Major economic traits of cattle and buffalopratee5
Selection and judging of the breeding stocks are the first and foremost steps to start with any breeding programme. For this, a no. of phenotypic and behavioral traits are taken into consideration. Breeding plans for cattle and buffalo should aim to meet the quantitative and qualitative demands of milk and meat in the country. From a practical standpoint, traits with a measurable or at least readily recognizable economic value are generally to be given the most emphasis.The economic traits are typically those that affect either the income obtained or the costs of production. So, a thorough understanding of economic traits of livestock is of utmost importance.
Major economic traits of cattle and buffalopratee5
Selection and judging of the breeding stocks are the first and foremost steps to start with any breeding programme. For this, a no. of phenotypic and behavioral traits are taken into consideration. Breeding plans for cattle and buffalo should aim to meet the quantitative and qualitative demands of milk and meat in the country. From a practical standpoint, traits with a measurable or at least readily recognizable economic value are generally to be given the most emphasis.The economic traits are typically those that affect either the income obtained or the costs of production. So, a thorough understanding of economic traits of livestock is of utmost importance.
This PowerPoint is from a seminar originally presented at the 2010 Maryland Sheep & Wool Festival by Susan Schoenian, Sheep & Goat Specialist for University of Maryland Extension.
This PowerPoint presentation is from the third webinar in a five part series on Breeding Better Sheep & Goats. The presenter is Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
Feather morphology: normal, frizzle, silky
Feather distribution: normal, naked neck, feathered shanks and feet
Plumage pattern: plain, barred mottled (specific location)
Skin colour: not pigmented, yellow, blue-black
Shank colour: white, yellow, blue, green black, brown
Ear-lobe color: not pigmented, red, white and red
Comb type: single, pea, rose, walnut, V shaped
Comb size: small, medium, large
Eye colour:
Skeletal variants: normal, crested, polydactyl, extra toes, creeper, dwarf
Other specific and distinct visible traits
Care and Management of Pregnant Cows and EwesPervaiz Dar
Pregnancy is central to care and management of animals. Healthy Pregnant Animals means a Healthy and Prosperous Farm. Pregnant animals need special care for example they need suitable ration to reduce the possibility of diseases like milk fever and ketosis at the time of calving and also to ensure adequate milk production. There are other aspects which need to be cared about pregnant animals which we discuss in this presentation.
This PowerPoint is from a seminar originally presented at the 2010 Maryland Sheep & Wool Festival by Susan Schoenian, Sheep & Goat Specialist for University of Maryland Extension.
This PowerPoint presentation is from the third webinar in a five part series on Breeding Better Sheep & Goats. The presenter is Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
Feather morphology: normal, frizzle, silky
Feather distribution: normal, naked neck, feathered shanks and feet
Plumage pattern: plain, barred mottled (specific location)
Skin colour: not pigmented, yellow, blue-black
Shank colour: white, yellow, blue, green black, brown
Ear-lobe color: not pigmented, red, white and red
Comb type: single, pea, rose, walnut, V shaped
Comb size: small, medium, large
Eye colour:
Skeletal variants: normal, crested, polydactyl, extra toes, creeper, dwarf
Other specific and distinct visible traits
Care and Management of Pregnant Cows and EwesPervaiz Dar
Pregnancy is central to care and management of animals. Healthy Pregnant Animals means a Healthy and Prosperous Farm. Pregnant animals need special care for example they need suitable ration to reduce the possibility of diseases like milk fever and ketosis at the time of calving and also to ensure adequate milk production. There are other aspects which need to be cared about pregnant animals which we discuss in this presentation.
Dr. Sushil Neupane's notes on "Introductory Genetics and Animal Breeding" for the 2nd year, 1st semester of the Diploma in Animal Science (latest syllabus of CTEVT) provide a comprehensive overview of key concepts and principles related to genetics and animal breeding. The notes cover fundamental topics in genetics and their practical applications in livestock production and breeding programs.
Heterosis breeding
Heterosis or hybrid vigour or outbreeding enhancement
Types of heterosis
Genetic basis of heterosis
HYBRIDS
Development of inbreds
Combining ability
Types of hybrids
Single cross hybrid
Double cross hybrid
Triple cross hybrid
Top cross hybrid
This powerpoint gives a clear picture on inbreeding and also about outbreeding of higher organisms. This also explains the advantages and disadvantages of the above said topics. the methods of inbreeding and reasons for inbreeding also given in this powerpoint.
The primary distinction between a test cross and a backcross is that a test cross is used to determine the genotype of a phenotypically dominant individual, whereas a backcross is used to recover a dominant genotype from a parent who has an extreme genotype.
The hybrids that are backcrossed are known as 'BC' hybrids. For example, a BC1 hybrid is an F1 hybrid that was crossed with one of its parents or a genetically similar species. The BC2 hybrid is defined as a BC1 hybrid that has been crossed with the same parent or genetically similar species. Other instances include backcrossing in animals.
A system of breeding in which repeated backcrosses are made to transfer a specific character to a well-adapted variety for which the variety is deficient is referred to as backcross breeding
This approach is infrequently utilized in vegetatively propagated crops such as sugarcane and potatoes, and only with slight alterations.
A test cross is a genetic technique for determining an unknown genotype in a dominant person. It is a breeding procedure in which a (known genotype) homozygous recessive individual is paired with an individual of the opposite mating type who has an unknown dominant genotype.
The phenotypic characteristics of the resulting children are investigated, and the genotype of the examined individual is determined appropriately.
If all of the progeny from the test cross are dominant, we may conclude that the genotype of the tested unknown person is homozygous dominant.
If 50% of kids exhibit dominant traits and the remaining 50% exhibit recessive traits, we may conclude that the genotype of the tested unknown individual is heterozygous dominant.
#genetics #backcross #testcross #mendel #crosses #monohybridtestcross #backcrossandtestcross #typesofcross #dihybridtestcross #limitationsofcross #applicationsofcross #mscbotany #botany
Infectious diseases of livestock are most costly and hazardous problem facing the Agri-food industry
Adversely affect animal production and economics by increasing the cost of production and decreasing the production rate
Progeny Testing is a method for accurately evaluating and selecting top bulls and using them to produce future bulls
The parents of progeny with higher performance for desired traits are selected for future breeding
The test used to ascertain whether the difference between estimator & parameter or between two estimator are real or due to chance are called test of hypothesis.
T-test.
Chi-square (휒^2)- test.
F-Test.
ANOVA.
science which deals with the methods of collection, classification, presentation, analysis, interpretation of data in any shape of enquiry.
Descriptive statistics
Inferential statistics
Types of diagrams :-
1. One dimensional diagrams
2. Two dimensional diagrams
3. Three dimensional diagrams
4. Pictograms
Tabulation involves the orderly and systematic presentation of numerical data in different rows and columns.
Methods of selection in animal genetics and breedingDr. Jayesh Vyas
Simultaneous selection for many traits can be applied based on individuals own performance by adopting any of the procedure of selection.
One may wish to adopt tandem selection or ICL methods or one may evaluate the individuals on the value for each of the traits selected for and then sum of these values to give a total value for all the traits.
The animal with the highest score is then selected.
These procedure are known as methods of selection.
Basis of selection in animal genetics and breeding Dr. Jayesh Vyas
The sources of information based on which the breeding value of the individual is estimated are called as the basis of selection or aids to selection or criteria of selection which are the basis of estimating the breeding value.
The breeding value so obtained is known as estimating breeding value(EBV)or probable breeding value(PBV).
The different selection criteria to estimates the B.V. of an individuals for single trait
Selection is a very important procedure in animal genetics and breeding. it is the method of choosing high genetic merit parents and produce superior progenies. Selection changes gene frequencies.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
3. OVERVIEW
Mating system
Statistical Introduction
Aims/ objectives of breeding strategy
How to develop?
Breeding strategy recommended by Govt. of Rajasthan
Breeds used for propagation
Salient features of Breeding policy
Future Scope of developing breeding strategy
4. Mating system
Random mating Non-random mating
Based on
Phenotypic relationship
Based on
Genetic/ Pedigree relationship
Negative assortative mating
Positive assortative mating
Inbreeding Outbreeding
Line breeding
Close breeding
Outcrossing Cross breeding Grading up Species
hybridization
Rotational cross breeding
Specific cross breeding
5. Mating between animals which are related to each other through common
ancestry up to 4-6 generations.
Close breeding: - Type of inbreeding in which closely related mates are mated
Different types of close mating: -
Full sib mating
Half sib mating
Parent offspring mating
Double first cousin mating
First cousin mating
Second cousin/ Half cousin mating
Line breeding: - It is a mild form of inbreeding to maintain high degree of
genetic relationship to an outstanding ancestor (mainly sire of high genetic
merit).
Inbreeding
6. Pathway of close mating
Full sib
A B
C D
E
Half sib
A
B C
D
Parent offspring
S
D
Z
Double cousin
A B C D
E F G H
I
J
K
First cousin
A B
C D
G
E F
Second cousin
S
D
X Y
C D
A B
E
7. Inbreeding coefficient (𝑭𝒙): - It is a probability that 2 alleles at a locus are identical by descent.
They are exact copy of a single allele.
Range of inbreeding coefficient from 0 to 1
Relationship coefficient (R): - Between two individuals, it is the probability that they both
carry a particular allele due to common ancestry.
Inbreeding and relationship coefficient of different types of inbreeding: -
Mating Inbreeding
coefficient (𝐅𝐱)
Relationship
coefficient(R)
Full sib mating &
Parent offspring mating
0.25 0.5
Half sib mating &
Double 1st cousin
0.125 0.25
First cousin mating 0.0625 0.125
Second cousin mating 0.03125 0.0625
8. Inbred line developed from two generations of full sib mating.
It has 0.375 or 37.5 % minimum inbreeding coefficient (Fx).
All the individuals have identical genotype.
Inbred lines are against adverse environment, they need good
environment for survival.
These lines are highly homozygous lines.
These lines to be used for hybridization in poultry and swine.
In crossing: - Crossing of two different inbred lines derived from same
breed.
In cross breeding: - Crossing of two different inbred lines derived from
different breeds.
Inbred line
9. Consequences of inbreeding
Genetic consequences: -
1. Increases homozygosity and Decreases heterozygosity
2. Uncovering of recessive genes leading to hereditary defect
3. Increased genetic resemblance and Prepotency
4. Decreases genetic variability
5. Increases environmental variance within population and reduces homeostatic
ability
Phenotypic consequences: -
1. Phenotypic uniformity among population
2. Depresses the growth rate
3. Reduces reproductive efficiency
4. Appearance of genetic defect
10. Outbreeding
Mating between animals which are not related to each other for at least 4-6 generations.
Outcrossing: - Mating between unrelated animals within same breed.
Selective breeding = Outcrossing within a herd by use of selected sires and dams.
Cross breeding: - Mating between animals of different breeds within same species.
Example = Cross breeds of sheep are = Hissardale, Avikalin, Avivastra etc.
Cross breeds of cattle = Taylor, Jerthar, Jersindh, Karan swiss, Karan fries etc.
New breed is obtained
Grading up: - Mating of pure bred sire of descriptive breed with a local female.
“Pure breed” is obtained by repeated back crossing up to 7-8 generations
Top crossing: - Grading up for only one generation.
Species hybridization: - Mating between animals of different species
Jack x Mare = Mule, Cattle x Yak = Pien-niu,
American buffalo bull x Domestic cow = Cattlo
11. Cross bred progeny shows better adaptation to environment and show
higher fertility, viability, improved size and growth and other polygenic
trait compared to purebreds.
It is an additional performance shown by 1st generation offspring
(crossbred) above mean performance of their parental performance.
Heterosis depends upon magnitude of non-additive gene action.
Factors determining magnitude of heterosis: -
Degree of dominance
Genetic diversity between parental population
Heterosis
12. F1cross breed of crossing between pure homozygous breeds exhibits 100%
heterozygosity (heterosis HF1 ) and improved performance over parental
population.
Inter-se mating among F1 , produces F2 generation and it exhibits loss in
heterosis (HF2 =
1
2
HF1).
When F2 mated among them, level of heterozygosity in F3 remain same as F2.
Conclusion: -
Improved performance of cross bred F1 is transient and not possible to
fix.
To take full advantage of heterosis, fresh crosses between breed have to be
made in each generation.
Heterosis is halved between F1 and F2 generation but remain constant in
subsequent generation i.e. from F2 onwards.
Cont...
13. 1. Individual heterosis: - Increased performance exhibited by crossbred
individual animal itself.
2. Maternal heterosis: - When dams are crossbred, the benefits occurring from
their heterotic effects are obtained and accumulated in their offspring.
3. Paternal heterosis: - Exhibited by crossbred males for paternal traits such as
libido, semen trait etc.
Individual heterosis is most important and of practical significance as animals
used for commercial production.
Maternal heterosis used in litter bearing and meat producing animals.
Paternal heterosis is least important because sire influence performance of
their offspring through genes only.
Types of Heterosis
14. Mating between particular breed of sire to a particular breed of dam. Resulting crossbred
offspring used for commercial purpose.
1. 2-breed specific crossing: - Two purebred animals are mated together and produce
crossbred offspring. (A x B = AB) (A is male, B is female and AB is crossbred)
Crossbred progeny F1 do not used in breeding programme.
Crossbred progeny shows 100 % individual heterosis.
2. Back crossing: - Mating of F1 crossbred to one of the two parental breeds. [A
x AB = A(AB)]
To exploit maternal heterosis (because of more importance), back crossing between
crossbred female to purebred parental male.
It utilizes half individual and full maternal heterosis.
3. 3-breed crossing: - Mating of F1 crossbred animal to a third breed. [C x (AB) = C(AB)]
To exploit maternal heterosis, mating between crossbred female to third purebred male.
It utilizes full individual and full maternal heterosis.
4. 4-breed cross: - Crossing of crossbred female produced by crossing of two breeds with
crossbred male produced by crossing of other two breeds. {(AB) x (CD)}
It exploits individual, maternal and paternal heterosis.
Specific cross breeding system
15. It is a specific cyclic pattern of rotating the use of sire breeds on crossbred females (from a
preceding cross).
1. 2-breed rotational crossing: - F1 crossbred females (AB) are mated back to male (A) of one of
parental breeds. In next generation, the crossbred females [B(AB)] are mated to sire of breed
B.
Sire from breeds A and B are mated alternatively on successive generations of crossbred
females.
Loss of one-third individual and maternal heterosis is seen.
2. 3-breed rotational crossing: - steps
Base generation: A (male) and B (female) breeds are mated to produce F1 crossbred (AB).
1stgeneration: F1 crossbred female (AB) are mated to male to male of third breed C.
2nd generation: Three breed crossbred females are mated to male of 1st breed (A).
Mating of sires from each of three breeds on crossbred females in succession.
After 7-8 cycles of rotational crossing percentage of inheritance from three breeds:
57 % inheritance from last sire breed
29 % inheritance from previous sire breed
14 % inheritance from third breed
Rotational cross breeding system
16. Percentage of heterosis
Type of cross
(Male x Female )
Percentage or fraction of heterosis
Individual Maternal Paternal
2-breed cross (A x B) 100 - -
Back cross (A x AB) 50 100 -
3-breed cross (C x AB) 100 100 -
4-breed cross (AB x CD) 100 100 100
Rotational cross
2-sire breeds 66.7 or 2/3 66.7 or 2/3 -
3-sire breeds 85.7 or 6/7 85.7 or 6/7 -
17. Scheme of grading up: -
Grading up
Generation Mating % purity
Base Purebred sire x Native females 0 %
1st Purebred sire x 1st generation female 50 %
2nd Purebred sire x 2nd generation female 75 %
3rd Purebred sire x 3rd generation female 87.5 %
4th Purebred sire x 4th generation female 93.7 %
5th Purebred sire x 5th generation female 96.8 %
6th Purebred sire x 6th generation female 98.4 %
7th Purebred sire x 7th generation female 99.2 %
8th Purebred sire x 8th generation female 99.6 %
18. Genetic consequences: -
1. Increases heterozygosity and maximum heterozygosity in 1st generation.
2. Hide deleterious recessive alleles
3. Outbred animals are less alike to true breed
4. Breed complementarity in cross bred animal
5. Gene introgression in population
Phenotypic consequences: -
1. Development of new breed
2. Improved performance of outbred animal over purebreds
3. Production of parent stock
4. Improvement in reproduction and growth efficiency
Consequences of outbreeding
19. • Total milk production in India during 2018-19 is 187.75 million tonnes
• Total milk production in Rajasthan during 2018-19 is 23668.07 ‘000 tonnes
(shares 12.6 % of total milk production of India) Rank 2nd
• Total meat production in India during 2018-19 is 8.11 million tonnes
• Total meat production in Rajasthan during 2018-19 is 191.66 ‘000 tonnes (shares
2.4 % of total meat production of India)
• Total wool production in India during 2018-19 is 40.42 million kg
• Total wool production in Rajasthan during 2018-19 is 14521.84 ‘000 kg (shares
35.9 % of total wool production of India) Rank 1st
• Total egg production in India during 2018-19 is 130.32 billion number of eggs
• Total egg production in Rajasthan during 2018-19 is 16615.65 lakh number
(shares 1.6 % of total egg production of India)
(Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics-2019)
20. S. no. Index India % change Rajasthan % change
1. Milk 187.75 million
tonnes
+6.5 % 23668.07
‘000 tonnes
+5.5 %
2. Meat 8.11 million tonnes +6 % 191.66 ‘000
tonnes
+1.7 %
3. Egg 103.32 Billion
number eggs
+8.5 % 16615.65
lakh number
+14.2 %
4. Wool 40.42 million kg -2.5 % 14521.84
‘000 kg
-1.64 %
• Rajasthan Shares 12.6 % in total milk production of India and got Rank 2nd
• Rajasthan Shares 2.4 % in total meat production of India
• Rajasthan Shares 35.9 % in total wool production of India and got Rank 1st
(Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics-2019)
21. S.no. Index India
(In million
number)
%
change
Rajasthan
(In million
number)
%
change
Rank of
Rajstha
n
Highe
st
Lowest
1. Total livestock population 535.82 +4.63 % 56.7 -1.66% 2nd
2. Cattle population 192.52 +0.83 % 13.9 -4.41% 6th Bikaner Dholpur
3. Buffalo population 109.85 +1.06 % 13.7 -5.53% 2nd Jaipur Jaisalmer
4. Sheep population 74.26 +14.13 % 7.9 -12.95% 4th Barmer Banswara
5. Goat population 148.88 +10.14 % 20.84 -3.83% 1st Barmer Dholpur
• Contribution of livestock in : Agricultural GDP 28.4 %, National GDP 4.9%
• Not able to satisfy the demand at the present growth rate
• We need to increase the production of milk, meat and wool at maximum level
• Exploit the animal genetic resources through proper breeding strategy
(20th livestock census, Department of animal husbandry and dairying)
22. To exploit available resources in different agro-ecological zones of the
Rajasthan judiciously.
To utilize sustainably for further enhancing the productivity of animals.
To conserve indigenous animal genetic resources of Rajasthan.
More milk, meat and wool production level in indigenous pure bred
animals.
To ensure availability of good quality draught animals.
Genetic improvement for production traits of indigenous breeds.
Aims/ objectives of proper breeding strategy
23. To fix minimum production standards for breeding sires’ dams.
To ensure breeding soundness of all stud sires.
To fix the exotic inheritance in indigenous non-descript breed of
animal.
To bring the animal population under organized breeding through A.I.
and natural mating of known pedigreed sires.
To select the low genetic merit/ scrub sires and to castrate them.
To avoid indiscriminate breeding and propagation of poor germplasm.
Cont...
24. How can breeding strategy be developed?
Two kinds of breeding strategy: i) Selective breeding strategy
ii) Grading up strategy
Factors considered in the development of a breeding programme
Animal species involved
Types of traits considered
Availability, accessibility and affordability of different breeds
Production environment and location
Time frame for the planned genetic improvement
Infrastructure of the livestock sector and the resources allocated to the
programme
Existing breeding programme and other activities of farmers/ breeders
25. Sr.
No.
Species Breeding strategy Purpose
1. Cattle
i. Selective breeding
ii. Grading up
iii. Cross breeding
Milk production
Draught purpose
2. Buffalo
i. Selective breeding
ii. Grading up
Milk production
3. Sheep
i. Selective breeding
ii. Grading up
Increase body wt. for meat (mutton)
production
Quantity and Quality of Wool
4. Goat
i. Selective breeding
ii. Grading up
Milk production
Increase body wt. for meat (chevon)
production
Breeding strategy recommended by Govt. of Rajasthan
(Animal husbandry department GOR, 2007 & 2014)
26. Breeds used for propagation
S. no. Species Breeds
1. Cattle Gir, Hariana, Malvi, Rathi, Kankrej, Nagauri, Tharparkar,
Sahiwal
2. Buffalo Murrah and Surti
3. Sheep Marwari, Jaisalmeri, Magra, Pugal, Nali, Chokla, Malpura
and Sonadi
4. Goat Sirohi, Marwari, Jhakrana, Barbari and Jamnapari
(Animal husbandry department GOR, 2007 & 2014)
27. Salient features of Breeding policy
For all species: -
Indigenous breeds should be propagated through Selective breeding
Non-descript breeds will be upgraded with high productive native indigenous
breeds
For Cattle: -
Non-descript breeds replaced by Cross breeding and Grading up with improved
indigenous cattle breeds
Holstein Friesian and Jersey: Breed of choice as exotic breed for cross breeding
For Sheep: -
For evolving prolific sheep breed, Cross breeding with native breeds will be
adopted
Breeding will be allowed with the crossbred females to crossbred males only
(Animal husbandry department GOR, 2007 & 2014)
28. Cont…
For Goat: -
The Jhakrana breed will be conserved.
For Sheep and Goat: -
All possible efforts will be made to avoid inbreeding in the sheep and goat
flocks
A sire will be used for 2 years in the same flock
Wherever crossbreeding will be adopted, the blood level of exotic blood
should be maintained between 50-62.5 %.
Crossbreeds are maintained thereafter through inter-se mating.
(Animal husbandry department GOR, 2007 & 2014)
29. • Well established indigenous breeds should never be crossed with
any exotic breed.
• Non-descript indigenous breeds would be crossed with pure exotic
breed or, Descript indigenous breeds of the same breeding tract.
• Installing Pedigree and Performance Recording Scheme (PPRS) in
places.
• Best selection of the superior cows as dams of bulls.
• Efficient and early progeny testing programme.
General considerations for breed improvement through breeding strategies
30. • Minimum standards for production of semen, including performance
standards for dams for breeding sires.
• Easy provision of excellent quality exotic breed semen/ defined breed
semen for A.I.
• Guidelines for use of frozen and liquid semen in AI and natural
mating.
• Scrub bulls should be castrated and never be used for breeding by the
farmers.
• Only progeny tested bulls which are free from all sorts of STDs
certified by GOI/ GOR should be used for breeding.
• Establishing breed societies for conservation and genetic
Cont...
31. Sire selection
Selection of Breeding sire: -
S.
no.
Species Criteria for sire selection
1. Cattle and
Buffalo
i. Phenotypic characters of breed
ii. Their dam’s yield
iii. Progeny tested/ Pedigree selected bulls
2. Sheep i. Phenotypic characters of breed
ii. Minimum body weight of 25 Kg at the age of 9 to
12 months
iii. Wool quality as per breed
3. Goat i. Phenotypic characters of breed
ii. Minimum body weight of 30 Kg at the age of 9 to
12 months (Animal husbandry department GOR, 2007 & 2014)
32. Region wise proposed breeds
In Rajasthan, 33 districts are divided into 7 divisions/ regions
So per breeding policy different breeds are also divided into these
divisions.
In table: -
(Animal husbandry department GOR, 2007 & 2014)
34. Advanced reproductive technologies: MOET, Embryo Manipulation Techniques
(sexing and cloning etc.) faster multiplication and production of superior
germplasm/ bulls
Molecular marker system (RFLP, AFLP, micro satellite markers), genome
maps, QTL-mapping technologies Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) of
superior indigenous animals
Advanced technologies in breeding programs for genetic improvement
(Sreenivas, 2013)
35. FUTURE SCOPE OF DEVELOPING BREEDING
STRATEGY
• Sketching out the breeding strategy is the tool for success but
implementation and maintenance of the strategy is most
necessary.
• Interest should be grown within farmers and organised farms
about the benefit of the breeding plan to ensure the application.
• For improvement of draught purpose breeds cross breeding with
any exotic draught cattle may be an area to think over.
• Advanced breeding strategies to induce alleles affecting disease
resistance traits, milk component alleles etc. into the breeds of