The IC fabrication process involves numerous steps:
1) Silicon wafers are manufactured through processes like Czochralski crystal growth and then undergo oxidation, photolithography, etching, diffusion/ion implantation, and metallization.
2) Oxidation grows insulating silicon dioxide layers on the wafer through wet or dry processes.
3) Photolithography uses a mask and light to transfer circuit patterns to photoresist before etching removes exposed material.
Semiconductor device fabrication is the process used to create the integrated circuits that are present in everyday electrical and electronic devices. It is a multiple-step sequence of photo lithographic and chemical processing steps during which electronic circuits are gradually created on a wafer made of pure semiconducting material. Silicon is almost always used, but various compound semiconductors are used for specialized applications.
In MOS, source-drain regions of adjacent MOS transistors together with interconnection metal lines may constitute parasitic MOS transistors unless they are isolated from each other. Hence, each MOSFET must be electrically isolated from each other. Device Isolation Techniques in VLSI microfabrication of MOS are discussed.
Semiconductor device fabrication is the process used to create the integrated circuits that are present in everyday electrical and electronic devices. It is a multiple-step sequence of photo lithographic and chemical processing steps during which electronic circuits are gradually created on a wafer made of pure semiconducting material. Silicon is almost always used, but various compound semiconductors are used for specialized applications.
In MOS, source-drain regions of adjacent MOS transistors together with interconnection metal lines may constitute parasitic MOS transistors unless they are isolated from each other. Hence, each MOSFET must be electrically isolated from each other. Device Isolation Techniques in VLSI microfabrication of MOS are discussed.
Ion implantation is used in semiconductor device fabrication and in metal finishing, as well as in material science research.
it is a low temperature process that includes the acceleration of ions of a particular element towards a target, altering the chemical and physical properties of the target.
Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between conductors such as most metals and nonconductors or insulators like ceramics. How much electricity a semiconductor can conduct depends on the material and its mixture content.
Semiconductors can be insulators at low temperatures and conductors at high temperatures. As they are used in the fabrication of electronic devices, semiconductors play an important role in our lives.
1.Silicon Manufacturing
a) Czochralski method.
b) Wafer Manufacturing
c) Crystal structure
2.Photolithography
a) Photoresists
b) Photomask and Reticles
c) Patterning
MONOLITHIC IC PROCESSES A monolithic integrated circuit (IC) is a set of circuitry on a single semiconductor plate or chip rather than built of separate elements as a discrete circuit is.
Ion implantation is used in semiconductor device fabrication and in metal finishing, as well as in material science research.
it is a low temperature process that includes the acceleration of ions of a particular element towards a target, altering the chemical and physical properties of the target.
Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between conductors such as most metals and nonconductors or insulators like ceramics. How much electricity a semiconductor can conduct depends on the material and its mixture content.
Semiconductors can be insulators at low temperatures and conductors at high temperatures. As they are used in the fabrication of electronic devices, semiconductors play an important role in our lives.
1.Silicon Manufacturing
a) Czochralski method.
b) Wafer Manufacturing
c) Crystal structure
2.Photolithography
a) Photoresists
b) Photomask and Reticles
c) Patterning
MONOLITHIC IC PROCESSES A monolithic integrated circuit (IC) is a set of circuitry on a single semiconductor plate or chip rather than built of separate elements as a discrete circuit is.
This is one of the fabrication technology used in IC fabrication. This technique is mostly used in flexible electronics. It contains various other subprocesses in it.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to describe the methods for preparation of optical fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
2. IC Fabrication Process Sequence
•Silicon Wafer manufacturing
•Wafer processing
•Oxidation
•Photo Lithography
•Etching
•Diffusion & Ion implantation
•Metallization
•Testing
•Assembly and packaging
3. 3
Transistor in side the IC
IC 7400
No. of NAND gates=4
No. of transistors per gate=4
Total no of transistors=16
Size of chip in terms of mm
Can you Imagine the size of the transistor in side IC
7. 7
Oxidation
Si+O2 SiO2
1200 C
1. Wet Oxidation
•Water vapour
•Used to grow Thick Oxide
•Oxygen gas
•Used to grow Thin Oxide
2. Dry Oxidation
Si+2H2O SiO2+2H2
900 C
•Thickness depends on Temperature and Time
•The process by which a layer of silicon di oxide is grown
8. 8
Photo Lithography
•It uses light to transfer a geometric pattern from a
photo mask to a photo sensitive chemical photo resist
on the substrate
•Photo resist: An organic polymer, sensitive to UV
light and resistant to attack by acids.This is of 2 types.
Positive &negative. If negative PR is used, the PR
where it is exposed to UV light get hardened.
•A solvent called developer is used to remove the soft
PR
Photo resist coating process
9. 9
•Mask: Photo mask is an opaque
plate with holes or
transparencies that allow light to
shine throgh in a defined pattren
•Lens: To scale the mask
Photo Lithography
11. 11
Diffusion & Ion Implantation
•Diffusion and ion implantation are the two key methods of impurity
doping
•Diffusion: Dopant atoms move from
the surface into Si by thermal means
via substitutional or interstitial
diffusion mechanism
•It requires high temperature and
hard mask
•Dopant concentration and junction
depth cannot be controlled
12. 12
•Ion implantation: Dopant atoms
are forcefully added into Si in the
form of energetic ion beam injection
•Requires low temperature and
PR mask
•Dopant concentration and
junction depth can be controlled
Diffusion & Ion Implantation
