This document discusses different definitions and perspectives of translation. It defines translation as substituting text from one language to an equivalent text in another language. Translation is also defined as replacing a written message from one language to another while maintaining the same meaning. Additionally, translation involves studying elements of the source language text like lexicon, grammar, culture to determine meaning, then reconstructing that meaning using appropriate elements of the target language and its culture. The document also outlines various types of translations like technical, scientific, literary, and media translations. It provides an overview of the translation process including initial analysis of the text, translating in short chunks, accuracy checking, taking a break, and final polishing. Essential translator skills are also listed.

1. Translation Studies
Translation
Written Translation
Interpreting
Spoken Translation
Simultaneous
Consecutive
Sight Tr. Media Tr.
Legal Tr.
Religious Tr.

2. • This concept has been defined differently by different scholars from different
perspectives
1. In his book (A Linguistic Theory of Translation), Catford states that translation
is a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another
language. Furthermore, he defined that translation is the replacement of
textual material in source language by equivalent textual material in target
language.
2. For Newmark translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a
written message and/or statement in one language by the same message
and/or statement in another language.
3. According to Bell Translation is a mental activity in which a meaning of given
linguistic discourse is rendered from one language to another

3. For Larson translation consists of studying lexicon, grammatical structure,
communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text,
analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, then reconstructing this same
meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the
receptor language and its cultural context.
(Translation Process by Larson, 1984)

4. Technical Translations
Scientific Translation
Financial Translation
Legal Translation
Literary Translation
Sport Translation
Media Translation
Medical Translation
Admin Translation
Marketing Translation
Multi Media Translation
Political Translation
Types of Translation

5. Overview
The first step is simply to scope out the text to be
translated - subject matter, content, length, style,
technicality, etc. The translator will typically read or
skim read parts of the text to get a feel for the content.
They may note key concepts or terminology to be
researched, or background reading needed.

6. Initial Translation
The translator systematically translates the
document in chunks of 5 – 10 words a Time.
Chunks need to be short enough to hold in short
term memory, and will perfectly be discrete units
of meaning.

7. Accuracy check
The translation is logically compared against the
original, chunk by chunk. The aim is to confirm no
content has been missed and no meaning
mistranslated. Most translators will also look to
improve any awkward or unstylish wording.

8. Clear the mind
This step is very simple - put the translation aside
and take a break. This will be for a few hours or
overnight. The aim is purely to clear the mind so
the final step is more effective.

9. Final polishing
The translator re-reads the translation,
without reference to the source document,
looking solely at quality of expression. Final
edits are made to further refine the
translation wording.

10. Essential (core competency)
translator skills:
1. Advanced language knowledge
2. Excellent writing skills
3. In-depth cultural knowledge
4. Sound research skills
5. Best practice translation and
review processes
6. Sound translation judgment
7. Computing and CAT skills