2. What Is a Political Party?
• Groups seeking to
elect candidates,
operate government,
determine laws.
2
3. How are parties different from
interest groups?
IG‟s do not operate government,
just influence it.
Don‟t select political candidates,
but support them.
Focus on single issues.
6. Functions of Political Parties
Recruit, organize candidates
Mobilize citizens to participate
Simplify alternatives
Provide opposition to party in power
Peaceful transfers of power
7. Two Party, Minor Party, Multi-Party Systems
America:
Dominant two party system
Republican and Democratic Parties
8. U.S. Minor (or third) Parties
Personality led minor
parties:
don‟t last long
Joseph Smith,
Independent candidate,
(1844)
Theodore Roosevelt
Progressive Bull Moose
Party (1912)
Ross Perot‟s Reform
Party (1992)
9. Ideologically driven: last long
Prohibition Party
Libertarian Party
Right to Life Party
Green Party
Natural Law party
Socialist and communist parties
10. Third Party Influence
Never won presidency
Won: handful of congressional seats
Two governorships Jesse Ventura, Reform Party, MN
Lowell Weicker, Independent Party, CT
Senator Lieberman‟s Connecticut for
Lieberman Party (2008)
11.
12. Influence On Other Candidates
Perot, H.W. Bush, Clinton (1992)
Perot won 20% of popular vote
(19 million votes)
13. 2000 Presidential Race
Ralph Nader (Green Party)
George Bush (Republican)
Al Gore (Democrat)
Gore lost FL by few
hundred votes
Thousands vote for Nader
18. How Did You Choose?
PARTY IDENTIFICATION
Usually determined from childhood
Your party affiliation?
Who influenced that decision?
19. PARTISAN REALIGNMENT AND DEALIGNMENT
Realignment
“New and stable pattern of partisan loyalties”
Caused by Critical elections
Last Electoral Realignment
o Great Depression (1932)
o Republicans mishandled crisis
o Non-traditional coalitions form for Democrats:
· Black Americans
· Organized labor
· Southern Democrats
· Working class, Catholic voters
21. Two kinds of realignments
Major party defeated, disappears,
new one emerges
Both parties continue, voters shift
loyalty
De-alignment
Rejection of both parties; rise of
independents
29. Parties not in new Constitution
Non-existent in GW‟s first election
Formed between GW‟s 2nd and TJ‟s 1st term
Hamilton: Federalists,
Jefferson Democratic-Republicans
America‟s First two-party system
Both wanted control of presidency,
congress, states
31. Washington vs. Scholars
President Washington:
Upset at party formation
Farewell address:
“nation would suffer by
„…effects of party‟”
Scholars:
Founding parties stabilized
democracy
Parties necessary
institution
Who is right?
32. Creation of Republican Party
Federalist Party collapses (1816)
Era of Good Feelings (1816-1830)
Only Democratic-Republicans existed
Competition between individuals, not
parties.
33. Period of national purpose… desired unity
Lull in partisan disputes
James Monroe worked to eliminate parties
altogether
34. National 2 Party Rule:
Whigs and Democrats
(1830s & 1840s)
Whig Party disintegrates
(1856)
Anti-slavery parties form,
strongest is Republican Party.
Northern Whigs join
Republicans.
Democratic-Republican
Party: pro-slavery party
41. Place where candidates are nominated
Composed of state delegates
State population and party support
determine state‟s delegate numbers
Caucus or state primaries determine who
delegate‟s are
42. 1976 RNC Convention, Kansas City
Ford prevails over Reagan, 1,187 to 1070
1976 Reagan Speech at RNC Convention
44. Modern Changes
Primary Contests
Primary contests select most delegates
Candidate known before convention
Lack of suspense -- declining viewership
Coverage by major networks reduced
Suggestions to do away with convention
45. Television
Made conventions tightly scripted
Each party presents best possible light
Demonstrate united front
Parties now avoid hashing out differences
46. Conventions Still Fulfill Important
Functions
Draft Party Platform
Parties mature and grow
Caucuses, receptions, breakfasts, etc…
Energize activists
Ticket emerges with poll bounce
47. 2008 DNC and RNC National
Conventions
RNC 2008
Convention
DNC 2008
Convention
48. Manipulating the Votes of
Voters: Gerrymandering
Mapping districts for advantages
Named for Elbridge Gerry, former MA governor…
Designed district coincidently shaped like
salamander
Every 10 years states redistrict
Party in power controls process
Districts must be equal in population
52. Rate of growth of federal spending
usually lower
Probability that major reform will last
usually higher
Liberties more insulated
Prospect of major war is less
53. Probability that major reform
will last:
Reagan‟s tax laws largely
survived
Exception:
Great Society programs (1960s)
54. Four wars in 20th
century initiated by
Democratic President and
Congress
Iraq War initiated by
Republican President and
Republican Congress
55. Only long period of unusual
fiscal expansion:
Kennedy/Johnson Administration
One party control in D.C.
Brought Great Society & Vietnam
War
56. Questions
What does it mean: Parties are a
necessary evil?
Are teachers biased toward political
parties?
"We are slow to change our minds about
things that matter to us or shift our
loyalties." Do we ever?