AI

2. Artificial Insemination
• The deposition of semen into female
reproductive tract by any method other than
sexual intercourse.
• Artificial insemination (AI) was the first great
applied biotechnology to improve
reproduction and genetics of farm animals.

3. History
• 382-322 BC, Aristotle a Greek philosopher or student of Plato and
teacher of Alexander, the great proposed that the fetus originate
from the menstrual blood.
• Arabs in 14th century obtained sperm from mated mares belonging
to rival groups and using the sperm to inseminate their own mares.
• Leeuwenhoek (1678), observed sperm cells by magnification.
• The first artificial insemination in dogs was reported by the scientist
Lazzaro Spallanzani (Italian physiologist,1729-1799).
• John Hunter impregnated a women with her husband’s sperm in
1884.
• Cryopreservation was refined in 1930 by Russians.

4. • A reproductive biologist, Heape (1897) and
others in several countries reported that AI
had been used in studies with rabbits, dogs,
and horses.
• Monteggaza in1886 suggested the first semen
bank for humans.
• Ivanoff, 1922, developed extenders and
practiced in stallions , later he made projects
on cattle and sheep.

5. • 1677 - A major technological breakthrough
(advance) in the study of reproductive physiology
was made by a Dutch Scientist named van
Leeuwenhoek, who developed a simple
microscope.
• A medical student suggested to van
Leeuwenhoek that semen might contain living
cells using his microscope; van Leeuwenhoek
observed semen and discovered that it contained
small particles that moved about. He referred to
these particles as “animalcules” and published a
paper on his observations in 1677.

7. The rationale …
• To increase gamete density at the site of fertilization.
• This technique involves collection, processing ,
storage and introduction into female at a proper time
for conception to occur.
• Speed up the rate of genetic improvement ( selection
and breeding).
• For humans the artificial insemination was originally
developed to help couples to conceive in case of
severe male factor subfertility of a physical or
psychological nature.

8. ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
• Increased efficiency of bull usage: During
natural breeding, a male will deposit much
more semen than theoretically needed to
produce a pregnancy.
• Increased potential for genetic selection:
Because artificial insemination allows males to
produce more offspring, so few males are
needed.

9. • Decreased costs: Male animals often grow to
be larger than females and can consume
relatively larger amounts of feed
• Increased safety for animals and farmers: As
mentioned, male animals can become large
and aggressive
• Reduced disease transmission: Natural mating
allows for the transfer of venereal diseases
between males and females

10. • By regular examination of semen after
collection and frequent checking on fertility
make early detection of interior males and
better breeding efficiency is ensured.
• The progeny testing can be done at an early
age.
• The semen of a desired size can be used even
after the death of that particular sire.

11. • The semen collected can be taken to the urban areas
or rural areas for insemination.
• It makes possible the mating of animals with great
differences in size without injury to either of the
animal.
• It is helpful to inseminate the animals that are refuse
to stands or accept the male at the time of oestrum.
• It helps in maintaining the accurate breeding and
calving records.
• It increases the rate of conception.
• It helps in better record keeping.
• Old, heavy and injured sires can be used.

12. • The recording of reproductive parameters /
events in a systemic way facilitates better
selection of personnel/animals for planning
and implementation of breeding program.
• Organization of AI and Record Keeping
Recording system for Andrology and artificial
insemination.

13. Disadvantages of AI
• Requires well-trained operations and special
equipment.
• Requires more time than natural services.
• Necessitates the knowledge of the structure and
function of reproduction on the part of operator.
• Improper cleaning of instruments and in sanitary
conditions may lead to lower fertility.
• If the bull is not properly tested, the spreading of
genital diseases will be increased.

14. • Decrease in genetic pool as the finest bull’s
breeding line will be propagated at the cost of
indigenous or other bulls.
• Increases in the rate of return as the
repetition is more than the natural method.
This is mainly due to faulty heat detection or
method of AI.
• Risk, both to the handler and the animal.

15. Management during AI
• The true estrus animal/insemination, upto
20% animals are inseminated which not in
estrus
• Proper restraining is important, unnecessary
excitement could interferes the physiological
mechanism to achieve the good conception
rate

16. • Good sanitary procedures and proper
insemination.
• Insemination supplies should be kept dry and
clean at all times. Keep in original package until
used.
• it must be protected from contamination and
cold shock temperatures.
• lubricant in RP should not come in contact with
the vulva region. Avoid the use of spermicidal/
irritant lubricants
• Protective rods or sheaths are used in herds or
for specific cows where vulvovaginal infection is a
problem.

17. Tips for insemination
• The insemination rod should be inserted into the
vulva upward at a 30 ̊ to 40 ̊ angle.
• The inseminator should be able to feel the rod
within the vaginal fold, but unable to feel the rod
tip within the cervix.
• Maintain slight forward pressure on the rod while
manipulating the cervix slightly ahead of the rod.
• Depositing the semen in the uterine body could
increase the conception rates

18. • Slow delivery could increase the conception
rates
• Don’t pull the rod back during deposition of
the semen

19. Thanks for attention