This document discusses soil water and water flow in soils. It defines soil water as water present in the void spaces of a soil mass. There are two forms of soil water: gravitational water and held water. Gravitational water includes free water, groundwater, and capillary water, while held water includes adsorbed water, capillary water, and structural water. The document also discusses stresses in soils, including total stress, pore water pressure, and effective stress. It provides examples of calculating these stresses at different depths. Finally, it covers soil permeability, factors affecting permeability, and methods for determining the coefficient of permeability, including constant head and falling head permeability tests.
1. The document discusses soil-water-plant relationships and various concepts related to how water moves through and is stored in soil.
2. Key concepts covered include the classification of soil water, soil water constants like field capacity and permanent wilting point, and how physical properties of soil like texture and structure influence water movement and retention.
3. Diagrams and equations are provided to illustrate volume and mass relationships of water, solids, and air in soil.
This document defines permeability as the property of soil that allows water to flow through due to interconnected voids. It describes two laboratory methods to measure permeability - constant head and falling head tests. Darcy's law is explained, relating flow rate to permeability and hydraulic gradient. Typical permeability values are given for different soil types from gravel to clay. The constant head test procedure and calculations are outlined, along with data sheets to record measurements.
1. The document discusses various engineering properties of soil related to shear strength and permeability.
2. It explains that water flow through soil is governed by Darcy's Law, where the flow velocity is proportional to the hydraulic gradient.
3. The proportionality coefficient is called the coefficient of permeability or hydraulic conductivity, which is influenced by factors like void ratio and particle size.
This document discusses concepts related to soil permeability including:
1) Definitions of hydraulic conductivity and how it varies for different soil types.
2) Laboratory and field methods for determining hydraulic conductivity.
3) Factors that influence soil permeability such as particle size, void ratio, pore fluid properties, and soil stratification.
4) Darcy's law which describes the proportional relationship between flow rate and hydraulic gradient in saturated soils.
This document provides information about a geotechnical engineering core course. It includes details like the course code, credits, instructor, and units covered. Some of the key topics covered in the course include soil moisture states, capillarity in soils, permeability of soils, laboratory and field tests to determine permeability, seepage in soils, stress in soils, and quick sand phenomena. The document also provides summaries of these topics and examples of related calculations.
Comparision of Analysis of Overhead Intze Water Tank by Finite Element Method...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a finite element analysis of an overhead Intze water tank under seismic and wind loading conditions. The analysis is performed for different filling levels of the tank, with and without considering fluid-structure interaction. Results show that maximum stresses and deflections occur in the fully filled tank under seismic loading, but are less than the allowable limits for concrete. Stresses and deflections are similar under wind loading. Soil-structure and fluid-structure interaction are also discussed. In conclusion, the tank is found to be safe for stresses under both seismic and wind loads based on the finite element analysis for different filling conditions.
This presentation includes Definition of Permeability, measurement of Permeability, Validity of Darcy's law, Darcy's Law, Methods of Finding Permeability, factors affecting permeability, Permeability of Stratified Soil
1. The document discusses soil-water-plant relationships and various concepts related to how water moves through and is stored in soil.
2. Key concepts covered include the classification of soil water, soil water constants like field capacity and permanent wilting point, and how physical properties of soil like texture and structure influence water movement and retention.
3. Diagrams and equations are provided to illustrate volume and mass relationships of water, solids, and air in soil.
This document defines permeability as the property of soil that allows water to flow through due to interconnected voids. It describes two laboratory methods to measure permeability - constant head and falling head tests. Darcy's law is explained, relating flow rate to permeability and hydraulic gradient. Typical permeability values are given for different soil types from gravel to clay. The constant head test procedure and calculations are outlined, along with data sheets to record measurements.
1. The document discusses various engineering properties of soil related to shear strength and permeability.
2. It explains that water flow through soil is governed by Darcy's Law, where the flow velocity is proportional to the hydraulic gradient.
3. The proportionality coefficient is called the coefficient of permeability or hydraulic conductivity, which is influenced by factors like void ratio and particle size.
This document discusses concepts related to soil permeability including:
1) Definitions of hydraulic conductivity and how it varies for different soil types.
2) Laboratory and field methods for determining hydraulic conductivity.
3) Factors that influence soil permeability such as particle size, void ratio, pore fluid properties, and soil stratification.
4) Darcy's law which describes the proportional relationship between flow rate and hydraulic gradient in saturated soils.
This document provides information about a geotechnical engineering core course. It includes details like the course code, credits, instructor, and units covered. Some of the key topics covered in the course include soil moisture states, capillarity in soils, permeability of soils, laboratory and field tests to determine permeability, seepage in soils, stress in soils, and quick sand phenomena. The document also provides summaries of these topics and examples of related calculations.
Comparision of Analysis of Overhead Intze Water Tank by Finite Element Method...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a finite element analysis of an overhead Intze water tank under seismic and wind loading conditions. The analysis is performed for different filling levels of the tank, with and without considering fluid-structure interaction. Results show that maximum stresses and deflections occur in the fully filled tank under seismic loading, but are less than the allowable limits for concrete. Stresses and deflections are similar under wind loading. Soil-structure and fluid-structure interaction are also discussed. In conclusion, the tank is found to be safe for stresses under both seismic and wind loads based on the finite element analysis for different filling conditions.
This presentation includes Definition of Permeability, measurement of Permeability, Validity of Darcy's law, Darcy's Law, Methods of Finding Permeability, factors affecting permeability, Permeability of Stratified Soil
Geo technical properties of soil by sajid hussainsajid hussain
This document provides an overview of foundational principles of soil mechanics. It discusses key topics including grain size distribution, plasticity, soil classification, effective stress, consolidation, and shear strength. Sieve analysis and hydrometer testing are described for determining grain size distribution of coarse-grained and fine-grained soils. Index properties like liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index are also summarized. The concepts of total stress, pore water pressure, and effective stress are introduced. Finally, the process of consolidation, whereby excess pore pressures dissipate over time under increased loading, is explained.
This document discusses soil permeability and hydraulic conductivity. It defines permeability and hydraulic conductivity, and explains that permeability depends on factors like particle size, void ratio, properties of pore fluid, shape of particles, soil structure, degree of saturation, and stratification. It also discusses Darcy's law and how hydraulic conductivity is determined through laboratory and field tests. Specifically, it explains the constant head and falling head permeability tests done in the lab, and pumping tests and borehole infiltration tests done in the field. Finally, it covers flow nets and how they are used to calculate seepage through soils.
Vertical tube irrigation was tested on jujube trees in layered soil fields in Xinjiang, China. Field experiments found that vertical tube irrigation resulted in slightly lower jujube yields but higher water savings of 47-68% and improved irrigation water productivity compared to surface drip irrigation. Laboratory experiments on layered and homogeneous soil found that layered soil had less cumulative infiltration, a larger wetted area, slower vertical but faster horizontal wetting front migration due to layer interfaces, and increased water content at layer interfaces with vertical tube irrigation. Vertical tube irrigation in layered soil was found to retain more water in the root zone and reduce water loss, improving irrigation water productivity for jujube trees.
Liquefaction Analysis of Kakinada Region by Using Geotechnical Borehole Dataiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes a study on liquefaction analysis of the Kakinada region in India using geotechnical borehole data. The study aims to determine the factor of safety against liquefaction for the region using standard penetration test (SPT) data. Deterministic liquefaction analysis is performed using SPT-based methods to calculate the factor of safety, which is the ratio of cyclic resistance ratio to cyclic stress ratio. Reliability analysis is also conducted considering uncertainties in models and parameters. Key findings from selected boreholes include the soil profile period, peak ground acceleration, and ground response spectrum at the surface.
This document provides information about soil permeability and hydraulic conductivity. It discusses three key points:
1) It defines permeability and hydraulic conductivity as a soil's capacity to allow water to pass through it. Darcy's law establishes that flow is proportional to hydraulic gradient.
2) It identifies factors that affect permeability, including particle size, void ratio, properties of pore fluid, shape of particles, soil structure, degree of saturation, and more.
3) It describes methods to determine hydraulic conductivity in the lab, including constant-head and falling-head permeability tests, and how hydraulic conductivity is calculated based on water flow through a soil sample.
1. The document defines soil water and classifies it into three categories: hygroscopic water, capillary water, and gravitational water.
2. It discusses key soil moisture concepts like field capacity, permanent wilting point, and available water. Field capacity is the moisture level after drainage of gravitational water. Permanent wilting point is the moisture level where plants can no longer obtain enough water. Available water is the range between these two points.
3. The document explains water flow in soils using concepts like Darcy's Law for saturated soils and Richard's Equation for unsaturated soils. It describes different types of soil water potential and boundary conditions that determine water flow patterns.
1) Water influences various behaviors of soil through physical and chemical properties like capillary rise, consolidation, dilatancy, fluctuation of groundwater table, compaction, apparent cohesion, and bulking of sand.
2) Chemically, water's high dielectric constant allows it to readily dissolve ions and undergo dissociation into protons and hydroxide ions, influencing processes like mineral weathering.
3) The document discusses various physical and chemical behaviors of water that control functioning in soils like influencing volume changes during compression, shear strength changes, and biochemical processes through water as a reaction medium.
The document discusses soil consolidation and laboratory consolidation testing. It begins with an introduction to consolidation and describes the three types of soil settlement: immediate elastic settlement, primary consolidation settlement, and secondary consolidation settlement. It then discusses consolidation in more detail, including the spring-cylinder model used to demonstrate consolidation principles. Finally, it describes the process and components of a laboratory oedometer consolidation test.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to subsurface water. It discusses the different zones of subsurface water including the soil water zone, intermediate vadose zone, capillary zone, and saturated zone. Equations for infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration are presented, such as the Horton and Green-Ampt models. Key variables that influence subsurface water flow, storage, and movement are defined, such as porosity, saturation, hydraulic conductivity, and soil suction.
GROUND WATER RECHARGE TECHNIQUES BY CH.APPARAO (Research Associate, ARS, ATP)Apparao Chodisetti
Ground water recharge is the process whereby the amount of water present in or flowing through the interstices of the sub-soil increases by natural or artificial means. Rainfall is the principal source for replenishment of recharge of ground water. Other sources include recharge from rivers, streams, irrigation water etc. An unconfined aquifer is recharged directly by local rainfall, rivers, and lakes, and the rate of recharge will be influenced by the permeability of overlying rocks and soils. A confined aquifer, on the other hand, is characterized by an overlying bed that is impermeable, and local rainfall does not influence the aquifer. It is normally recharged from lakes, rivers, and rainfall that may occur at distances ranging from a few kilometers to thousands of kilometers.
Class 5 Permeability Test ( Geotechnical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses permeability testing methods for geotechnical engineering laboratory class. It describes two common permeability test methods: the constant-head test and falling-head test. The constant-head test applies a constant head of water to a soil specimen in a permeameter to measure hydraulic conductivity. The falling-head test similarly uses a permeameter but measures the change in head over time. Both tests aim to determine the hydraulic conductivity value k, which indicates a soil's ability to transmit water and is important for analyzing seepage, settlement, and slope stability.
This document discusses dewatering methods used in construction. It begins with an introduction defining dewatering as the separation of water from soil. It then discusses where dewatering is required such as in deep basements, tunnels, and pumping stations. The main purposes of dewatering are to control seepage, lower the water table, and remove water from excavated areas. Several common dewatering methods are described in detail, including open sumps and ditches, well point systems, deep well drainage, vacuum dewatering, electro osmosis, and freezing. The document concludes with an overview of the design steps for dewatering systems, which include subsoil investigation, determining water sources and tables, well
This document discusses permeability testing in geotechnical engineering laboratory class. It describes two methods for measuring the hydraulic conductivity (k) of soils: constant-head and falling-head permeability tests. The constant-head test applies a constant head of water to soil in a permeameter and measures flow rate, while the falling-head test measures the change in head over time as water flows through the soil specimen. Hydraulic conductivity k is an important property as it influences settlement, design of earth structures, and stability analyses involving seepage.
This document discusses soil mechanics and consolidation. It provides background on soil mechanics, explaining that it involves determining soil parameters and properties based on mechanical laws. It then focuses on consolidation, defining it as the process where saturated soil decreases in volume due to expulsion of pore water under pressure. The document outlines the theory of one-dimensional consolidation proposed by Terzaghi, describing how it can be used to determine rates of volume change, settlement, and pore pressure dissipation over time in saturated soils. It also discusses laboratory testing methods like oedometer tests that are used to characterize consolidation properties.
Special Methods of Sub Surface Drainage: Agricultural Draining EngineeringVenkata Sai Kari
This document discusses various methods of subsurface drainage including mole drainage, vertical drainage, bio drainage, and drainage design for heavy clay soils with multiple layers. Mole drainage involves creating unlined underground channels using a mole plough, and works well in stable clay soils but has a limited lifespan. Vertical drainage uses wells or multiple well points to lower the water table from depth. Bio drainage uses deep-rooted plants like eucalyptus to transpire large amounts of water from the subsurface. Designing drainage in layered clay soils requires considering perched water tables and installing drains in the more permeable layer. Computer modeling programs can aid in drainage system design by simulating subsurface flow.
This document provides information about consolidation in soils. It begins with an introduction to soil mechanics and how consolidation is an important process when designing foundations. Consolidation occurs when saturated clay soils expel water from their pores due to applied stresses, resulting in volume decrease over time. The document discusses the theories behind one-dimensional consolidation, including the spring analogy and coefficients of consolidation, compression, and volume change. It provides details on performing oedometer consolidation tests and interpreting the results, including preconsolidation pressures. Terzaghi's theory of consolidation is also summarized.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document provides an introduction and overview of dewatering methods used in construction projects. It discusses how the water table and groundwater conditions can impact foundations and excavations. Several key dewatering methods are described, including sumps, wells, well points, drainage galleries, and exclusion methods like ground freezing. Sumps involve pumping from perforated drums in a gravel-filled excavation and work best in fine-grained soils. Wells use large-diameter casings and pumps to dewater large areas to depth in permeable soils. Well points are smaller and more shallow but can effectively dewater coarse-grained soils through a vacuum system. Selection of the appropriate dewatering method depends on factors like soil type, excav
1. The document describes several laboratory experiments conducted to determine key geotechnical properties of soils, including moisture content, specific gravity, sieve analysis, liquid limit, plastic limit, Proctor compaction, and shear strength.
2. The experiments are described in detail, outlining the required apparatus and following standard procedures.
3. The results of the experiments provide important soil parameters used in geotechnical engineering applications such as bearing capacity calculations, settlement analysis, and soil classification.
This document discusses techniques for repairing, rehabilitating, and retrofitting structures. It covers strengthening structural elements, repairing structures damaged by corrosion, fire, leakage, or earthquakes. Specific techniques addressed include repairing fire-damaged concrete, sealing leaks, repairing cracks, jacketing structural members, and dry packing. The document also covers engineered demolition methods like mechanical demolition, implosion, and deconstruction for taking down structures.
This document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for evaluating concrete structures. It describes two specific NDT techniques: ultrasonic pulse velocity testing and rebound hammer testing. Ultrasonic pulse velocity testing measures the speed of ultrasonic pulses traveling through concrete to assess quality and detect flaws. The rebound hammer test uses the rebound of an elastic mass to indicate the hardness and estimated compressive strength of concrete surfaces. Both methods can help evaluate concrete without damaging it and provide information on defects, homogeneity, and strength.
Geo technical properties of soil by sajid hussainsajid hussain
This document provides an overview of foundational principles of soil mechanics. It discusses key topics including grain size distribution, plasticity, soil classification, effective stress, consolidation, and shear strength. Sieve analysis and hydrometer testing are described for determining grain size distribution of coarse-grained and fine-grained soils. Index properties like liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index are also summarized. The concepts of total stress, pore water pressure, and effective stress are introduced. Finally, the process of consolidation, whereby excess pore pressures dissipate over time under increased loading, is explained.
This document discusses soil permeability and hydraulic conductivity. It defines permeability and hydraulic conductivity, and explains that permeability depends on factors like particle size, void ratio, properties of pore fluid, shape of particles, soil structure, degree of saturation, and stratification. It also discusses Darcy's law and how hydraulic conductivity is determined through laboratory and field tests. Specifically, it explains the constant head and falling head permeability tests done in the lab, and pumping tests and borehole infiltration tests done in the field. Finally, it covers flow nets and how they are used to calculate seepage through soils.
Vertical tube irrigation was tested on jujube trees in layered soil fields in Xinjiang, China. Field experiments found that vertical tube irrigation resulted in slightly lower jujube yields but higher water savings of 47-68% and improved irrigation water productivity compared to surface drip irrigation. Laboratory experiments on layered and homogeneous soil found that layered soil had less cumulative infiltration, a larger wetted area, slower vertical but faster horizontal wetting front migration due to layer interfaces, and increased water content at layer interfaces with vertical tube irrigation. Vertical tube irrigation in layered soil was found to retain more water in the root zone and reduce water loss, improving irrigation water productivity for jujube trees.
Liquefaction Analysis of Kakinada Region by Using Geotechnical Borehole Dataiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes a study on liquefaction analysis of the Kakinada region in India using geotechnical borehole data. The study aims to determine the factor of safety against liquefaction for the region using standard penetration test (SPT) data. Deterministic liquefaction analysis is performed using SPT-based methods to calculate the factor of safety, which is the ratio of cyclic resistance ratio to cyclic stress ratio. Reliability analysis is also conducted considering uncertainties in models and parameters. Key findings from selected boreholes include the soil profile period, peak ground acceleration, and ground response spectrum at the surface.
This document provides information about soil permeability and hydraulic conductivity. It discusses three key points:
1) It defines permeability and hydraulic conductivity as a soil's capacity to allow water to pass through it. Darcy's law establishes that flow is proportional to hydraulic gradient.
2) It identifies factors that affect permeability, including particle size, void ratio, properties of pore fluid, shape of particles, soil structure, degree of saturation, and more.
3) It describes methods to determine hydraulic conductivity in the lab, including constant-head and falling-head permeability tests, and how hydraulic conductivity is calculated based on water flow through a soil sample.
1. The document defines soil water and classifies it into three categories: hygroscopic water, capillary water, and gravitational water.
2. It discusses key soil moisture concepts like field capacity, permanent wilting point, and available water. Field capacity is the moisture level after drainage of gravitational water. Permanent wilting point is the moisture level where plants can no longer obtain enough water. Available water is the range between these two points.
3. The document explains water flow in soils using concepts like Darcy's Law for saturated soils and Richard's Equation for unsaturated soils. It describes different types of soil water potential and boundary conditions that determine water flow patterns.
1) Water influences various behaviors of soil through physical and chemical properties like capillary rise, consolidation, dilatancy, fluctuation of groundwater table, compaction, apparent cohesion, and bulking of sand.
2) Chemically, water's high dielectric constant allows it to readily dissolve ions and undergo dissociation into protons and hydroxide ions, influencing processes like mineral weathering.
3) The document discusses various physical and chemical behaviors of water that control functioning in soils like influencing volume changes during compression, shear strength changes, and biochemical processes through water as a reaction medium.
The document discusses soil consolidation and laboratory consolidation testing. It begins with an introduction to consolidation and describes the three types of soil settlement: immediate elastic settlement, primary consolidation settlement, and secondary consolidation settlement. It then discusses consolidation in more detail, including the spring-cylinder model used to demonstrate consolidation principles. Finally, it describes the process and components of a laboratory oedometer consolidation test.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to subsurface water. It discusses the different zones of subsurface water including the soil water zone, intermediate vadose zone, capillary zone, and saturated zone. Equations for infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration are presented, such as the Horton and Green-Ampt models. Key variables that influence subsurface water flow, storage, and movement are defined, such as porosity, saturation, hydraulic conductivity, and soil suction.
GROUND WATER RECHARGE TECHNIQUES BY CH.APPARAO (Research Associate, ARS, ATP)Apparao Chodisetti
Ground water recharge is the process whereby the amount of water present in or flowing through the interstices of the sub-soil increases by natural or artificial means. Rainfall is the principal source for replenishment of recharge of ground water. Other sources include recharge from rivers, streams, irrigation water etc. An unconfined aquifer is recharged directly by local rainfall, rivers, and lakes, and the rate of recharge will be influenced by the permeability of overlying rocks and soils. A confined aquifer, on the other hand, is characterized by an overlying bed that is impermeable, and local rainfall does not influence the aquifer. It is normally recharged from lakes, rivers, and rainfall that may occur at distances ranging from a few kilometers to thousands of kilometers.
Class 5 Permeability Test ( Geotechnical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses permeability testing methods for geotechnical engineering laboratory class. It describes two common permeability test methods: the constant-head test and falling-head test. The constant-head test applies a constant head of water to a soil specimen in a permeameter to measure hydraulic conductivity. The falling-head test similarly uses a permeameter but measures the change in head over time. Both tests aim to determine the hydraulic conductivity value k, which indicates a soil's ability to transmit water and is important for analyzing seepage, settlement, and slope stability.
This document discusses dewatering methods used in construction. It begins with an introduction defining dewatering as the separation of water from soil. It then discusses where dewatering is required such as in deep basements, tunnels, and pumping stations. The main purposes of dewatering are to control seepage, lower the water table, and remove water from excavated areas. Several common dewatering methods are described in detail, including open sumps and ditches, well point systems, deep well drainage, vacuum dewatering, electro osmosis, and freezing. The document concludes with an overview of the design steps for dewatering systems, which include subsoil investigation, determining water sources and tables, well
This document discusses permeability testing in geotechnical engineering laboratory class. It describes two methods for measuring the hydraulic conductivity (k) of soils: constant-head and falling-head permeability tests. The constant-head test applies a constant head of water to soil in a permeameter and measures flow rate, while the falling-head test measures the change in head over time as water flows through the soil specimen. Hydraulic conductivity k is an important property as it influences settlement, design of earth structures, and stability analyses involving seepage.
This document discusses soil mechanics and consolidation. It provides background on soil mechanics, explaining that it involves determining soil parameters and properties based on mechanical laws. It then focuses on consolidation, defining it as the process where saturated soil decreases in volume due to expulsion of pore water under pressure. The document outlines the theory of one-dimensional consolidation proposed by Terzaghi, describing how it can be used to determine rates of volume change, settlement, and pore pressure dissipation over time in saturated soils. It also discusses laboratory testing methods like oedometer tests that are used to characterize consolidation properties.
Special Methods of Sub Surface Drainage: Agricultural Draining EngineeringVenkata Sai Kari
This document discusses various methods of subsurface drainage including mole drainage, vertical drainage, bio drainage, and drainage design for heavy clay soils with multiple layers. Mole drainage involves creating unlined underground channels using a mole plough, and works well in stable clay soils but has a limited lifespan. Vertical drainage uses wells or multiple well points to lower the water table from depth. Bio drainage uses deep-rooted plants like eucalyptus to transpire large amounts of water from the subsurface. Designing drainage in layered clay soils requires considering perched water tables and installing drains in the more permeable layer. Computer modeling programs can aid in drainage system design by simulating subsurface flow.
This document provides information about consolidation in soils. It begins with an introduction to soil mechanics and how consolidation is an important process when designing foundations. Consolidation occurs when saturated clay soils expel water from their pores due to applied stresses, resulting in volume decrease over time. The document discusses the theories behind one-dimensional consolidation, including the spring analogy and coefficients of consolidation, compression, and volume change. It provides details on performing oedometer consolidation tests and interpreting the results, including preconsolidation pressures. Terzaghi's theory of consolidation is also summarized.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document provides an introduction and overview of dewatering methods used in construction projects. It discusses how the water table and groundwater conditions can impact foundations and excavations. Several key dewatering methods are described, including sumps, wells, well points, drainage galleries, and exclusion methods like ground freezing. Sumps involve pumping from perforated drums in a gravel-filled excavation and work best in fine-grained soils. Wells use large-diameter casings and pumps to dewater large areas to depth in permeable soils. Well points are smaller and more shallow but can effectively dewater coarse-grained soils through a vacuum system. Selection of the appropriate dewatering method depends on factors like soil type, excav
1. The document describes several laboratory experiments conducted to determine key geotechnical properties of soils, including moisture content, specific gravity, sieve analysis, liquid limit, plastic limit, Proctor compaction, and shear strength.
2. The experiments are described in detail, outlining the required apparatus and following standard procedures.
3. The results of the experiments provide important soil parameters used in geotechnical engineering applications such as bearing capacity calculations, settlement analysis, and soil classification.
This document discusses techniques for repairing, rehabilitating, and retrofitting structures. It covers strengthening structural elements, repairing structures damaged by corrosion, fire, leakage, or earthquakes. Specific techniques addressed include repairing fire-damaged concrete, sealing leaks, repairing cracks, jacketing structural members, and dry packing. The document also covers engineered demolition methods like mechanical demolition, implosion, and deconstruction for taking down structures.
This document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for evaluating concrete structures. It describes two specific NDT techniques: ultrasonic pulse velocity testing and rebound hammer testing. Ultrasonic pulse velocity testing measures the speed of ultrasonic pulses traveling through concrete to assess quality and detect flaws. The rebound hammer test uses the rebound of an elastic mass to indicate the hardness and estimated compressive strength of concrete surfaces. Both methods can help evaluate concrete without damaging it and provide information on defects, homogeneity, and strength.
This document discusses several types of special concretes, including polymer concrete, sulphur infiltrated concrete, fiber reinforced concrete, and others. It focuses on polymer concrete, noting that it uses polymers instead of lime cement as a binder. Polymer concrete has applications in new construction, repairing old concrete, swimming pools, sewer structures due to its corrosion resistance. It also discusses the properties of polymer concrete, including greater tensile strength, similar compressive strength, faster curing, good adhesion and durability.
This document discusses quality assurance for concrete structures. It defines quality assurance as ensuring all components of a structure perform as intended over the structure's lifetime. It identifies key parties that benefit from quality assurance, including clients, designers, material producers, contractors, and users. The document then describes the three main components of a quality management system: quality assurance plans, quality control processes, and quality audits. It provides details on what should be addressed in quality assurance plans and quality control processes. Finally, it discusses how quality audits are used to monitor and document quality assurance and control programs throughout the design and construction phases.
This document discusses maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation strategies for structures. It defines maintenance as activities to keep structures in good operational condition at minimal cost. Repair replaces deteriorated materials to improve or partially regain functionality, while rehabilitation fully regains original strength. The importance of maintenance is to extend structure life, improve appearance, prevent deterioration and collapse, and ensure safety. Maintenance includes emergency, condition-based, fixed-time, preventive, opportunity, and day-to-day care activities. Factors influencing maintenance strategies include cost, structure age, resources, urgency, future use, and social considerations. Physical inspection, document study, load and environmental effect estimates, diagnosis, and material testing are part of the assessment procedure for evaluating
UNIT-V Slope Stability - Land Slides.pptmythili spd
This document provides information on landslides, slope stability, retaining structures, and major disasters in India. It defines landslides as permanent downward and outward movements of soil and rock under gravitational forces. Slope stability is analyzed using factors of safety to determine if a slope is safe or unstable. Methods to stabilize slopes include regrading, drainage, incorporating structures, and loading the toe. Retaining structures help ensure slope stability but are difficult to construct on moving slopes. Major disasters in India include earthquakes, floods, droughts, and cyclones that have caused thousands of deaths and widespread damage.
This document provides an overview of shear strength of soils. It defines shear strength as the maximum shear stress a soil can sustain without failure. Several factors that affect shear strength are discussed, including soil composition, initial state, structure, drainage conditions, and loading. The key concepts of principal stresses, Mohr's circle, and the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion are explained. Common laboratory tests to evaluate shear strength parameters (c, φ) are also summarized, including direct shear testing, unconfined compression testing, and triaxial compression testing.
This document discusses soil engineering topics including formation of soils, index properties, classification, and compaction behavior. It begins with an overview of three types of weathering - mechanical, chemical, and biological - that form soils. Index properties such as water content, void ratio, density, and degree of saturation are explained. Common soil classification systems including textural, USCS, and ISCS are covered. The document concludes with a discussion of compaction, including concepts such as optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, standard and modified Proctor tests, and factors affecting compaction such as soil type and compaction effort.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
2. Department of Civil
Engineering
SOIL WATER
Water present in the void spaces of a soil mass is called
‘Soil Water’
The sub-surface water which occupies the voids in the soil
above the ground water table.
Movement of water into soil - Infiltration
Downward movement of water within the soil - Percolation,
Permeability or Hydraulic conductivity
SOIL WATER
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3. FORMS OF SOIL WATER
There are mainly two forms of soil
water.
Gravitational water
Free water
Ground water
Capillary water
Held water
Adsorbed water
Capillary water
Structural water
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Engineering
SOIL WATER
Fig. 1 Soil water
Source: Fig. 1 - https://www.tutorvista.com/biology/types-of-soil-conservation
4. Gravitational water
The water in the soil due to the movement of water under
gravitational forces.
Free water :
Similar properties as that of liquid water
Moves under the influence of gravity, or due to difference in
hydrostatic pressure head.
Sources - precipitation, run-off, floodwater, melting snow,
water from certain hydraulic operations.
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Department of Civil
Engineering
SOIL WATER
5. Ground water :
Fills up the voids in the soil up to the ground water table
and translocates through them.
Fills coherently and completely all voids which makes the
soil completely saturated.
Ground water subjected to atmospheric pressure - Ground
water table
Elevation of the ground water table at a given point -
Ground water level
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Department of Civil
Engineering
SOIL WATER
6. Capillary water :
Water in a suspended condition, held by the forces of
surface tension within the interstices and pores of capillary
size in the soil.
Retained as minute bodies of water filling part of the pore
space between particles.
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Department of Civil
Engineering
SOIL WATER
7. Held water
Water held in soil pores or void spaces because of certain
forces of attraction.
Adsorbed water :
Strongly attracted to soil mineral surfaces by electrostatic
forces especially clays.
Dry soil mass adsorb water from atmosphere even at low
relative humidity known as hygroscopic water content.
Water lost from an air-dry soil when heated to 105ºC.
Neither affected by gravity nor by capillary forces and would
not move in the liquid form. 7
Department of Civil
Engineering
SOIL WATER
8. Structural water :
Chemically combined as a part of the crystal structure of the
mineral of the soil grains
Cannot be separated/removed when subjected to loading
conditions or oven drying to 105ºC - 110ºC
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Department of Civil
Engineering
SOIL WATER
9. STRESSES IN SOIL
Stresses (Total Stress) within a soil mass caused by external loads
applied to the soil and also self-weight of the soil.
Total stress increases with depth (Z) and with unit weight of soil
(ɣ).
At any point inside a soil mass, resisted by the soil grains and
water present in the pores or voids (saturated soil).
Vertical total stress at depth Z, σv = ɣ.Z
Fig. 2 Stress in soil mass
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STRESSES IN SOIL
Department of Civil
Engineering
Source: Fig. 2
http://environment.uwe.ac.uk/geocal/SoilMech/stresses/stresses.htm
10. Below a water body, the total stress is the sum of the weight
of the soil up to the surface and the weight of water above
this.
σv = ɣ.Z + ɣw.Zw
Fig. 3 Stress in submerged soil mass
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Department of Civil
Engineering
STRESSES IN SOIL
Source: Fig. 3
http://environment.uwe.ac.uk/geocal/SoilMech/stresses/stresses.htm
11. Pore Pressure/Neutral stress
Pore water pressure (u) - Pressure of groundwater held within a
soil or rock, in gaps between particles (pores).
Pore water pressures below the phreatic level of the
groundwater are measured with piezometers.
Magnitude of the pore water pressure at water table - zero.
Below the water table, pore water pressure - positive.
u = Ɣw . h
Ɣw – Unit weight of water
Fig 4. Pore water pressure in soil mass
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Department of Civil
Engineering
STRESSES IN SOIL
Source: Fig.4
http://environment.uwe.ac.uk/geocal/SoilMech/stresses/stresses.htm
12. Effective Stress / Inter-granular Pressure
• Effective stress - Pressure transmitted through grain to grain at
the contact points through a soil mass causing displacements.
• Compression and Shear strength of the soil depends on effective
stress.
• Effective stress (σ') acting on a soil is calculated from two
parameters, total stress (σ) and pore water pressure (u)
according to:
σ‘ = σ – u
Fig. 5 Total stress, Effective stress and Pore water pressure
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Engineering
STRESSES IN SOIL
Source: Fig. 5 – Schofield and Wroth, “Critical State Soil Mechanics”
13. STRESSES IN SOIL
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Engineering
STRESSES IN SOIL
Fig. 6 Schematic representation of Total stress, Effective stress and Pore water
pressure
Source: Fig. 6
http://environment.uwe.ac.uk/geocal/SoilMech/stresses/stresses.htm
14. Example 1
14
For the soil deposit shown below, draw the total stress, pore water
pressure and effective stress diagrams. The water table is at ground
level.
Department of Civil
Engineering
STRESSES IN SOIL
15. Solution:
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Total stress
At - 4m, σ = 1.92 x 4 = 7.68 T/m2
At -11m, σ = 7.68 + 2.1 x 7 = 22.38 T/m2
Pore water pressure
At - 4 m, u = 1 x 4 = 4 T/m2
At -11 m, u = 1 x 11 = 11 T/m2
Effective stress
At - 4 m , σ‘ = 7.68 - 4 = 3.68 T/m2
At -11m , σ‘ = 22.38 - 11 = 11.38 T/m2
Department of Civil
Engineering
STRESSES IN SOIL
16. Example 2
16
Determine the neutral and effective stress at a depth of 16 m below the
ground level for the following conditions: Water table is 3 m below
ground level ; G = 2.68; e = 0.72; average water content of the soil above
water table is 8%.
Solution:
Department of Civil
Engineering
STRESSES IN SOIL
19. PERMEA BILITY OF SOIL
Darcy's law states that there is a linear relationship between flow
velocity (v) and hydraulic gradient (i) for any given saturated soil
under steady laminar flow conditions.
If the rate of flow is q (volume/time) through cross-sectional area
(A) of the soil mass, Darcy's Law can be expressed as
v=q/A=k.i
where
k – permeability of soil (cm/sec)
i – hydraulic gradient (Δh/L)
Δh - difference in total heads
L – Length of soil mass
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SOIL PERMEABILITY
Department of Civil
Engineering
Fig. 7 Flow of water in soil
Source: Fig. 7 - NPTEL
20. What is permeability of soil?
Permeability is defined as the property of a porous material which
permits the passage or seepage of water through its interconnecting
voids.
Rate of permeability varies based on void spaces between the
grains (irregular shape of the individual particles)
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Engineering
SOIL PERMEABILITY
Fig. 8 Comparison of Permeability of different soil
Source: Fig.8 - https://www.pinterest.com/jvonstorch/muro-contenci/
21. PERMEABILITY FOR DIFFERENT SOILS
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For different soil types as per grain size, the orders of magnitude for
permeability are as follows:
Department of Civil
Engineering
SOIL PERMEABILITY
22. FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL PERMEABILITY
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Engineering
SOIL PERMEABILITY
24. CONSTANT HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST
Quantity of water (Q) that flows under a given hydraulic
gradient through a soil sample of known length & cross
sectional area in a given time (t).
Water is allowed to flow through the cylindrical sample of soil
under a constant head.
For testing of pervious, coarse grained soils
k = Coefficient of permeability
Q = total quantity of water
t = time
L = Length of the coarse soil
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Engineering
SOIL PERMEABILITY
25. CONSTANT HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST SETUP
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Engineering
SOIL PERMEABILITY
Fig. 9 Constant Head Permeability test setup
Source: Fig. 9 - Venkatramaiah, C., “Geotechnical Engineering”
26. FALLING HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST
Relatively for less permeable soils
Water flows through the sample from a standpipe attached to the
top of the cylinder.
The head of water (h) changes with time as flow occurs through
the soil. At different times the head of water is recorded.
t = time
L = Length of the fine soil
A = cross section area of soil
a= cross section area of tube
k = Coefficient of permeability
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Department of Civil
Engineering
SOIL PERMEABILITY
27. FALLING HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST SETUP
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SOIL PERMEABILITY
Fig. 10 Falling Head Permeability test setup
Source: Fig. 10 - Venkatramaiah, C., “Geotechnical Engineering”
28. Example 3
A sample in a variable head permeameter is 8 cm in diameter and 10 cm
high. The permeability of the sample is estimated to be 10 × 10–4cm/s. If
it is desired that the head in the stand pipe should fall from 24 cm to 12
cm in 3 min., determine the size of the standpipe which should be used?
Solution:
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Department of Civil
Engineering
SOIL PERMEABILITY
30. Example 4
The discharge of water collected from a constant head
permeameter in a period of 15 minutes is 500 ml. The internal
diameter of the permeameter is 5 cm and the measured
difference in head between two gauging points 15 cm vertically
apart is 40 cm. Calculate the coefficient of permeability.
Solution:
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Department of Civil
Engineering
SOIL PERMEABILITY
31. PERMEABILITY – STRATIFIED SOIL DEPOSITS
Soil deposit consists of a number of horizontal layers
having different permeabilities, the average value of
permeability can be obtained separately for both vertical
flow and horizontal flow, as kV and kH respectively.
Consider a stratified soil having horizontal layers of
thickness H1, H2, H3, etc. with coefficients of
permeability k1, k2, k3, etc.
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Department of Civil
Engineering
SOIL PERMEABILITY
Fig. 11 Permeability of stratified soil deposits
Source: Fig. 11 - NPTEL
33. Example 5
A horizontal stratified soil deposit consists of three layers each
uniform in itself. The permeabilities of these layers are 8 × 10–4
cm/s, 52 × 10–4 cm/s, and 6 × 10–4 cm/s, and their thicknesses
are 7, 3 and 10 m respectively. Find the effective average
permeability of the deposit in the horizontal and vertical
directions.
Solution:
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Department of Civil
Engineering
SOIL PERMEABILITY
35. QUICK SAND CONDITION
Quicksand forms in saturated loose sand when suddenly agitated.
When water in the sand cannot escape, it creates a liquefied soil
that loses strength and cannot support weight.
In the case of upwards flowing water, seepage forces oppose the
force of gravity and suspend the soil particles causing lose of
strength.
The cushioning of water gives quicksand, and other liquefied
sediments, a spongy, fluid-like texture.
Objects in liquefied sand sink to the level at which the weight of
the object is equal to the weight of the displaced soil/water mix
and the submerged object floats due to its buoyancy.
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SOIL LIQUEFACTION
Department of Civil
Engineering
36. MECHANISM
An upward flow opposes the force of gravity and cause to
counteract completely the contact forces.
Effective stress is reduced to zero and the soil behaves like a
very viscous liquid - Quick sand condition.
This condition occurs in coarse silt or fine sand subject to
artesian conditions.
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Engineering
SOIL LIQUEFACTION
Fig. 12 Quick sand condition - Mechanism
Video link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eImtYyuQCZ8
Source: Fig.12 - NPTEL
37. Contd….
At the bottom of the soil column,
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During quick sand condition, the effective stress is reduced to zero.
where icr = critical hydraulic gradient This shows that when water flows
upward under a hydraulic gradient of about 1, it completely neutralizes the
force on account of the weight of particles, and thus leaves the particles
suspended in water.
Department of Civil
Engineering
SOIL LIQUEFACTION
38. SOIL LIQUEFACTION
Liquefaction is a special case of quicksand.
In this case, sudden earthquake forces immediately increase
the pore pressure of shallow groundwater.
The saturated liquefied soil loses strength, causing buildings
or other objects on that surface to sink.
Video link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMWKTuRgJjY
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Department of Civil
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SOIL LIQUEFACTION
39. REFERENCES
Arora K R., “Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering”,
Standard Publishers, 2011.
Venkatramaiah, C., “Geotechnical Engineering”, New Age
International Publishers, New Delhi,6th edition, 2018.
https://nptel.ac.in/courses.php
https://en.wikipedia.org/
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Engineering