legislative branch and presidential systems having separated powers. It also discusses representation types, electoral systems, party characteristics, and legislative functions and powers.
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This document provides an overview of legislatures and legislative systems. It discusses the key characteristics of parliamentary and presidential systems, including the relationship between the executive and legislative branches. It also outlines some of the variations that exist among legislative bodies in terms of structure, functions, and powers. Some of the topics covered include bicameralism, legislative oversight, budget approval, and powers like filibusters. Electoral systems like plurality voting and proportional representation are also summarized.
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This document provides an overview of legislatures and legislative systems. It defines legislatures as organized political bodies with the power to make laws. It distinguishes between parliamentary and presidential systems, with the former having a fused executive-legislative branch and the latter separated powers. It also discusses representation models, electoral systems, oversight functions, and comparative legislative characteristics.
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The document provides an overview of the structure and functions of the United States Congress. It discusses how Congress was designed with a bicameral legislature to balance various interests. Key differences between the House and Senate include representation of constituencies, terms of office, and sizes. The document also examines congressional representation, the goals of members in seeking re-election and influencing policy, and how committees play an important role in legislating and oversight.
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Political parties in the US have become weaker over time. They were disliked by the founders but grew in importance during the Jacksonian era. However, reforms introduced by progressives curtailed parties' power and influence. This weakened parties and made them less able to hold officeholders accountable. Additionally, the federal system and state laws regulating parties have decentralized power and further weakened them. Now, candidates are chosen through primaries rather than being selected by party leaders. While parties still provide labels and organizations, their ability to coordinate across branches of government has declined.
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1) Initially, states decided voter eligibility and which offices citizens could vote for, leading to variation, but Congress has since standardized election laws and expanded suffrage through amendments.
2) Major expansions included the 15th Amendment granting suffrage to African Americans, the 19th Amendment granting women's suffrage, and the 26th Amendment lowering the voting age to 18.
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There are key differences between presidential and congressional campaigns. Presidential races see higher voter turnout and are more competitive, while congressional races appeal more to partisan voters. Funding for campaigns comes mostly from individual small donations, with incumbents having significant advantages in congressional elections. Various factors like the economy, party affiliation, and candidate characteristics typically determine presidential election outcomes.
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American political culture emphasizes values such as liberty, equality, democracy, civic duty, and individual responsibility. There is also a strong emphasis on free enterprise but with some acceptance of limits. Americans believe in equality of opportunity but not necessarily equality of outcome. Political and religious beliefs have played an important role in American politics. However, trust in government and feelings of political efficacy have declined somewhat since the 1950s.
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2) Major expansions included the 15th Amendment granting suffrage to African Americans, the 19th Amendment granting women's suffrage, and the 26th Amendment lowering the voting age to 18.
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Interest groups represent different interests in society and seek to influence the policy process through both insider tactics like lobbying and litigation, and outsider tactics that influence elections and media. They serve representation, participation, and information functions, but some argue they primarily benefit wealthy special interests. Pluralists see competition between groups as moderating and improving policy, while critics argue it distorts outcomes away from the public good. The influence of iron triangles of agencies, committees, and groups has also been questioned as potentially undermining democracy.
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- The presidency has evolved over time from a minimal role defined by the Constitution to a more powerful position through ambiguous clauses and the president's ability to influence public opinion. However, presidents face constraints from Congress, the public, and other factors.
- There are key differences between presidential and parliamentary systems in how the head of government is chosen and whether they have majority support in the legislature.
- The powers of the president have expanded from the early, reserved administrations through commanding the military, executing laws, and appointing cabinet officials, but control over departments and Congress remains uncertain.
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Historical Development of Congress
This document discusses the powers of Congress and its evolution over time. It outlines three key powers of Congress: passing laws, controlling government funding, and shaping foreign policy. It then compares the early Congressional models put forth by Madison, Paterson, and Sherman. Over time, Congress developed specialized committees, formalized political parties, and saw party leaders and individual members take on more influence. The speakership also became a more powerful position. More recently, Congress has strengthened its role through expanded staff and oversight in response to strong presidential leadership.
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There are key differences between presidential and congressional campaigns. Presidential races see higher voter turnout and are more competitive, while congressional races appeal more to partisan voters. Funding for campaigns comes mostly from individual small donations, with incumbents having significant advantages in congressional elections. Various factors like the economy, party affiliation, and candidate characteristics typically determine presidential election outcomes.
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American political culture emphasizes values such as liberty, equality, democracy, civic duty, and individual responsibility. There is also a strong emphasis on free enterprise but with some acceptance of limits. Americans believe in equality of opportunity but not necessarily equality of outcome. Political and religious beliefs have played an important role in American politics. However, trust in government and feelings of political efficacy have declined somewhat since the 1950s.
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This document outlines key concepts related to US campaign finance, including open and closed primaries, soft and hard money, and negative campaigning. It then discusses the history of campaign finance reform in the US, including the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974 that set spending limits and disclosure rules in response to Watergate, but was weakened over time. The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 further reformed rules around soft money and issue ads, but new groups like 527s still spent millions in elections.
Electoral systems
The document discusses different electoral systems and their characteristics. It compares the single-member-district plurality (SMDP) system and the proportional representation (PR) system. The SMDP system favors large parties and hurts small ones, while the PR system provides proportional representation in the legislative body based on a party's electoral strength. It also discusses conditions like small district numbers that can cause the SMDP system to disadvantage small parties. Referendums allow direct public voting on policy decisions. Voter turnout varies significantly between countries and different demographic groups.
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The document summarizes various corruption scandals that occurred during Ulysses S. Grant's presidency from 1869 to 1877, known as the "Era of Good Stealings". Speculators Jim Fisk and Jay Gould tried to corner the gold market, while the Secretary of the Treasury allowed private citizens to collect taxes in exchange for large commissions. Several cabinet members and the Attorney General were also found to have accepted bribes and misused government funds and contracts for personal gain. The Whiskey Ring conspiracy involved bribing IRS agents to avoid liquor taxes. The Credit Mobilier scandal revealed that Congress members received stock in the railroad company at below market value.
Bureaucracy
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in the POL 205 course on the US bureaucracy. It discusses Max Weber's principles of bureaucracy, the three main functions of the US bureaucracy as implementation, regulation, and adjudication. It also outlines how political influences have shaped the bureaucracy historically from the spoils system to civil service reforms and key laws that have expanded bureaucratic powers like the Interstate Commerce Act and Federal Reserve Act.
More Sex Scandals
Several US politicians faced scandals related to inappropriate sexual behavior while in office. Representative Wilbur Mills had an affair with a stripper named Fannie Foxe. Senator Bob Packwood faced unspecified allegations. Senator Larry Craig was arrested in an undercover sting for allegedly soliciting sex in an airport bathroom. Senator Al Franken resigned from Congress after multiple allegations of inappropriate conduct, including groping a woman during a USO tour.
Clinton and Lewinsky
- Bill Clinton engaged in an inappropriate relationship with Monica Lewinsky and initially denied it. He later admitted the relationship was wrong.
- Republicans led impeachment proceedings against Clinton for perjury and obstruction of justice related to the scandal. He was acquitted in the Senate trial.
- The scandal may have hurt Al Gore's 2000 presidential campaign by making Democrats less enthusiastic and the Gore campaign more cautious without Clinton's vigorous campaigning. This potentially changed the outcome of the close 2000 election where Gore lost Florida after a recount.
Plunkitt of Tammany Hall
This document discusses two types of political representation: delegate representation, where a representative follows the exact wishes of their constituents regardless of consequences, and trustee representation, where a representative listens to constituent views but makes their own judgment on the best course of action.
Political Machines
This document summarizes key political, economic, and social developments in the United States from the late 18th century to the early 20th century. It discusses the rise of political machines like Tammany Hall in response to immigration and industrialization. New inventions like the cotton gin and development of railroads transformed the economy and sparked labor conflicts. Reform movements like Progressivism sought to curb corruption and regulate large businesses in the Gilded Age.
State Legislatures
This document provides an overview of state legislatures, including their roles in lawmaking, representation, constituent services, oversight, appropriations, and impeachment. It discusses the structure of state legislatures, including the types and names of legislative chambers. The document also covers trends in legislative professionalism using Squire's measure of salaries, session length, and staff/resources. Different types of legislatures - professional, hybrid, and citizen - are defined. Additional topics include redistricting, the composition of state legislatures, and models of representation.
Governors and Executives
This document discusses the roles and powers of state governors. It examines governors' formal powers like appointment power, budgetary authority, and veto power. It also analyzes informal powers like using the bully pulpit to influence public opinion and persuade legislators. Governors can politicize the bureaucracy by appointing loyalists and can strengthen their party by campaigning with other members and aligning their agenda with party goals. The document also notes governors' roles in times of crisis and their ability to declare emergencies.
State Legislatures
This document provides an overview of state legislatures, including their roles in lawmaking, representation, constituent services, oversight, appropriations, and impeachment. It discusses the structure of state legislatures, including the types and names of legislative chambers. The document also covers trends in legislative professionalism using Squire's measure of salaries, session length, and staff/resources. Additionally, it addresses redistricting approaches and the demographics of state legislative membership.
Political Parties and Interest Groups
This document outlines the structure and roles of political parties at different levels of government in the United States. It discusses the basic units of precincts and wards and how they relate to congressional districts. It then explains the roles of county, state, and national party organizations in recruiting candidates, organizing conventions, fundraising, and strengthening local groups. Finally, it identifies two types of leaders for party organizations: pragmatists who prioritize electability and purists who are more principled and issue-oriented.
Political Attitudes and Participation
This document discusses various topics related to voter participation and turnout in the United States, including: historical barriers to voting like discriminatory laws against Black voters; theories for why U.S. voter turnout lags other industrialized nations such as non-compulsory voting and weekday elections; factors influencing individual voter decisions like party identification, costs/benefits analyses, and retrospective vs prospective voting; and current issues like attempts to increase voter participation through reducing legal obstacles and voter mobilization efforts.
Presidency
This document provides an overview of the US presidency, including the selection process, qualifications, and basic duties and powers of the office. It discusses how presidents are chosen by the Electoral College to serve 4-year terms, with basic requirements including being a natural-born US citizen at least 35 years old who has resided in the US for 14 or more years. It also outlines the president's formal powers as Commander-in-Chief, to make treaties and appointments, and informal powers through tools like executive orders and public persuasion.
Congress
This document discusses the structure and functions of the United States Congress. It outlines that Congress is divided into two chambers, the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House has 435 voting members elected by population, while the Senate has 100 members with 2 per state elected via state legislatures. Congress passes laws, declares war, regulates commerce, and oversees the executive branch through powers enumerated in the Constitution. The document also examines congressional leadership positions, the committee system, and the legislative process.
Civil Rights
This document provides an overview of key concepts and events related to civil liberties and civil rights in the United States. It defines civil liberties as restricting government action to protect individual rights, while civil rights require government action to secure individual rights. Major topics covered include the rights of Black Americans before and after the Civil War, key Supreme Court cases and amendments related to racial equality and voting rights, as well as landmark civil rights acts and events of the 20th century promoting desegregation and prohibiting various forms of discrimination.
POL 375 Trust Legitimacy Support for Government
This document discusses political support at the individual level and reassesses the concept. It covers three main conditions for individual-level political support: awareness of political authorities, awareness of their decisions and policies, and awareness of their goals and behavior. Political support can be based on specific policy actions and perceptions of general performance. It also discusses factors that can act as barriers to political support like cognitive incapacity and issues with measurement. Finally, it briefly outlines different types of legitimacy like traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal legitimacy.
Pol 375 Defining Scandal and Corruption
This document provides an introduction to the POL 375 course on the role of government scandals. It discusses reasons for studying scandals, such as understanding why some events become scandals and the effects of inappropriate behavior by public figures. It also presents definitions of key concepts like scandal, corruption, and political scandal. Scandals are defined as involving transgressions that become known and elicit a public response. Corruption refers to actions that deviate from a public role for private gain. The document outlines stages of scandals and possible counter-strategies. It also discusses factors that influence whether actions are seen as more or less corrupt.
POL 318 State Consitutions
This document provides information about state constitutions and how they differ from the U.S. Constitution. It discusses key features of state constitutions such as being more detailed documents that focus on specific policies, having undergone more revisions than the U.S. Constitution, and generally requiring balanced budgets. The document also notes some of the processes states use to amend their constitutions, such as legislative proposals, initiatives and referendums, constitutional conventions, and constitutional commissions.
POL 318 Federalism
This document outlines key aspects of the US federal system of government, including the separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches at the federal level. It also discusses key features of federalism such as the division of powers between the national and state governments. Over time, the relationship between the national and state governments has shifted, moving from a "layer cake" model to a more cooperative "marble cake" approach. Contemporary issues discussed include immigration, tribal sovereignty, and privacy laws.
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Legislatures and Legislative Elections
- 5. Organized Body Power and Authority to Make Laws Political Units: Towns, Cities, States, Nation U.S. Congress British Parliament German Reichstag
- 8. Found in parliamentary systems Executive selected from within legislature Executive responsible to legislature Legislative vote of no confidence Parliaments = Fused-Powers Systems Example: United Kingdom
- 10. Found in presidential systems Central feature is separation of powers Legislature independent from executive Legislature cannot remove executive (impeachment) Congressus: “Friendly meeting” or “hostile takeover”’ Example: United States
- 16. Citizen Desires Government Government Decisions Citizens Dependent on interaction between legislatures and other actors (e.g. executive) Example: Recess in U.S. Congress Important in: Single-Member Districts (SMD) Indirect Election of Executive
- 18. EDMUND BURKE TYPES OF REPRESENTATION Delegate Representation Follow Constituents Trustee Representation Listen to Constituents Make Up Own Mind
- 20. Foster Compromise Participation of Minority Groups Impact on larger societal conflict Larger problems (e.g. trust in government)
- 24. PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM Large control over policymaking in govt. Removal of Executive PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM Lesser degree of control over policymaking Political differences due to independence from exec. Divided Government (US)
- 26. Development and passage of policy proposals Monitoring agencies to ensure implementation How does oversight occur? QuestionTime Inquiries and Hearings Investigative Committees Reports on Specific Issues
- 29. Legislative approval of: National Budgets Tax Policies Denial of funds for domestic programs, wars
- 33. HOLD Prevents bill from being voted on in U.S. Senate FILIBUSTER Hold the Senate floor by making speeches so that no action is taken on bill Cloture vote ends filibuster (3/5 of Senate)
- 34. Negative power Case Examples: Canada United States Germany
- 37. Number andType of Chambers Number: Unicameral (1) vs. Bicameral (2) Type: Lower Chamber vs. Upper Chamber Relationship Between Chambers ▪ Breakdown of legislative power ▪ Equally Shared? ▪ Equally Divided? ▪ Unequally Divided?
- 38. Size Degree of Legislative Professionalism Days of Legislative Session Member Pay and Staff Turnover Rate Stability and Expertise of Body
- 40. Independence of Institution as Whole Independence of Individual Members
- 41. FUSED-POWERS SYSTEM SEPARATION OF POWERS SYSTEM Executive Legislative Voters Voters Legislative Executive
- 42. PARTY CHARACTERISTICS Candidate Selection Self-Nomination Political Machines LeadershipVeto? Internal Organization Centralized or Decentralized Leadership vs. Equality PARTY SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS Electoral System Party-Centered Candidate-Centered Party and Campaign Funding Rules on State Financing Rules on Outside Donations
- 46. One candidate is elected from each legislative district. Political parties may play a role in this decision.
- 47. FIRST-PAST-THE-POST (FPTP) Candidate w/ most votes wins Do NOT have to win majority of vote, just plurality RUNOFF Top two candidates after first round of voting compete in additional elections until majority
- 48. More than one candidate chosen from area What would happen if U.S. adopted this?
- 50. How are seats allocated?
- 51. OPEN-LIST PR Voters choose candidates from party list Candidates elected according to popular vote CLOSED-LIST PR Voters vote for party list Candidates elected in order they appear on list until all seats are filled
- 53. Votes tallied If NO candidate gets majority, the last-place candidate is eliminated. Votes are reallocated to voters’ more preferred candidates Continues until one candidate has majority
- 55. SINCEREVOTING Voting for candidate who expresses preferences STRATEGICVOTING Voting for candidate with best chance of winning
- 57. Representation vs. National Issues Voters get two votes Individual Candidate ▪ Member with most votes from constituency elected (SMD) Political Party ▪ Party votes tallied; seats based on party strength (PR) Can you see U.S. adopting hybrid system?