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skeletal system
This document provides information on the structure and function of bones and the skeletal system. It discusses the different types of bones in the human body, including long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. The document outlines the basic structure of bones, including the diaphysis, epiphyses, periosteum, and marrow. It also describes bone growth and development from early fetal stages through childhood and adulthood. Additionally, the document covers bone repair, common bone diseases like osteoporosis and rickets, and joints and joint movement.
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skeletal system
- 2. • Support- frameworkthat supports body and cradles its soft organs • Protection- for delicate organs, heart, lungs, brain • Movement- bones act as levers for muscles • Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate • Blood cell formation- hematopoiesis
- 3. • Long Bones-metacarples, metatarsals, phelangies, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula • Short Bones- carpals, tarsals • Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum • Irregular Bones- vertebrae, some facial bones • Sesamoid- patella
- 5. Distal epiphysis Proximal epiphysis diaphysis yellow marrow epiphyseal line periosteum compactbone spongy bone Endosteum hyaline cartilage Sharpey’s fibers
- 10.
- 11. • Warm andmoisten air • Lighten the skull • Enhance voice resonance Frontal Sinus Ethmoid Sinus Sphenoid Sinus Maxillary Sinus
- 12. Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) LumbarVertberae (5) Sacrum Coccyx The Vertebral Column
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- 16. Sternum True Ribs (7) FalseRibs (3) Floating Ribs (2) The Thoracic Cage
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- 18. Bones of thePectoral Girdle
- 19. Humerus Ulna Radius 8 Carpals 14 Phalanges 5Metacarpals
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- 25. Male Pelvic GirdleFemale Pelvic Girdle
- 27. Patella The Lower Limb (Legs) Femur Tibia Fibula 5Metatarsals 14 Phalanges 7 Tarsals
- 31.
- 33. Immovable JointsImmovable Joints (synarthrosis)(synarthrosis) suturesuture pubissymphisispubis symphisis
- 34. Slightly Movable JointSlightlyMovable Joint (ampharthrosis)(ampharthrosis)
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- 39. 275 bones275 bones 12weeks (6-912 weeks (6-9 inches long)inches long)
- 40. cartilage calcified cartilage bone epiphyseal plate epiphyseal line Endochondral Ossification 2o ossification center Fetus: 1st 2months AdultChildhood Just before birth
- 41. Osteoblast Osteocyte Osteoclast Eats bone Builds newbone Mature bone cell
- 42. Bone Repair: 1. Electricalstimulation of the fracture site: • Increases speed and completeness of healing • The e- stimulation inhibits PTH and slow osteoclasts down from reabsorbing bone 2. Ultrasound treatment: • Daily treatments reduce healing time of broken bones by 25-35% 3. Free vascular fibular graft technique: • Transplant fibula in arm • Gives good blood supply not available in other treatments 4. Bone substitutes: • Crushed bone from cadaver- but risk of HIV and hepatitis • Sea bone- coral • Artificial bone- ceramic
- 44.
- 45. Diseases of theSkeletal System: Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit; bones become lighter and fracture easier Factors: • age, gender (more in women) • estrogen and testosterone decrease • insufficient exercise (or too much) • diet poor in Ca++ and protein • abnormal vitamin D receptors • smoking
- 46.
- 47. Rickets- vitamin Ddeficiency Osteomalacia- soft bones, inadequate mineralization in bones, lack of vitamin D Pagets Disease- spotty weakening in the bones, excessive and abnormal bone remodeling Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune reaction Diseases of the Skeletal System:
- 49. INQUIRY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSHoonPWwXQ 1. What isa fontanel? 2. How many bones in the adult skeleton? 3. What is the difference between the appendicular and axial skeleton? 4. What is a meniscus? 5. Demonstrate adduction. 6. Weight bearing vertebrae are called? 7. What does an osteoclast do? Extra Credit: 1-page reaction paper on bipedalism and problems associated with our human frame. Attach article. Turn in 1-week from today.
Editor's Notes
- #42 OsteoblastsOsteoblasts are responsible for building new bone and lie at the centre of bone physiology. Their functions include the synthesis of collagen and the control of mineralisation. OsteoclastsOsteoclasts are specialised cells that resorb bone. They work by sealing off an area of bone surface then, when activated, they pump out hydrogen ions to produce a very acid environment, which dissolves the hydroxyapatite. OsteocytesBone adapts to applied forces by growing stronger in order to withstand them; it is known that exercise can help to improve bone strength. Osteocytes are thought to be part of the cellular feed-back mechanism which directs bone to form in the places where it is most needed. They lie within mineralised bone and it is thought that they may detect mechanical deformation and mediate the response of the osteoblasts.