This document discusses grammatical issues in translation between Arabic and English. It covers areas like morphology, syntax, lexical differences, and grammatical structures. Some key points: 1) Translation loss is common at the grammatical level due to differences in morphology, word formation, and syntax between languages. However, the goal is not to avoid all loss but to construct idiomatic sentences in the target language. 2) Lexical differences arise because exact synonyms are rare between languages. Words also take on additional meanings. Grammatical structures like compounding and verb tenses also differ between Arabic and English. 3) Morphological repetition involving patterns, roots or suffixes is used in Arabic for cohesion and emphasis. This

1. Grammatical issues in translation
The grammatical level:
1. Morphology: words and their formation
by affixation, inflection, derivation and
compounding
2. Syntax: the arrangement of words into
phrases and sentence
.

2. It is the grammatical level where
translation loss is generally obvious given
the grammatical differences between
languages. However, the question is not
whether there is translation loss (there
always is), but what it consists in and
whether it matters

3. 1.1 Words (lexis)
It is vital to remember that meanings are not found
exclusively in the words listed individually in the
dictionary.
Any text shows that the combination of words
creates meanings that they do not have in
isolation and even meanings that are not wholly
predictable from the senses of the words
combined.

4. In translation lexical loss is very common. It
arises from the fact that exact synonymy
between ST words and TL words is relatively
rare.
Example,
The word may be considered an exact
synonymy of English 'meat'. For many Arabs ,
and fish almost certainly will not.
‫لحم‬
however, chicken may not count as
‫لحم‬

5. Another source of lexical translation loss is that
words often acquire associative overtones over
and above their denotative meaning.
Example,
‫عيني‬ ‫في‬ ‫المحترق‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫أحمل‬
' I carry this scorched era in my eyes.' Rather than
I carry this burnt era in my eyes'.
'scorched era' sounds much more acceptable
because the phrase echoes the military phrase
'scorched earth'.

6. 1.2 Grammatical arrangement
Lexical issues are a particular category of
grammatical issue. So it is not surprising that
some lexical issues are discussed under the
heading of grammatical arrangement.
1.2.1 morphological patterns affecting individual
words- affixation, inflection, derivation and
compounding.
1.2.1 syntactic patterns: words are linked to form
more or less complex phrases and sentences

7. For example, the accusative suffix is a
recognized means of forming adverbs in
Arabic, while English adds 'ly' to form
adverbs.
•

8. Arabic adverbs English translations
‫كثيرا‬
Much, often
‫األخيرة‬ ‫األونة‬ ‫في‬
recently
persistently
‫ملح‬ ‫نحو‬ ‫علي‬
He wept bitterly
‫مرا‬ ‫بكاء‬ ‫بكي‬
Her eyes twinkled happily.
‫تبتسمان‬ ‫عيناها‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫و‬
‫فرحتين‬
American-backed organization
‫مدعومة‬ ‫منظمة‬
‫أمريكيا‬

9. Compounding
Compounding differs from one language to another.
In English is capable of relatively long
compounds, while in Arabic compounds are
formed in two ways:
1. by the use of genitive structure:
‫نوم‬ ‫غرفة‬
bedroom'
2. by noun adjective pairs
'The Middle East'
‫األوسط‬ ‫الشرق‬

10. However, both of these structures can yield
complications when combined with other
elements.
Example:
‫الجديدة‬ ‫النوم‬ ‫غرفة‬ ‫ستائر‬
In the absence of case-ending markers in the
text it is unclear whether the phrase means
'the new curtains of the bedroom' or 'the
curtains of the new bedroom'

11. Verb tenses:
The system of tenses in Arabic is quite different
from English;
. In some contexts, it might mean 'will buy' can
mean 'buys' and 'is buying'
‫يشتري‬
In some contexts it can be translated as 'bought' or
'was buying (e.g. in certain subordinate clauses,
or in a story where a general past tense setting
has already been established for a particular part
of the text).

12. In English tenses relate fairly consistently to natural
time. Arabic operates with a system that
combines tense and aspect. For example, the
perfect can indicate completion of the action as
well as occurrence in the past ( as in he bought).
The imperfect may indicate non-completion of
the action regardless of whether it occurs in the
past or present (For example, in contexts where
translates as is /was buying.
‫يشتري‬

13. The actual time significance of the imperfect in
particular is very often context- dependent.
To sum up, translators should give priority to the
exact meaning of word in a particular context
and to constructing idiomatic TL sentences,
even where this entails translation loss.

14. Morphological repetition:
The most important forms of morphological
repetition which are of most importance for
translation are: Pattern repetition, root
repetition and suffix repetition.
1. Pattern repetition
It involves the repetition of the same pattern
(
(
‫مفعلة‬
,
‫فعل‬
,,
‫مفعول‬
,
‫فاعل‬
,
‫فعل‬
in two or more
words in close proximity,

15. 2. Root repetition
It involves repetition of the same root in two or
more words in close proximity.
They provide textual cohesion as well as stylistic
and other purposes e.g
‫البيت‬
‫الكبير‬ ‫القديم‬
'The big old house'

16. Here the
‫فعيل‬
pattern does not have any
particular significance.
However, when Pattern repetition is combined
with some kind of semantic relationship, they
give additional emphasis

17. •
There are three relevant types of semantic
relationship:
a. semantically related words
b. synonyms or near- synonyms
c. antonyms

18. Semantically related words are words whose
meanings fall within the same general
semantic field, which are clearly distinct in
meaning
"thoughts and dreams' e.g.
‫أفكار‬
and
‫أحالم‬

19. ‫دهشة‬ and ‫'صدمة‬amazement and shock. These can be
translated fairly literally without any problems.
The translation of synonyms or near- synonyms
with pattern repetition involves the same
techniques as used with repetition of synonyms
generally, i.e. merging, grammatical
transposition, semantic distancing and
maintenance.

20. a. Merging: ‫التأدب‬ ‫من‬ ‫له‬ ‫بد‬ ‫ال‬ ‫كان‬
‫و‬
‫التعلم‬ 'so he had
no alternative left to him but education‘
b. grammatical transposition: ‫والتحليل‬ ‫التنظير‬ '
systematic analysis'
c. semantic distancing:‫الفزع‬ ‫من‬ ‫عليها‬ ‫خوفا‬ ‫الهلع‬ ‫و‬
'for fear of alarming and upsetting her'

21. d. maintenance:
'The transformational role of the military:
evaluation and analysis'
‫التغيري‬ ‫العسكر‬ ‫دور‬
:
‫تقوي‬
‫م‬
‫و‬
‫تحليل‬
The ST structure has been
maintained through the use of the fairly
standard English translations of
‫تقويم‬
'evaluation' 'analysis'
‫تحليل‬

22. Pattern repetition with antonyms is also fairly
common. Consider the following:
(See examples in the book page 102
ً‫ا‬‫وهبوط‬ ‫صعودا‬
) ' the changing fortunes'.
Pattern repetition may also occur with a
combination of synonyms and antonyms.
(See examples in the book page 102 ) ' ‫العسر‬
‫و‬
‫اليسر‬.