Lecture 1 a.i lecture 1

LOBESA
Dr. JIGDREL DORJI
LECTURER
ANIMAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
4/24/2017ANS203 Artificial Insemination 1
24/03/2017

At the end of the lesson, each one of you should be able to;
1.Define Artificial Insemination.
2.Recall brief history of AI
3.List down advantages and disadvantages of AI
4.Explain and identify reproductive organs of cow
and bull and their functions
Learning outcomes:

WHAT EXACTLY IS ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION?
The term “Artificial Insemination,” commonly called “AI” implies the
deposition of semen into the female reproductive tract by the use of
Artificial means (instruments) rather than by natural service
involving the male.
“To breed livestock, Artificial Insemination has been accepted as an
established method in all countries.”

AI involves:
1. Selection of bulls
2. Semen collection
3. Semen evaluation
4. Semen extension/dilution
5. Semen storage/preservation
6. Utilization of semen
7. Fertility

History of AI in Abroad:
It started as early as in 1322 AD.
Arab Chief (14th century): Horses --- semen collected by
cotton plug--- inserted in other mare’s vagina-----
conception achieved.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek and Hamm (1677): Spermatozoa
--- “Animal cells”/ “Animalcules”.
Lazzaro Spallenzani- (Italian), 1780 :Ist AI in dogs at
room temp.
Prof. Amantea- (Rome)1937: Designed Ist AV for dogs
and cattle.
Milovanov (1938): Designed Ist AV for bull and Ram.
Perry and Henderson (1938): Ist cattle breeding
organization of AI in USA.

Larsen (1938): Rectovaginal method of AI.
 Repiquet (1890)
Artificial Insemination in Horses and advised it as a
means of overcoming sterility.
 Ivanovich Ivanoff (Russian)
First man who successfully did A.I in cattle, sheep and
birds.
 Miller and Evans (1934)
Tried ampullary massage technique in bulls.
 Laplaud, Thiabault and Cassou ((1938)
Devised electro ejaculator for bulls.
 Polge, Smith and Parkes (1949)
Long time preservation of semen at -79 ° C.

Stewart (1951)
Reported the birth of first calf born from frozen semen.
Smith and Polge (1952)
Introduced glycerol as a cryoprotective agent and freezing
of semen at -196 ° C in liquid nitrogen.
Advantages of AI
Quick genetic improvement.
Control of venereal diseases.
Maximum possible use of best sires.
Quick progeny testing.
Early detection of undesirable genetic traits in the
progeny.
Minimizing the no. of bulls in the farm.

 Good Programme for small holding dairy farmers.
 Economical (Large no. of cows can be inseminated at
lower cost in short time).
 Mating between disparate size of cows and bulls is
possible.
 Lame cows can be bred and lame bulls can be used.
 Long storage of semen, progeny even after the death of
the sire.
 Hybridization is possible.
 Easy to transport the semen at distant places.
 Pregnancy and other diseases of genetalia can be
diagnosed.
Continued…………….

Disadvantages of AI:
Requires high standards of technical efficiency.
Proper and timely detection of estrus.
Proper knowledge of reproduction is required to avoid AI
in unwanted conditions.
Genetic defects may be transmitted quickly if selection of a
bull is not perfect.
High risk of inbreeding.
Costly equipment are required.
Requires more time than the natural service.
Initial investment on implementation of A.I programme is
high.

Reproductive Anatomy of Cow
Why study reproductive Anatomy?
 Successful artificial insemination programs are based on a clear
understanding of the anatomy and physiology of reproduction in
cattle
 Helps develop a mental picture of the anatomical parts

CERVIX FALLOPIAN TUBE
CONTINIUED………..

Functions of Female reproductive organs
VULVA.
The vulva is the external opening to the reproductive system.
passage of urine
 opening for mating
 serves as part of the birth canal.
VAGINA.
About six inches in length, extends from the urethral opening
to the cervix.
Semen gets deposited here during natural mating.
Serves as birth canal.
CERVIX. About an inch long.
A thick walled organ forming a connection between the vagina
and uterus.
 primary landmark when inseminating cattle.

 interior of the cervix contains three to four annular rings or
folds to protect the uterus from the external environment.
UTERINE BODY.
 body of the uterus serves as a connection between the two
uterine horns and the cervix.
 is the site where semen should be deposited during artificial
insemination.
 is to provide a suitable environment for fetal development.
OVIDUCT. (Fallopian tube)
 closest to the uterus is called the isthmus.
 connection between the uterus and the isthmus is called the utero-tubal
junction or UTJ.
 UTJ functions as a filter of abnormal sperm.
 isthmus as a reservoir for healthy sperm

AMPULLA
 closest to the ovary, is referred to as the ampulla.
 fertilization actually occurs.
INFUNDIBULUM.
large funnel-like structure on the open end of the oviduct
 surrounds the ovary, to recover the ova and keeps them
from falling into the body cavity
OVARY
the primary organs in a cow’s reproductive tract.
produce eggs and to produce hormones, namely estrogen
and progesterone.
Contains follicles that matures into dominant follicle that
will eventually ovulate.
CL is located on the surface which produces
progesterone.

REPRODUCTIVE TRACT AND ORGANS OF A COW

REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY OF BULL

Overview of reproductive tracts of Bull
Reproductive organs .
male reproductive organs consist of two testes that are
contained in the scrotum, ducts, accessory sex glands
and the penis.
Scrotum and testes.
 is a cutaneous pouch (derived from the skin and fascia)
in which testicles are located.

The testis in the scrotal pouch is held by its tunics and the spermatic cord. The
spermatic cord is composed of the following:
1.Internal spermatic artery.
2.Internal spermatic vein.
3.Vas deferens
4.Autonomic nerves from renal and caudal mesenteric plexus
5.Lymphatic vessels
6.Internal cremaster muscle
7.Tunica vaginalis propria
SPERMATIC CORD.
 Suspends testes in the scrotum
 Thermoregulation
 Contains nerves, blood vessels and lymphatic.

EPIDIDYMIS.
 spermatozoa gains the ability of fertilization.
Sperm transport.
Sperm maturation.
Storage -- Bull = 50-75 billion sperm.
VAS DEFERENS (Ductus deferens or Deferent duct).
sperm transport from epididymis to pelvic urethra.
The terminal part of the vas deferens is enlarged and is
called ampulla.
 There are no ampullae in dog and cat.
Accessory sex glands
vesicular glands (seminal vesicles)
50% of the total semen ejaculate
are more alkaline.

contains protein, fructose, ascorbic acid, citric acid,
potassium bicarbonate, acid soluble phosphate and
several enzymes
These glands are absent in dog and cat.
THE PROSTATE GLAND.
 The prostatic secretions are rich in enzymes e.g. glycolitic
enzymes, proteinases, phosphatases, glycosidases,
nucleases and nucleotidases.
 canine prostate secretion contains citric acid and acid
phosphatase. Canine prostate secretion has high
concentration of zinc.

TESTES--PRODUCE SPERMATOZOA, MALE GERM
CELLS
EPIDIDYMIS--COLLECT AND STORES THE SPERM
VAS DEFERENS--TRANSPORTS SPERMATOZOA;
SERVES AS STORAGE PLACE FOR SPERMATOZOA
UNTIL EJACULATION
AMPULLA--PRODUCES FRUCTOSE AND CITRIC
ACID
PENIS--TRANSPORTS SPERM FROM THE MALE TO
THE FEMALE
URETHRA--TRANSPORT URINE
COWPERS GLAND--SECRETES AN ALKALINE
MATERIAL WHICH SERVES TO CLEAN THE
URETHRA PRIOR TO EJACULATION; PRODUCE A
LUBRICATING SUBSTANCE

THE BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS (COWPER'S GLANDS)
 dribbling seen from the prepuce prior to mounting are
secretions from the prostate and bulbourethral glands.
URETHRA.
 urethra in males is the common passage for the excretion
of urine as well as for the transportation of semen.
PENIS.
 the copulatory organ in males
 The sigmoid flexure is post-scrotal in bull and ram and
pre-scrotal in boar.
 Sigmoid flexure is absent in horse.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWER
SESSION

Lecture 1 a.i lecture 1

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