This document provides information about soil permeability and hydraulic conductivity. It discusses three key points:
1) It defines permeability and hydraulic conductivity as a soil's capacity to allow water to pass through it. Darcy's law establishes that flow is proportional to hydraulic gradient.
2) It identifies factors that affect permeability, including particle size, void ratio, properties of pore fluid, shape of particles, soil structure, degree of saturation, and more.
3) It describes methods to determine hydraulic conductivity in the lab, including constant-head and falling-head permeability tests, and how hydraulic conductivity is calculated based on water flow through a soil sample.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This presentation includes Definition of Permeability, measurement of Permeability, Validity of Darcy's law, Darcy's Law, Methods of Finding Permeability, factors affecting permeability, Permeability of Stratified Soil
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This presentation includes Definition of Permeability, measurement of Permeability, Validity of Darcy's law, Darcy's Law, Methods of Finding Permeability, factors affecting permeability, Permeability of Stratified Soil
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This presentation is all about consolidation of soil and it's importance in Civil Engineering, co-efficients of consolidation, methods of determining co-efficient of consolidation, Terzaghi's Spring Analogy, Terzaghi's Theory
Soils and rocks have unique and distinct engineering properties.
Engineering properties of soils and rocks are very essential parameters to be analysed for several technical reasons.
Properties of these materials may not only pose problems but also give solutions to solve the problems.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This presentation is all about consolidation of soil and it's importance in Civil Engineering, co-efficients of consolidation, methods of determining co-efficient of consolidation, Terzaghi's Spring Analogy, Terzaghi's Theory
Soils and rocks have unique and distinct engineering properties.
Engineering properties of soils and rocks are very essential parameters to be analysed for several technical reasons.
Properties of these materials may not only pose problems but also give solutions to solve the problems.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Diagrid structural systems
are emerging as structurally efficient as well as architecturally significant assemblies for tall buildings.
. The evolution of tall building structural systems based on new structural
concepts with newly adopted high strength materials and construction methods have been towards “stiffness” and “lightness”. Structural systems are become
“lighter” and “stiffer”.
It is common knowledge that rather than directly standing the forces,
it is better to reduce them and dissipate the magnitude of vibrations.
Structure design of high rise buildings is governed by lateral loads due to
wind or earthquake.
Lateral load resistance of structure is provided by interior structural system
or exterior structural system.
The selected structural system should be such that it should be effectively
utilized for structural requirements.
Recently diagrid structural system is adopted in tall buildings due to its
structural efficiency and flexibility in architectural planning.
Experiential Investigation on the Stabilization of Dispersive Soil with Limeijtsrd
The soils that are highly susceptible to erosion and containing high percentage of exchangeable sodium ions are called Dispersive Soils. In appearance, dispersive clays are like normal clays that are stable and somewhat resistant to erosion, but in reality they can be highly erosive and subject to severe damage or failure. Using dispersive clay soils in hydraulic structures, embankment dams, or other structures such as roadway, embankments can cause serious engineering problems if these soils are not stabilized and used appropriately. This problem is worldwide, and structural failures attributed to dispersive soils have occurred in many countries. This paper presents the stabilization of dispersive soil with lime. The soil sample is taken from Mandalay. Grain size distribution, Atterberg's limit test, compaction test, unconfined compressive strength UCS test and triaxial test are carried out to obtain the properties of soil. Type of studied soil classified by unified classification system is lean clay with sand. Crumb test is performed to know the dispersion degree of study soil. According to crumb test, the study soil is highly dispersive clay soil. Lime is used as stabilizing agent. The amount of lime used is 2 , 3 and 4 by dry weight of soil. The studied soil is mixed various contents of lime, and then crumb test is performed. At dispersive soil mixed with 4 of lime, there is no dispersion characteristic in soil. For stabilization of studied soil, 4 of lime is selected to investigate the improvement of strength in treated soil. The treated soil is performed compaction test, unconfined compression strength UCS test and triaxial test. Unconfined compression strength of treated soil at 4 lime is increased as 1.12 times that of natural soil. The shear strength of treated soil increases about 2 times than that of natural soil. The cohesion value of treated soil increases about 1.12 times and the angle of internal friction increases about 1.23 times than that of natural soil. Finally, it is concluded from this study that the lime treated soil is more resistant to erosion and the treated soil is more resistant to shear stress and lateral pressure. Soe Soe War | Nyein Nyein Thant "Experiential Investigation on the Stabilization of Dispersive Soil with Lime" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26658.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26658/experiential-investigation-on-the-stabilization-of-dispersive-soil-with-lime/soe-soe-war
Liquefaction Analysis of Kakinada Region by Using Geotechnical Borehole Dataiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
1. Ground Water Occurrence
2. Types of Aquifers
3. Aquifer Parameters
4. Darcy’s Law
5. Measurement of Coefficient of Permeability of Soil
6. Types of Wells
7. Well Construction
8. Well Development
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
1. INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
FOR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
وا م ا و ا ا
CIVIL ENGINEERING AND
ENVIRONMENTAL DEPARTMENT
303322 - Soil Mechanics
Soil Permeability
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi
Lecture
2
Lecture
6
2. Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 2
Das, B., M. (2014), “ Principles of geotechnical
Engineering ” Eighth Edition, CENGAGE
Learning, ISBN-13: 978-0-495-41130-7.
Knappett, J. A. and Craig R. F. (2012), “ Craig’s Soil
Mechanics” Eighth Edition, Spon Press, ISBN: 978-
0-415-56125-9.
References
3. Introduction
In soil mechanics and foundation, engineering,
you must know how much water is flowing
through a soil in unit time. This knowledge is
required to design earth dams, determine the
quantity of seepage under hydraulic structures,
and dewater before and during the construction
of foundations.
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 3
4. Permeability is defined as a capacity of soil to
allow water passes through it i.e. quantity of
flowing for a unit of soil surface under a pressure
of 1 unit hydraulic gradient.
Soil Permeability
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 4
5. Soils are permeable due to the existence of
interconnected voids through which water flow
from points of high energy to points of low
energy.
Soil Permeability
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 5
6. • A soil is highly pervious when water can flow
through it easily. (Gravels)
• In an impervious soil, the permeability is very low
and water cannot easily flow through it. (Clays)
• Rocks are impermeable
• The study of the flow of water through permeable
soil media is important in soil mechanics.
Soil Permeability
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 6
7. Importance of Permeability
The following applications illustrate the importance of
permeability in geotechnical design:
Permeability influences the rate of settlement of a
saturated soil under load.
The design of earth dams is very much based upon the
permeability of the soils used.
The stability of slopes and retaining structures can be
greatly affected by the permeability of the soils involved.
Filters made of soils are designed based upon their
permeability.
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 7
8. The following factors affect the permeability
of soils
1) Particle size
2) Void ratio of soil.
3) Properties of pore fluid.
4) Shape of particles.
5) Structure of soil mass.
Factors Affecting Permeability of Soils
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 8
9. The following factors affect the permeability
of soils
6) Degree of saturation.
7) Absorbed water.
8) Entrapped air and organic impurities in
water.
9) Temperature.
10) Stratification of soil
Factors Affecting Permeability of Soils
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 9
10. Factors Affecting Permeability of Soils
1. Particle size
The Permeability varies approximately as
the square of grain size. It depends on the
effective diameter of the grain size (D10)
2. Void ratio
Increase in the void ratio increases the area
available for flow hence permeability
increases for critical conditions.
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 10
11. Factors Affecting Permeability of Soils
3. Properties of pore fluid.
Pore fluids are fluids that occupy pore spaces
in a soil or rock. Permeability is directly
proportional to the unit weight of pore
fluid and inversely proportional to viscosity
of pore fluid.
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 11
12. Factors Affecting Permeability of Soils
4. Shape of particles
Permeability is inversely proportional to specific
surface e.g. as angular soil have more specific
surface area compared to the round soil
therefore, the soil with angular particles is less
permeable than soil of rounded particles.
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 12
13. Factors Affecting Permeability of Soils
5. Structure of soil mass
For same void ratio the permeability is more
for flocculent structure as compared to the
dispended structure
IUST
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 13
14. Factors Affecting Permeability of Soils
6. Degree of saturation
The permeability of partially saturated soil is
less than that of fully saturated soil.
Permeability
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 14
15. Factors Affecting Permeability of Soils
7. Adsorbed Water
Adsorbed Water means a thin microscopic
film of water surrounding individual soil
grains. This water is not free to move and
hence reduces the effective pore space an thus
decreases coefficient of permeability.
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 15
16. Factors Affecting Permeability of Soils
8. Entrapped air and organic impurities
The organic impurities and entrapped air
obstruct the flow and coefficient of
permeability is reduce due to their presence.
Air or
water
pore
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 16
17. Factors Affecting Permeability of Soils
9. Temperature
As the viscosity of the pore fluid decrease with
the temperature , permeability increases with
temperature , as unit weight of pore fluid
does not change much with change in
temperature.
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 17
18. Factors Affecting Permeability of Soils
10. Stratification of soil
Stratified soils are those soils which are formed
by layer upon layer of the earth or dust
deposited on each other. If the flow is parallel
to the layers of stratification , the permeability
is max. while the flow in Perpendicular
direction occur with min. permeability.
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 18
19. The water flow is divided into two
categories:
1)Laminar flow
2)Turbulent flow
Water Flow
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 19
20. Laminar flow indicates that each water
particle follows a definite path and never
crosses the path of another particle.
Water Flow
]
Laminar flow
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 20
21. Turbulent flow indicates a random path of
irregular and twisted movement.
Water Flow
Turbulent flow
]
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 21
22. Water below a GWT surface is usually
flowing under a hydraulic gradient,
defined as the slope of the free water
surface in the direction of flow.
Hydraulic Gradient
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 22
23. Hydraulic Gradient
A
B
∆
The hydraulic gradient is expressed as
where:
i = hydraulic gradient
∆h = the head loss
L = distance between points A and B
∆
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 23
6 1
24. Darcy’s Law
Henry Darcy (1803-1858), Hydraulic Engineer. His
law is a foundation stone for several fields of study
Darcy’s Law demonstrated experimentally
that for laminar flow conditions in a
saturated soil, the rate of flow or the
discharge per unit time is proportional to
the hydraulic gradient
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 24
25. Darcy(1856) stated that the flow of water through
porous media is directly proportional to the head
loss and inversely proportional to the length of flow
path. This may be written as:
Darcy’s Law
∆
where :
k = permeability coefficient or hydraulic conductivity
v = discharge velocity (average velocity )
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 25
6 2
26. Discharge velocity (average velocity ), is the
quantity of total water flowing in unit time,
(q) through a unit gross cross-sectional area,
(A) of soil at right angles to the direction of
flow.
Direction
of flow
Darcy’s Law
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 26
6 3
27. Darcy’s type of flow is stable in character as
long as the four basic conditions are always
satisfied:
The steady state is laminar flow
Hundred percent saturation
Flow fulfilling continuity conditions
No volume changes occur during or as a
result of flow.
Range of Validity of Darcy’s Low
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 27
28. The discharge velocity based on the gross cross
sectional area of the soil. However, the actual
velocity of water (that is the seepage velocity)
through the void spaces is greater than v.
L
Area of soil
specimen = A
Area of soil
solids = As
Area of
voids = Av
Flow rate, q
Seepage Velocity
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 28
29. A relationship between the discharge velocity and
the seepage velocity:
If the quantity of water flowing through the soil
in unit time is q, then
where
= seepage velocity
= area of void in the cross section of the
specimen
Seepage Velocity
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 29
30. An estimate of actual velocity, νs referred to as
the seepage velocity can be made by considering
the following equation:
Seepage Velocity
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 30
6 4
31. Darcy’s type of flow is stable in character as long as
the four basic conditions are always satisfied:
o The steady state is laminar flow with no changes in
hydraulic gradient
o Hundred percent saturation and no air bubbles in
the soil voids,
o Flow fulfilling continuity conditions
o No volume changes occur during or as a result of
flow.
o The total cross sectional area of soil mass is
considered.
Range of Validity of Darcy’s Law
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 31
32. Permeability is also known as hydraulic
conductivity.
Hydraulic conductivity, marked as K, or K-
values, is one of the principal and most
important soil hydrology (hydraulic)
characteristic (parameter) and it is an
important factor in water transport in the soil
and is used in all equations for groundwater
(subsurface water) flow.
Hydraulic Conductivity
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 32
33. The value of hydraulic conductivity
varies widely for different soils.
The hydraulic conductivity of
unsaturated soils is lower and increases
rapidly with the degree of saturation.
Hydraulic Conductivity
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 33
34. The coefficient of permeability also varies with
temperature, upon which the viscosity of the
water depends.
The coefficient of permeability can also be
represented by the equation
where
2 0
2 0
o
o
T
Tk k
η
η
=
! !"#! $ ! % 20°
Hydraulic Conductivity
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 34
6 5
35. Typical value for saturated soils are given in the
following table:
Soil type K , cm/sec.
Clean gravel 100 – 1.0
Coarse sand 1.0 – 0.01
Fine sand 0.01 – 0.001
Silty clay 0.001 – 0.00001
Clay < 0.00001
The Value of Hydraulic Conductivity
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 35
36. Several empirical equation for estimating k have
been proposed in the past .
Some of these are:
For uniform sand
where:
c = a constant that varies from 1 to 1.5
D10 = the effective size, in mm
2
10( / sec)k cm cD=
Empirical Relation for K
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 36
6 6
37. For dense or compacted sand
For medium to fine sand
where
k = hydraulic conductivity at a void ratio e
k 0.85 = the corresponding value at a void ratio of
0.85.
2
0.851.4k e k=
2
15( / sec) 0.35k cm D=
Empirical Relation for K
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 37
6 7
6 8
38. Hydraulic Conductivity, k, is a measure of soil
permeability
k is determined in the lab using two methods:
Constant-Head Test
Falling-Head Test
K is usually expressed in cm/sec
Hydraulic conductivity is also known as the
coefficient of permeability
Hydraulic Conductivity (K)
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 38
39. Determination of Coefficient of Permeability
The permeability test is a measure of the rate of
the flow of water through soil.
In this test, water is forced by a known constant
pressure through a soil specimen of known
dimensions and the rate of flow is determined.
This test is used primarily to determine the
suitability of sands and gravels for drainage
purposes, and is made only on remolded samples
Constant – Head Test
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 39
40. The constant head test is used primarily for
coarse-grained soils
This test is based on the assumption of laminar
flow where k is independent of i (low values of i)
This test applies a constant head of water to each
end of a soil in a “permeameter”
Determination of Coefficient of Permeability
Constant – Head Test
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 40
41. ASTM D 2434
In this type of laboratory setup, the water supply at
the inlet is adjusted in such a way that the difference
of head between the inlet and the outlet remains
constant during the test period. After a constant flow
rate is established, water is collected in a graduated
flask for a known duration.
Determination of Coefficient of Permeability
Constant – Head Test
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 41
42. The total volume
of water collected
may be expressed as:
or
( )Q A t A k i tν= = ×
QL
K
Aht
=
Determination of Coefficient of Permeability
Constant – Head Test Water
supply
Soil
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 42
6 9
43. Where :
Q = volume of water collected
A = area of cross section of the soil specimen
t = duration of water collection,
and
Determination of Coefficient of Permeability
Constant – Head Test
∆
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 43
44. Determination of Coefficient of Permeability
Falling – Head Test
Relatively for less permeable soils
Water flows through the sample from a standpipe
attached to the top of the cylinder.
The head of water (h) changes with time as flow
occurs through the soil. At different times the
head of water is recorded.
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 44
45. A typical arrangement of the falling-head
permeability test is shown in figure in the next slid.
Water from a standpipe flows through the soil , the
initial head difference h1 at time t=0 is recorded
and water is allowed to flow through the soil
specimen such that the final head difference at time
t = t2 is h2.
Determination of Coefficient of Permeability
Falling – Head Test
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 45
47. The flow into the sample is :
a= area of standpipe
From Darcy’s law the flow out is
in
d h
q a
d t
= −
o u t
h
q k A
L
=
Determination of Coefficient of Permeability
Falling – Head Test
in to u tq q=
h d h
k A a
L d t
= −or
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 47
48. t = time
L = Length of the fine soil
A = cross section area of soil
a= cross section area of tube
K = Coefficient of permeability
Separating variables and integrating over the limits:
We obtain
2 1
1 2
T h
T h
A d h
k d t a
L h
=∫ ∫
1
2
ln
ha L
k
A t h
=
∆
Determination of Coefficient of Permeability
Falling – Head Test
2.303
log
,
-
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 48
6 10
49. Field tests are generally more reliable than laboratory
tests for determining soil permeability , the main
reason being that field tests are performed on the
undisturbed soil exactly as it occurs in situ at the test
location.
Determination of Coefficient of Permeability
Field Tests for K
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 49
51. Integrating gives
Solving for k yields
2
d h
q k iA k rH
d r
π= =
2 2
1 1
2
r h
r h
d r
q k H d h
r
π=∫ ∫
2
2 1
1
ln 2 ( )
r
q kH h h
r
π= −
2 1
2 1
ln ( / )
2 ( )
q r r
k
H h hπ
=
−
Field Tests for K
Pumping Method
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 51
6 11
52. Unconfined aquifer
2
d h
q k iA k rh
d r
π= =
Field Tests for K
Pumping Method
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 52
53. To determine k
2 2
1 1
2
r h
r h
d r
q k h d h
r
π=∫ ∫
1
2 22
2
1
ln ( )
r
q k h h
r
π= −
1
2 1
2 2
2
ln ( / )
( )
q r r
k
h hπ
=
−
Field Tests for K
Pumping Method
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 53
6 12
55. Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi
IUST55
Above the water table, when the soil is saturated, pore
pressure will be negative (less than atmospheric).
The height above the water table
to which the soil is saturated is
called the capillary rise, and this
depends on the grain size and
the size of pores. In coarse soils,
the capillary rise is very small.
Capillary Rise in Soil
56. Capillary Rise in Soil
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 56
The continuous void spaces in soil can behave as
bundles of capillary tubes of variable cross
section.
Because of surface tension force, water may rise
above the phreatic surface.
Tube
Water
surface
57. α α
+-
h
Tube
Water
surface
2
33
$2
Capillary Rise in Soil
4% 3 5
4%-
267
4
2
4 3 5
%67
6 13
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 57
The height of rise of water in the capillary tube can
be given by summing the forces in the vertical
direction, or
58. Capillary Rise in Soil
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 58
The surface tension of water at can be taken
as equal to kN per cm. Equation (6- 13)
can be simplified by assuming and by
substituting for Ts. Therefore, for the case of water,
the capillary height hc can be written as
5 0
3 20°
8
75 × 10:;
2
4 3
%67
4 ∗ 75 × 10:; × 10=
9.81 %
2
>.?
@
hc and d are expressed in cm
6 14
59. Permeability in Stratified Soil
In general, natural soil deposits are stratified In a
stratified soil deposit where the hydraulic conductivity
for flow in a given direction changes from layer to
layer, an equivalent hydraulic conductivity can be
computed to simplify calculations.
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 59
61. The total flow through the cross section in unit time
can be written as:
where
υ = average discharge velocity
υ1 , υ2, υ3, … υn = discharge velocities of flow in
layers
Permeability in Stratified Soil
Flow in the horizontal direction (parallel to layer )
, + - + ? + ⋯ + E
× 1 × A , × 1 × A, + - × 1 × A- + ⋯ + E × AE
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 61
62. An equivalent coefficient of permeability in
horizontal direction is:
1 1 2 2
1
( ..... )H H H Hn nk k H k H k H
H
= × + × + + ×
Permeability in Stratified Soil
Flow in the horizontal direction (parallel to layer
For horizontal flow, the head h over the same flow
path length L will be the same for each layer.
So , - ⋯ E
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 62
6 14
63. A,
A-
AB
?
, ,
- -
A??
B B
H
, - ⋯ E
Permeability in Stratified Soil
Flow in the vertical direction (perpendicular to layers)
For vertical flow, the
flow rate, q through
area A of each layer
is the same.
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 63
64. The total head loss is the sum of head losses in all
layers
1 2 3 ....... nh h h h h= + + + +
1 1 2 2 3 3 ....... n niH i H i H i H i H= + + + +
1 2 3 ....... nν ν ν ν ν= = = = =
Permeability in Stratified Soil
Flow in the vertical direction (perpendicular to layers)
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 64
65. An equivalent ( average) coefficient of permeability
in vertical direction is
In stratified soils, average horizontal permeability is
greater than average vertical permeability .
31 2
1 2 3
( ) ( ) ( ) ..... ..... ( )
v
n
n
H
k
HH H H
k k k k
=
+ + + +
Permeability in Stratified Soil
Flow in the vertical direction (perpendicular to layers)
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 65
6 15
67. Refer to the constant –head arrangement shown in
figure ( slide No 22 ). For a test, the following are
given:
a) L = 400 mm
b) A = 135 cm^2
c) h = 450 mm
d) Water collected in 3 min = 640 cm^3
e) Void ratio of soil = 0.54
Determine the
1) Coefficient of permeability
2) Seepage velocity
Worked Examples
Example 1
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 67
68. In a constant – head permeability test in the
laboratory, the following are given:
L = 300 mm and A = 110 cm^2.
If the value of k = 0.02 cm/sec and a flow rate of
140 cm^3/min must be maintained through the soil,
what is the head difference, h, across the specimen?
Also, determine the discharge velocity under the test
conditions.
Worked Examples
Example 2
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 68
69. For a variable – head test, the following are
given: length of specimen = 380 mm; area of
specimen = 6.5 cm^2;
k = 0.175 cm/min. What should be the area of
the standpipe for the head to drop from 650 cm
to 300 cm in 8 min?
Worked Examples
Example 3
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 69
70. A permeable soil layer is underline by animpervious
layer, as shown in figure. With k = 0.0048 cm/sec for
the permeable layer, calculate the rate of seepage through
it in m^3 /hr/m width if H= 3m and α = 5
Worked Examples
Example 4
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 70
71. A layered soil is shown in figure below. Estimate the
ratio of equivalent permeability ( )
( )
h e q
v e q
k
k
Worked Examples
Example 5
A, 1.5 "
A- 2 "
A? 4 "
AB 3 "
FG GH:I
JK/MNJ
FO O × GH:P JK/MNJ
FI GH:Q JK/MNJ
FP O × GH:I JK/MNJ
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 71
Not to scale