Lecture8 nervous system
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This document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its central and peripheral components. It describes the main cell types - neurons and glial cells. It discusses the key parts of neurons - dendrites, axons, axon hillock. It outlines the main types of neurons and glial cells in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It provides details on how neurons communicate at synapses and how glial cells support neuronal function.
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This document summarizes the structure and types of cells in the nervous system. It describes that the nervous system contains central and peripheral divisions. The central nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord while the peripheral nervous system contains cranial and spinal nerves. There are two main cell types - neurons which are excitable cells that transmit signals and neuroglia which are non-excitable supporting cells. Neurons contain a cell body, dendrites and an axon. Neuroglia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. The document also provides an overview of the spinal nerve, reflex arc and different types of reflex actions.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the nervous system, including:
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The nervous system consists of neurons and neuroglial cells. Neurons transmit nerve impulses through electrical and chemical signals. The neuron has a cell body, dendrites which receive signals, and an axon which transmits signals. Schwann cells wrap around axons and form myelin sheaths to insulate axons. Myelin allows faster impulse transmission. The nervous system regulates sensation, movement, and organ function through sensory, motor and interneurons. Nerve impulses rely on ion exchange and travel through the nervous system via pathways and reflex arcs.
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Neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system. There are three main types of neurons: motor neurons carry signals from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands, sensory neurons carry signals from receptors in the body into the central nervous system, and interneurons connect neurons within the brain and spinal cord to pass information between motor and sensory neurons.
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The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its structures and functions. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors. It describes the three major types of nervous tissue: neurons, which transmit electrical signals; neuroglia, which support and protect neurons; and myelin, which insulates axons. Neurons are classified structurally as unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar, and functionally as sensory, motor, or interneurons. The document also examines electrical signaling in neurons via graded potentials and action potentials, and the role of ion channels in generating these signals
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This document provides an overview of the structure and function of the nervous system. It discusses the major components of the nervous system including neurons, neuroglia, and the central and peripheral nervous systems. It describes how neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals, including the generation and propagation of graded potentials and action potentials. Synaptic transmission and the roles of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission are also summarized.
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THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTAINS TWO MAIN TYPES OF CELLS.
A neuron is a nerve cell that is the basic building block of the
nervous system.
Neurons are the structural and functional unit of the nervous
system.
Neurons are specialized to transmit information throughout the
body.
They constitute the communication network of the nervous system and transfer electrical impulses between the central nervous system and sensory organs such as eye,ear.nose,tongue and skin.
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known as dendrite spines.
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branches at the middle of the axon is axon collaterals .
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Lecture8 nervous system
- 1. Nervous system Central nervous system Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system Nerves Ganglia Nerve endings
- 2. Nervous tissue nerve cells NEURONS supporting cells GLIAL CELLS
- 5. Dendrites Multiple processes Receptor processes Usually short Branch profusely forming a dendritic tree Become thinner as they subdivide into branches
- 6. Axons Single processes Effector processes Usually long Don’t branch profusely Ends in terminal arborization – telodendron Have constant diameter
- 7. Types of neurons Sensory (afferent) Motor (efferent) Interneurons
- 8. Types of neurons Bipolar neurons Retina Olfactory mucosa Cochlear and vestibular ganglia Pseudounipolar neurons Sensory neurons Multipolar neurons Motor neurons Interneurons
- 9. Nuclei of glial cells dendrite Axon hillock
- 10. Nissl bodies rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternaes and free ribosomes
- 13. Types of synapses Excitatory Inhibitory
- 14. Types of glial cells Central nervous system Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglia Peripheral nervous system Schwann cells Satellite cells
- 15. Astrocytes Glial cells of central nervous system 2 types Protoplasmic Fibrous support neurons surround neurons, blood vessels, synapses form a layer on outer surface of the brain and spinal cord control ionic and chemical environment of neurons regulate neuronal activity and metabolism joined to one another by gap junctions forming a continous network
- 19. Microglial cells – Microglia glial cells of central nervous system phagocytic cells – belong to mononuclear phagocytic system macrophages of CNS derive from precursor cells in bone marrow involved in inflammation processes in CNS phagocyte dead neurons and an excess of neurons during embryogenesis
- 20. Ependymal cells glial cells of CNS cuboidal cells line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
- 21. Oligodendrocytes glial cells of CNS have only a few small processes myelin – forming cells in CNS
- 23. Cells forming the myelin sheath PNS Schwann cells CNS Oligodendrocytes
- 24. Schwann cell Internode Node of Ranvier
- 27. Peripheral nervous system Myelinated fibers Unmyelinated fibers One Shwann cell→ one axon One Schwann cell→ several axons Axon Shwann cell Shwann cell
- 29. Central nervous system Myelinated fibers Unmyelinated fibers Oligodendrocytes Bare nerve fibers – not imbedded in glial cells
- 30. Peripheral nervous system nerves sensory nerves motor nerves mixed nerves ganglia nerve endings
- 32. Nerve Endoneurium – loose connective tissue Perineurium – a few layers of flattened epithelium – like cells Epineurium – dense irregular connective tissue containing blood vessels
- 41. Nucleolus Satelite cells Nucleus of nerve cell
- 42. Sensory ganglia lie in dorsal roots of spinal cord, outside of CNS contain cell bodies of sensory neurons – pseudounipolar 2 regions central region – nerve fibers peripheral region – cell bodies cell bodies are covered by satellite cells satellite cells – a kind of glial cells of PNS
- 43. Nervous system Somatic nervous system – voluntary functions – control skeletal muscles Autonomic nervous system – involuntary functions – control smooth muscle, secretion of some glands, modulation of cardiac rhythm
- 45. Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic system – presynaptic neurons are located in thoracic and lumbar segments of spinal cord Parasympathetic system – presynaptic neurons have their nuclei in medulla, midbrain, sacral portion of spinal cord
- 46. Nerve endings afferent – sensory receptors efferent
- 47. Sensory receptors exteroceptors proprioceptors interoceptors
- 48. Sensory receptors Nonencapsulated Free nerve endings Merkel endings Encapsulated Meissner corpuscle Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini corpuscle
- 49. Free nerve endings Found in skin and corneal epithelium Terminate in epidermis Devoid of Schwann cells and myelin Respond to touch, heat, cold, pain
- 50. Merkel ending Nerve endings are attached to Merkel cells Merkel cells – modified epidermal cells located in skin Mechanoreceptors – sensitive to touch
- 51. Pacinian corpuscles Encapsulated receptors Ovoid structure resembling a hemisected onion Nerve ending is surrounded by concentric lamellae of flattened cells Found in hypodermis and deed fascia tissues Respond to vibrations and deep pressure
- 53. Meissner’s corpuscles Encapsulated receptors Contain Schwann cells that form irregular, tortuous lamellae Nerve fibers pass between lamellae Found in the papillary layer of hairless skin (lips, fingers, hands, foots) Respond to touch
- 56. Proprioceptors Muscle spindles Golgi tendon organs
- 63. Degeneration and regeneration of peripheral nerve - steps 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Schwann cells proliferate and bridge the scar. The axon degenerate Anterograde degeneration – (refers to distal segment) – comprise the whole distal segment including axon and myelin sheath Retrograde degeneration – (refers to proximal segment) –extends for a short distance Debris is phagocyted by macrophages. The cell body undergoes chromatolysis. The muscle fiber shows a denervation atrophy. Shwann cell prolipherate within a connective tissue sleeve. The axon grows and penetrate the Schwann cell columns. Schwann cells produce myelin sheath on the regenerated axon.