Legal English has several distinguishing characteristics. It uses specialized terminology related to the legal field. It also employs long-winded sentences with complex syntax. Nominalizations are common, where verbs are turned into nouns. The language tends to be formal and impersonal, using the passive voice frequently. Archaic terms, Latin phrases, and formulaic expressions are also utilized.
THIS THE THEORY OF OGDEN AND RICHARDS ON THE MEANING. it extract from their book of meaning of meaning. in which they discussed about the semantics triangle.
THIS THE THEORY OF OGDEN AND RICHARDS ON THE MEANING. it extract from their book of meaning of meaning. in which they discussed about the semantics triangle.
Deixis is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterances (Yule, 1996, p. 9). It means “pointing via” language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this “pointing” is called a deictic expression. Deictic expressions are also sometimes called indexical.
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Fell free to use this PPt.
Deixis is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterances (Yule, 1996, p. 9). It means “pointing via” language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this “pointing” is called a deictic expression. Deictic expressions are also sometimes called indexical.
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Fell free to use this PPt.
1 UNIVERSITY OF PORTSMOUTH BUSINESS SCHOOL BUS.docxhoney725342
1
UNIVERSITY OF PORTSMOUTH BUSINESS SCHOOL
BUSINESS & EMPLOYMENT LAW
(U21764 & U24401)
Unit co-ordinator - HELEN BURTON
[email protected]
Anglesea 1.60
Lecture Notes
2017
2
3
Week Week
beginning
Lecture Seminar
1 25
September
Introduction to the unit
Classification & sources of law
What is law?
2 2 October Domestic legislation and
European law
Classification and sources of law
3 9 October Case law and judicial
precedent
How to read and understand
cases
Legislation and statutory
interpretation
4 16 October Introduction to contract law
Contract formation
Case law and judicial precedent
How to read and understand
cases
5 23 October Contractual terms Contract formation
6 30 October Controls on exemption
clauses and unfair terms
Contractual terms
7 6 November Misrepresentation Controls on exemption clauses
and unfair terms
8 13 November Discharging a contract
Remedies for breach of
contract
Misrepresentation
9 20 November Introduction to the law of tort Discharging a contract
Remedies for breach of contract
10 27 November Negligence Introduction to the law of tort
11 4 December Vicarious liability, defences
and remedies in tort
Negligence
12 11 December No lecture Work on Moodle to help with
coursework due 12th January
Business Law
Autumn Teaching Block 2017
4
5
CONTENT OF THIS LECTURE
· Introduction to the unit
· What is law?
· Classification of law
· Sources of law
· Overview of the Courts System
Introduction to this unit
To help you throughout the year don’t forget these resources:
1 Two printed handouts:-
i. Lecture notes (you need to supplement these with your own notes, spaces have been
left for you to do so).
ii. Seminar questions.
2 University Library
3 Moodle
4 Lecturer and seminar tutors
5 Core text
6 Unit handbook, this is on Moodle and has lots of useful info about the unit, you will need to
refer to it throughout the year
Lectures only give an overview of a topic.
You need to read beyond your lecture notes!
LECTURE ONE
Introduction to the Unit
Classification and Sources of Law
6
Preparation for seminars
Seminars are most important and you should prepare for them properly and attend each week.
Evidence shows a clear link between those students who do not attend seminars and those who do
badly and fail coursework and exams
To ensure this does not happen to you make sure you:
Read the pages of the core text indicated on the seminar sheet before the seminar.
· Identify what words you will need to understand in order to answer the questions on the seminar
sheet.
· Prepare answers to the questions on the seminar sheets.
· After the class, engage in some further reading as listed on your seminar sheets.
· Ask your seminar tutor to go over any points you are not certain about, they
are ...
Application of Doctrine of Renvoi by foreign courts under conflict of lawsanvithaav
Doctrine of Renvoi is one of the main principle under the application of Private International Law. When conflict of law arises before the foreign courts, the court will resolve the issues by applying the doctrine of renvoi.
The article explains the process of creating international law, which involves multiple actors such as governments, international organizations, and civil society groups.
The sources of international law include customary international law, treaties, general principles of law, judicial decisions, international customary law, and soft law. The article outlines the steps involved in making international laws, which include drafting, negotiation, adoption, ratification, and implementation.
Translation studies
Equivalence at word level
When analysing STs, translators recognize words as single units aiming to find a direct ‘equivalent’ in the TL.
Translators should consider a number of factors such as number, gender and tense.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. Specialized discourse
There is an ever greater interest by linguists in distinguishing the characteristics of
the various genres which make up a language. n Specialized discourse (SD) is
concerned predominantly with the language used in professional and institutional
settings, e. g. in business, hospitals, schools, universities, the courts etc. n The
major distinguishing feature of SD (with respect to general discourse) is its lexicon,
i. e. the large number of specialized lexical items pertaining to a particular genre. n
The equivalent of SD in Italian is linguaggi settoriali
3. English for legal purposes (ELP) n In recent decades there has been a lot of
interest from linguists in LSP (Language for Specific Purposes) which, when
referring to English, is known as ESP (English for Specific Purposes). n Under
the umbrella term of ESP there a number of subfields. The law-related variety
of ESP is known as ELP (English for legal purposes).
4. Different types of legal discourse
The legal discourse community is made up of lawyers, judges, and all those
involved in drafting laws. These are the ‘insiders’. n There are different types of
legal discourse (subgenres): e. g. the language used between lawyer and client
or between two lawyers; the language of the courts (much of which is oral);
the language of law reports and academic texts on legal matters; the language
of legal documents. n The expression ‘legal language’ covers any sort of
discourse which is concerned with legal matters (descriptive and prescriptive),
whereas the expression ‘the language of the law’ is concerned with
prescriptive legal discourse.
5. Archaic or rarely used words and expressions Legal English sometimes uses archaic
or rarely used words and expressions. Here are two examples. The first is the
enactment clause to be found at the beginning of laws passed by Westminster.
The second is typical of the language of contracts.
• Be it enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the consent
of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament
assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:
• NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the foregoing and the respective
representations, warranties, covenants and agreements set forth in this
Agreement and intending to be legally bound hereby, the parties hereto agree
as follows:
6. Binomials and trinomials (also known as ‘strings’) are particularly common in
the language of contracts and wills, e. g.
• the terms and conditions set forth in this agreement … n This is the last will
and testament of me.
• I give, devise and bequest all my property of every nature and kind.
• the same may be amended, supplemented or modified in accordance with
the terms hereof …
7. Formulaic expressions Legal language in general tends to use formulaic
expressions, e. g.
• Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the
truth?
• Now, therefore, the parties agree as follows:
• I, ____, of ____ being of sound and disposing mind, do hereby make,
publish and declare the following to be my Last Will and Testament …
8. French words and Latinisms Legal English sometimes contains words and
expressions from Latin or French, e. g.
• “The defense was that the plaintiff was not a de jure officer and that a de
facto officer is not entitled to a salary. ”
• “If in case B a court with power to overrule case A says that case A is
overruled, the ratio decidendi of case A ceases altogether to have any
authority so far as the doctrine of precedent is concerned. ”
• “The Czech Republic shall remove trade barriers in the coal market with the
acquis by accession …”
9. Long complex sentences with intricate coordination and
subordination UN Resolutions are generally made up of one long
sentence, e. g.
Resolution 2038 (2012) Adopted by the Security Council at its 6726 th meeting, on 29
February 2012 The Security Council, Recalling its resolution 1966 (2010) adopted on 22
December 2010, Having regard to Article 14, paragraph 4, of the Statute of the
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (the Mechanism), annexed to
resolution 1966 (2010), Having considered the nomination by the Secretary-General to
appoint Mr. Hassan Bubacar Jallow as Prosecutor of the Mechanism (S/2012/112),
Noting that, according to article 7, paragraph (a) of the Transitional Arrangements
annexed to resolution 1966 (2010), the Prosecutor of the Mechanism may also hold
the office of Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR),
Recalling that pursuant to resolution 1966 (2010) the Mechanism’s branch for the ICTR
shall commence functioning on 1 July 2012, Decides to appoint Mr. Hassan Bubacar
Jallow as Prosecutor of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
with effect from 1 March 2012 for a term of four years.
10. Syntactic discontinuities are frequent in legal discourse. They interrupt the
‘natural’ flow of the sentence by inserting added information (highlighted here
in blue), e. g.
• If, after informing the supervisory authority concerned under subsection
(3), any measures taken by the supervisory authority against the insurance
undertaking are, in the opinion of the regulatory authority, not adequate
and the undertaking continues to contravene this Act, the regulatory
authority may, after informing the supervisory authority of its intention,
apply to the High Court for such an order.
• Developed country Members shall, if requested by other Members, provide
copies of the documents or, in case of voluminous documents, summaries
of the documents covered by a specific notification in English, French or
Spanish.
11. Widespread use of the passive The passive is very common in legal
discourse, especially where it is not necessary to specify the agent, e. g.
• The acronym EURES shall be used exclusively for activities within EURES.
It shall be illustrated by a standard logo, defined by a graphic design
scheme. The logo shall be registered as a Community trade mark at the
Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (OHIM). It may be used
by the EURES members and partners.
• If any term or provision of this Agreement shall be deemed prohibited
by or invalid under any applicable law, such provision shall be
invalidated without affecting the remaining provisions of this
Agreement, the Original Agreement or the Loan Documents.
12. Impersonal style The language of the law tends to use a highly formal,
impersonal style, always in the third person, e. g.
• No one may be subjected to slavery, servitude or forced labour.
• Everyone has the right of access to a) any information held by the state
and b) any information that is held by another person and that is
required for the exercise or protection of any rights.
• When a prisoner is found guilty of an infraction of the laws of this state
or the rules of the department, gain-time may be forfeited according to
law.
• Members shall ensure that their sanitary or phytosanitary measures are
adapted to the sanitary or phytosanitary characteristics of the area –
whether all of a country, part of a country, or all or parts of several
countries – from which the product originated and to which the
product is destined.
13. Nominalization is the process by which a grammatical expression (very often a
verb phrase) is turned into a noun phrase, e. g. to apply = to make an
application. It is a common feature of formal language in general. For example
• An amendment to the Constitution of Canada may be made by proclamation
issued by the Governor General …
• No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of these rights other than those
imposed in conformity with the law …
• In the preparation and application of sanitary or phytosanitary measures,
Members shall take account of the special needs of developing country
Members, and in particular of the least-developed country Members.