This document discusses three types of movement: ameboid, ciliary/flagellar, and muscular. Ameboid movement involves pseudopodia extension and retraction powered by actin polymerization. Ciliary and flagellar movement are driven by dynein motor proteins causing bending. Muscular movement occurs via the sliding filament model of actin and myosin cross bridge cycling powered by ATP hydrolysis.
biological molecules .
CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS.
includes how large molecules are made from smaller ones, their functions, etc.
made in a very interactive way so that students can understand and clear all their concepts
The word cell is derived from the Latin word “cellula” which means “a little room”
It was the British botanist Robert Hooke who, in 1664, while examining a slice of bottle cork under a microscope, found its structure resembling the box-like living quarters of the monks in a monastery, and coined the word “cells”
biological molecules .
CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS.
includes how large molecules are made from smaller ones, their functions, etc.
made in a very interactive way so that students can understand and clear all their concepts
The word cell is derived from the Latin word “cellula” which means “a little room”
It was the British botanist Robert Hooke who, in 1664, while examining a slice of bottle cork under a microscope, found its structure resembling the box-like living quarters of the monks in a monastery, and coined the word “cells”
HIGH SCHOOL TOPIC THAT DISCUSSES SEED IN PLANTS AND ITS TYPES.IT ALSO INCLUDES ACTIVITIES THE TEACHER CAN ENGAGE THE STUDENTS WITH THROUGH OUT THE LEARNING PROCESS. INTERACTIVE VIDEOS ARE ALSO INCLUDED AND SOME TAKE AWAY QUESTIONS AT THE END OF THE PRESENTATION. THE PRESENTATION ALSO DISCUSSES THE PARTS OF A SEED AND THEIR FUNCTIONS FOR C;LARITY TO THE LEARNERS.
The term ‘Protista’ is derived from the Greek word “protistos”, meaning “the very first“. These organisms are usually unicellular and the cell of these organisms contains a nucleus which is bound to the organelles. Some of them even possess structures that aid locomotion like flagella or cilia.
Scientists speculate that protists form a link between plants, animals and fungi as these three kingdoms diverged from a common protist-like ancestor, billions of years ago. Though this “protists-like” ancestor is a hypothetical organism, we can trace some genes found in modern animals and plants to these ancient organisms
In primitive vertebrates, such as the lancelet (petromyzon), the circulating fluid moves without a heart as the central organ of circulation.
In fishes’ single-circuit system, the gills and the heart are placed in series. The two-chambered heart supplies the blood to gills with pressures that exceed those in the arteries. Largely devoid of gravity, fish depend on water for respiration, fluid balance, thermoregulation, reproduction, and fin development.
The amphibians are adapted to life in water only during early stages of their development. Transition to land is marked by loss of fins and gills, and the emergence of tail and limbs.
Adaptation to air respiration introduces a fundamental change in the structure of the cardiovascular system. The heart and the lung are joined by a newly formed pulmonary circulation placed in parallel with the systemic circulation. In contrast to fish, the circulatory loops cross and assume the shape of a lemniscate (figure-eight or ∞-shaped curves).
The heart acquires a new chamber, the left atrium, while a common ventricle is shared between the pulmonary and systemic loops. Amphibians continue to depend for temperature, reproduction, and part of their respiratory needs on water (skin respiration).
Through the development of complicated organ systems such as thermoregulation, respiration, excretion, inner reproduction, and locomotion, mammals have attained a high degree of environmental liberation.
The cardiovascular system consists of two anatomically separate, but functionally unified, parts—the systemic and pulmonary circulations—placed in series.
In addition to an independent inner watery environment, mammals have developed an “inner atmosphere,” reflected primarily in the partial pressure of oxygen and nitrogen in the blood that parallels the atmospheric pressure.
The essential new feature of the mammalian circulation is a pressurized arterial compartment. The similarity of arterial pressure across the mammalian species suggests that the pressure as such does not serve the blood propulsion.
Vertebrate Circulatory Systems:
transport gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones, heat, & various other materials
consist of heart, arteries, capillaries, & veins:
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart
have muscular, elastic walls
terminate in capillary beds
Capillaries
have very thin walls (endothelium only)
are the site of exchange between the blood and body cells
Veins
carry blood back to the heart
have less muscle in their walls than arteries but the walls are very elastic
begin at the end of capillary beds
Heart
a muscular pump (cardiac muscle)
contains a pacemaker to regulate rate but rate can also be influenced by the Autonomic Nervous System
Mr Exham IGCSE - Cell Differentiation and Organisationmrexham
This is a presentation designed to help explain the section of the Edexcel IGCSE Biology course about cell differentiation and organisation. For more help with IGCSE Biology please visit mrexham.com
Enzymes are biological catalysts. They play some of the most important roles in the processes of life sustenance. They are presence even at the tiniest level of metabolism - acting as the lubricant for life to progress smoothly. Without enzymes, complex life would not be possible.
Chapter 15
The basic unit of life
Characteristics of Life
Macromolecules Needed for Life
Cell Types: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
The Microscope
Tour of a Eukaryotic Cell
The Cell Membrane
Transport into and out of Cells
Cell Communication
How Cells Reproduce
How Cells Use Energy
ATP and Chemical Reactions in Cells
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same origin that together carry out a specific function. Broadly tissues can be classified into two major groups : Plant tissue and Animal tissue.
In animals, organs are made up of four basic types of tissues - epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue. These tissues have distinctive features and specific functions which combine to form functioning organs.
In this lesson you will learn about different types of animal tissues :
1) Epithelial Tissue
2) Connective Tissue
3) Muscular tissue
4) Neural Tissue
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
HIGH SCHOOL TOPIC THAT DISCUSSES SEED IN PLANTS AND ITS TYPES.IT ALSO INCLUDES ACTIVITIES THE TEACHER CAN ENGAGE THE STUDENTS WITH THROUGH OUT THE LEARNING PROCESS. INTERACTIVE VIDEOS ARE ALSO INCLUDED AND SOME TAKE AWAY QUESTIONS AT THE END OF THE PRESENTATION. THE PRESENTATION ALSO DISCUSSES THE PARTS OF A SEED AND THEIR FUNCTIONS FOR C;LARITY TO THE LEARNERS.
The term ‘Protista’ is derived from the Greek word “protistos”, meaning “the very first“. These organisms are usually unicellular and the cell of these organisms contains a nucleus which is bound to the organelles. Some of them even possess structures that aid locomotion like flagella or cilia.
Scientists speculate that protists form a link between plants, animals and fungi as these three kingdoms diverged from a common protist-like ancestor, billions of years ago. Though this “protists-like” ancestor is a hypothetical organism, we can trace some genes found in modern animals and plants to these ancient organisms
In primitive vertebrates, such as the lancelet (petromyzon), the circulating fluid moves without a heart as the central organ of circulation.
In fishes’ single-circuit system, the gills and the heart are placed in series. The two-chambered heart supplies the blood to gills with pressures that exceed those in the arteries. Largely devoid of gravity, fish depend on water for respiration, fluid balance, thermoregulation, reproduction, and fin development.
The amphibians are adapted to life in water only during early stages of their development. Transition to land is marked by loss of fins and gills, and the emergence of tail and limbs.
Adaptation to air respiration introduces a fundamental change in the structure of the cardiovascular system. The heart and the lung are joined by a newly formed pulmonary circulation placed in parallel with the systemic circulation. In contrast to fish, the circulatory loops cross and assume the shape of a lemniscate (figure-eight or ∞-shaped curves).
The heart acquires a new chamber, the left atrium, while a common ventricle is shared between the pulmonary and systemic loops. Amphibians continue to depend for temperature, reproduction, and part of their respiratory needs on water (skin respiration).
Through the development of complicated organ systems such as thermoregulation, respiration, excretion, inner reproduction, and locomotion, mammals have attained a high degree of environmental liberation.
The cardiovascular system consists of two anatomically separate, but functionally unified, parts—the systemic and pulmonary circulations—placed in series.
In addition to an independent inner watery environment, mammals have developed an “inner atmosphere,” reflected primarily in the partial pressure of oxygen and nitrogen in the blood that parallels the atmospheric pressure.
The essential new feature of the mammalian circulation is a pressurized arterial compartment. The similarity of arterial pressure across the mammalian species suggests that the pressure as such does not serve the blood propulsion.
Vertebrate Circulatory Systems:
transport gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones, heat, & various other materials
consist of heart, arteries, capillaries, & veins:
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart
have muscular, elastic walls
terminate in capillary beds
Capillaries
have very thin walls (endothelium only)
are the site of exchange between the blood and body cells
Veins
carry blood back to the heart
have less muscle in their walls than arteries but the walls are very elastic
begin at the end of capillary beds
Heart
a muscular pump (cardiac muscle)
contains a pacemaker to regulate rate but rate can also be influenced by the Autonomic Nervous System
Mr Exham IGCSE - Cell Differentiation and Organisationmrexham
This is a presentation designed to help explain the section of the Edexcel IGCSE Biology course about cell differentiation and organisation. For more help with IGCSE Biology please visit mrexham.com
Enzymes are biological catalysts. They play some of the most important roles in the processes of life sustenance. They are presence even at the tiniest level of metabolism - acting as the lubricant for life to progress smoothly. Without enzymes, complex life would not be possible.
Chapter 15
The basic unit of life
Characteristics of Life
Macromolecules Needed for Life
Cell Types: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
The Microscope
Tour of a Eukaryotic Cell
The Cell Membrane
Transport into and out of Cells
Cell Communication
How Cells Reproduce
How Cells Use Energy
ATP and Chemical Reactions in Cells
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same origin that together carry out a specific function. Broadly tissues can be classified into two major groups : Plant tissue and Animal tissue.
In animals, organs are made up of four basic types of tissues - epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue. These tissues have distinctive features and specific functions which combine to form functioning organs.
In this lesson you will learn about different types of animal tissues :
1) Epithelial Tissue
2) Connective Tissue
3) Muscular tissue
4) Neural Tissue
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
In this presentation, Sangameshwar introduces automation and associated trends. Sangameshwar's also talks about an interesting field called nanorobotics that will revolutionize healthcare, Sangam's interest area is to write software for such nanorobots.
Muscles is a contractile tissue which brings about movement.
Muscle cell responsible for our movement both visible and invisible, example walking, talking, bowel movement ,urination, breathing, heartbeats, the dilation and constriction of the pupils of our eyes and many other.
When we are still sitting or standing muscle cells keep us erect.
CONT...Muscles can be regarded as motors of the body.Muscles comprises about 40% to 50% (approximate) of body weight.There are approximate 650 muscles in body.Alternating contraction and relaxation of cells
This slide contains the data regarding various mechanisms of movements adopted by invertebrates and vertebrate organisms. It also contains the types of muscles involved in movement of these animals. The data has been retrieved from Hickman's Integrated Principles of Zoology.
skeletal, cardiac & smooth Muscles by Thiru Murugan.pptxthiru murugan
Unit III – The Muscular System - Anatomy
Types and structure of muscles
Muscle groups
Alterations in disease
Applications and implications in nursing
Muscle:
Muscle is a soft tissue and it is one of the 4 basic tissues, along with nervous tissue, epithelium, and connective tissue.
Muscles helps in movement, support and protection of internal organs.
Muscles can perform variety of functions
Muscles tissue is made up of cells called “MYOCYTES” or muscle fibers.
There are more than 600 muscles in the human body. A kind of elastic tissue makes up each muscle, which consists of thousands, or tens of thousands, of small muscle fibers.
Types of Muscles: There are 3 main types of muscles
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle:
These are having close relationship to the bone or skeleton, so called Skeletal muscles
It present in limbs and related body parts & It form about 40% of body weight.
Under microscope the skeletal muscles fibers shows prominent striations, so called “Striated Muscles” & It is also known as “Voluntary Muscles” (movements are under our control)
Structure of Skeletal muscle:
Muscle fibers shows transverse striations under light microscope so it is called “striated muscles”
The nucleus is located peripherally.
Each skeletal muscle is an organ that consists of numerous cells called muscle fibers.
Each muscle fibers surrounded by “ Endomysium”
Inside each skeletal muscle, muscle fibers are organized into bundles, called fascicles, each fascicle surrounded by perimysium.
The whole muscle is covered by “epimysium”
Each skeletal muscle has three layers: endomysium, perimysium and epimysium
Muscle fibers:
Muscle is composed of many long cylindrical-shaped elongated fibres called muscle fibers
Length varies according to the size and shape of the muscles.
The actual arrangement of the fibres depending on the function of the muscle.
Each muscle fibers covered by a membrane is called the sarcolemma.
The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber is called Sarcoplasm
In sarcoplasm there are many mitochondria and bundles of fine longitudinal thread like part is called “myofibrils”
Microscopic structure of myofibrils:
A myofibril (also known as a muscle fibril or sarcostyle) is a basic rod-like part of a muscle cell.
Muscles are composed of tubular cells called myocytes, known as muscle fibres in striated muscle, and these cells in turn contain many chains of myofibrils.
They are created during embryonic development in a process known as myogenesis.
Under light microscope each myofibril consist of 2 bands:
Light band or “I” Band and Dark band or “A” Band
The alternating pattern of these bands results in the striated appearance of skeletal muscle.
Light band or “I” Band:
The I-bands (isotropic in polarized light) appear light in color.
I band divided into 2 portions by a narrow dark line called “Z” line or “Z” Disc.
This “Z” line is formed by protein which does not permit the light.
The part in between 2 “Z” lines called “sarc
6. Consensus model to explain extension and withdrawal
of pseudopodia and ameboid crawling:
1. hyaline cap appears
7. Consensus model to explain extension and withdrawal
of pseudopodia and ameboid crawling:
2. endoplasm flows toward hyaline cap
8. Consensus model to explain extension and withdrawal
of pseudopodia and ameboid crawling:
3. actin subunits attach to regulatory proteins
9. Consensus model to explain extension and withdrawal
of pseudopodia and ameboid crawling:
4. endoplasm fountains out to the periphery
10. Consensus model to explain extension and withdrawal
of pseudopodia and ameboid crawling:
5. actin subunits released and polymerized
11. Consensus model to explain extension and withdrawal
of pseudopodia and ameboid crawling:
6. microfilaments cross-linked
12. Consensus model to explain extension and withdrawal
of pseudopodia and ameboid crawling:
7. Ca2+ activate actin-severing protein
13. Consensus model to explain extension and withdrawal
of pseudopodia and ameboid crawling:
8. myosin associate with and pull on microfilaments
14. Ciliary and Flagellar Movement
Cilia
–
minute, hairlike, motile processes
–
occur in large numbers
–
ciliate protistans
–
found in all major groups of animals
–
move organisms through aquatic environment
–
propel fluids and materials across surfaces
15.
16. Ciliary and Flagellar Movement
Flagella
–
whiplike
–
present singly or in small numbers
–
occur in unicellular eukaryotes
–
animal spermatozoa
–
sponges
17. • both cilia and flagella have the same ultrastructure
– a core of microtubules sheathed by the plasma
membrane
18. • both cilia and flagella have the same ultrastructure
– “9 + 2” pattern
– flexible “wheels” of proteins connect outer doublets to
each other and to the core
19. • both cilia and flagella have the same ultrastructure
– outer doublets are
connected by
motor proteins
– anchored in the
cell by a basal
body
20. •
The bending of cilia and flagella is driven by the
arms of a motor protein, dynein.
21. •
Addition to dynein of a phosphate group from
ATP and its removal causes conformation changes
in the protein.
•
Dynein arms alternately grab, move, and release
the outer microtubules.
22. •
Protein cross-links limit sliding and the force
is expressed as bending.
23. •
A flagellum has an undulatory movement
–
force is generated parallel to the flagellum’s axis
24. •
Cilia move more like oars with alternating
power and recovery strokes
–
generate force perpendicular to the cilia’s axis
25. Invertebrate Muscle
Bivalve molluscan muscles
– 2 kinds of fibers:
• fast muscle fibers = striated, can contract rapidly
• smooth muscle = capable of slow, long-lasting
contractions
26.
27. Invertebrate Muscle
Insect flight muscles (fibrillar muscle)
– wings of small flies operate at 1000 beats/sec
– limited extensibility; shorten only slightly
32. Sliding Filament Model
• Actin filaments at both ends of sarcomere
– one end of each filament attached to a Z-plate at one end
of the sarcomere
– other end suspended in sarcoplasm
33. Sliding Filament Model
• Myosin filaments suspended in between Z-plates
– myosin filaments contain cross-bridges which pull the actin filaments
inward
– causes Z-plates to move toward each other
– shortens sarcomere
– sarcomeres stacked together in series and cause myofiber to shorten
34. Sliding Filament Model
• Working muscles require ATP
– myosin breaks down ATP
– sustained exercise
• requires cellular respiration
• regenerates ATP
35. 35
Muscle Innervation
•
Neuromuscular junction
–
the synaptic contact between a nerve fiber and a
muscle fiber
–
nerve impulses bring about the release of a
neurotransmitter that crosses the synaptic cleft
–
signals the muscle fiber to contract
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41. Human Muscular System
•
Skeletal muscles
–
attached to the skeleton by cable-like fibrous
connective tissue called tendons
–
arranged in antagonistic pairs
• can only contract, cannot push
• when one muscle contracts, it stretches its
antagonistic partner
•
a muscle at “rest” exhibits tone (minimal
contraction)
•
a muscle in tetany is at maximum sustained
contraction
44. Muscle Performance
– slow oxidative fibers (red muscles)
• for slow, sustained contractions without
fatigue
• contain extensive blood supply
• high density of mitochondria
• abundant stored myoglobin
• important in maintaining posture in terrestrial
vertebrates
45. Muscle Performance
fast fibers
1. fast glycolytic fiber (white muscles)
• lacks efficient blood supply
• pale in color
• function anaerobically
• fatigue rapidly
2. fast oxidative fiber
• extensive blood supply
• high density of mitochondria and myoglobin
• function aerobically
• for rapid, sustained activities
46. Energy for Contraction
– ATP, immediate source of energy
– glucose broken down during aerobic metabolism
– glycogen stores can supply glucose
– muscles have creatine phosphate, an energy
reserve
– slow and fast oxidative fibers rely heavily on
glucose and oxygen
– fast glycolytic fibers rely on anaerobic glycolysis
– muscles incur oxygen debt during anaerobic
glycolysis