Contents of this slide-share presentation:
Understanding decay concepts
Facts about Radioactive decay
Types of radioactive decay
Understanding Half-life concepts
Graphing and calculating Half-life
Using count rate to study and analyse radioactive decay
Radioactivity refers to the particles which are emitted from nuclei as a result of nuclear instability. Because the nucleus experiences the intense conflict between the two strongest forces in nature, it should not be surprising that there are many nuclear isotopes which are unstable and emit some kind of radiation.
The revival and transformation of Europe’s largest onshore oilfield; the Pato...Albania Energy Association
Presentation: The revival and transformation of Europe’s largest onshore oilfield; the Patos-Marinza field
Leonidha Çobo, General Manager, Bankers Petroleum Albania Ltd
Contents of this slide-share presentation:
Understanding decay concepts
Facts about Radioactive decay
Types of radioactive decay
Understanding Half-life concepts
Graphing and calculating Half-life
Using count rate to study and analyse radioactive decay
Radioactivity refers to the particles which are emitted from nuclei as a result of nuclear instability. Because the nucleus experiences the intense conflict between the two strongest forces in nature, it should not be surprising that there are many nuclear isotopes which are unstable and emit some kind of radiation.
The revival and transformation of Europe’s largest onshore oilfield; the Pato...Albania Energy Association
Presentation: The revival and transformation of Europe’s largest onshore oilfield; the Patos-Marinza field
Leonidha Çobo, General Manager, Bankers Petroleum Albania Ltd
CILESIA E AJRIT NE AMBIENTET E BRENDESHME
Studimi i mirëqënies termike nuk mund te jete i shkeputur nga ajoe e
cilësisë së ajrit në brendësi të ambienteve të rrethuara. Vëzhgimi i
sëmundjeve në dukje (sindroma të ndërtesës së sëmurë) të çuditshme në
kushte të caktuara ka çuar në lindjen e një linje tjetër studimi që i
referohet cilësisë kimike – fizike të ajrit qe, sot njihet si IAQ (Indoor Air Quality-Cilësia e Ajrit të Brendshëm). Materialet përshtatura për ndërtime, mobiljet, gazrat e përdorur në impiante, të gjithë këto prodhojnë substanca avulluese organike ( Volatile Organic Compound, VOC– Përzierje Organike Avulli) që, në përqëndrim të pakontrolluar mund të sjellin sëmundje të natyrave dhe rrezikshmërive të ndryshme.
TREGUESIT E CILËSISE SË AJRIT
PROÇESET PSIKROMETRIKE
RRL
Ngarkesa Ftohëse
CENTRALET FRIGORIFERIKE
Metodat e permasimit te tubave te ajrit
Albania an important energy hub for the Southern Gas Corridor Realistic over...Albania Energy Association
Albania an important energy hub for the Southern Gas Corridor
Realistic overview of the Albanian and West Balkan
Erlet Shaqe
Co-Founder and Chairman of AEA
aea@aea-al.org
EU Gas Demand
Composition of the European gas supply
Existing and planned import pipelines to Europe
Natural gas demand on the Balkans
The Balkan Gas Hub
The Albania/Balkan region
Regional primary energy production WB
Natural Gas Role in the Albanian Energy Balance
Ionian – Adriatic Pipeline
TAP is considered important for Albania
Albania Natural Gas Forecast
Realistic potential area for developing the gas transmission and distribution in Albania
Underground Gas Storage potentials of Albania.
*Credits AEA-Albania Energy Association
Albania investments and Hydropower development 2017
The Albania Energy Association represents the Albania energy industry, covering all renewable, power, heat and fuels.
Albania Country of Opportunities .
Presentation: Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) – The European leg of the Southern Gas Corridor
Shkelqim Bozgo, Country Manager for Albania, Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP)
Presentation: Overall analysis of the onshore sector of Albania and current developments
Dritan Spahiu, Director of Policies and Development of Hydrocarbons, Ministry of Energy and Industry
How Albanian legislation facilitates the exploration and development of hydro...Albania Energy Association
Presentation: How Albanian legislation facilitates the exploration and development of hydrocarbons
Dael Dervishi, Executive Director, National Agency of Natural Resources (AKBN)
vercoming challenges in the exploration of Albania’s high potential carbonate...Albania Energy Association
Presentation: Overcoming challenges in the exploration of Albania’s high potential carbonate structures
Peter Sider, Vice President, Engineering, Operations and Business Development, Petromanas
Presentation: The role of Southern Gas Corridor for energy security of Europe
Ilkin Aslanov, Executive Assistant to SOCAR President Advisor, SOCAR, Azerbaijan
Presentation: Environmental services for the oil and gas industry
Giannis Karakolis, North Greece Director, POLYECO S.A.
Simon Geragthy, Drilling Waste Management Expert, POLYECO S.A
Presentation: Concessions and the legal framework in Energy
Etleva Kondi, Director of Concessions, Procurement and Privatisation, Ministry of Energy and Industry
Presentation: Strengthening integration on Energy Community and investment opportunities
Lorenc Gordani, Professor of EU Law and Project Director, ACERC
Presentation: The refining sector of Albania
Christophe Darbord, Chief Executive Officer, Armo Refinery
Presentation: What is the energy investment outlook in Albania for 2020?
Entela Çipa, Advisor to the Minister of Energy and Industry
Presentation: Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative - EITI in Albania
Dorina Çinari, Director, Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) Albania
Presentation: The National Economic Council; Fostering Business-Government dialogue
Elona Varfi, COO, National Economic Council (NEC)
Keynote Presentation from the Ministry of Energy and Industry - Electricity Directorate
Agim Bregasi, Director of Policies and Development of Electricity, Ministry of Energy and Industry
Presentation: An overview of Albania’s greatest energy source - Hydropower
Aas Agnar, Director of Governmental Affairs, Devoll Hydropower, Albania
Presentation: An overview of the mining sector in Albania
Mehmet Hasalami, Policy and Development Directorate of Mines, Ministry of Energy and Industry
Transporti me litare, perfshine ato lloje te transporti ne te cilen objekti qe transportohet c’vendoset me ndihmen e nje litari. Kjo eshte konceptuar ne terheqjen e mjetit mbartes me anen e litarit, pergjate udhes se tij, ose shtriries se tij. Historikisht tipike, ky lloj transporti perfaqesonte levizjet e mjeteve lundruese, mbi lumenj ose kanale lundruese. Sot ky lloj transporti (lumenj lundruese) eshte gjeneruar ne forma te ndryshme, sic do ta shohim ne leksionet e meposhteme. Peshen kryesore ne kete lloj transporti e ze transporti me teleferik dhe ai me ashensore, (pa permendur makinat ngritese-transportuese). Transporti me terheqje rreshqanthi, pergjate tokes, eshte pak i perhapur. (Ekzistojne studime te cilat tentojne te perfshijne kete lloj transporti, te permendur ne fund, ne formen e linjave me shina, si nje forme e transportit urban ne qytetet e medha dhe me infrastrukture te dobed). Ne ne leksionin tone do te trajtojme transportin me teleferik, dhe ai me ashensore, si dy forma transporti me mundesi perhapje ne Shqiperi. Per transportin me makina peshengritese-transportuese, nuk do ti trajtojme, per specifikat e vecanta te tyre, si dhe per detyren qe ne kemi vene ne lenden tone, Transportin publik
Kerkesa per parkim
Karakteristika e problemeve te transportit
Parkimi eshte nje aspekt i rendesishem i transportit qe ndihmon (pranon) ne praktike levizjen e automjeit. Ne qendrat urbane politika e vendqendrimeve te inspirohet nga kritere dhe objektiva te ndryshme , por ne cdo rast p[ermban nje total racionale e bazuar ne njohjen e ofertes ne veprim dhe kerkeses me te gjitha kuptimet sasiore e cilesore. Vleresimi i ofertes eshte nje problem i nje vezhgimi te paster statistikore ndersa kerkesa varion ne hapsire dhe ne kohen dhe mbi gjithshka ne sjelljen e perdoruesave ne lidhjen me politiken e pergjitheshme dhe ne vecanti me vete politiken e vendqendrimeve. Ne kete kapitull do te mundohemi te ndertojme tek disa modele te vleresimit te kerkeses, ne vecanti tek modeli gravitacional , dhe do te dallohen disa parametra qe bejne matjen e kerkeses per parkim.
Po te levizjen per sherbim transporti si nje rryme fluidi (ajri/lengu), dhe infrastrukturen si nje labirinth tubash, me pike fillimi, mbarimi, si dhe interseksione te ndryshme, ku neper kete sistem tubash kalon fluidi ne fjale. Eshte e kuptueshme qe per kontrollin ose komandimin e rastit, te vendosen disa elemente konstruktive, te cilet disiplinojne kalimin e fluidit neper nje, ose disa tuba te vecante, ose te lidhur ne njefare sistemi. Keshtu me kete lloj perfytyrimi qe ne po krijojme, mund ta njehsojme levizjen kaotike neper infrastrukture, te perdoruesave te mjeteve (shofere transporti mallrash, ose pasagjeresh, ose qytetare perdorues te mjeteve private, te cilet levizin neper infrastrukturen ekzistuese, per te realizuar nje cvendosje nga nje pozicion ne nje tjeter). Ne q. se vazhdojme te krahasojme situacionin e mesiper, ne llidhje me nje fluid vleresohen parametrat cilesor te tij si:, temperaturat dhe vetit e fizike te tij, vizkoziteti, pasha specifike, shpejtesia etj. Te cilat vleresojne levizjen e fluidit ne keto tubacione. Ne nje sistem transporti levizja e perdoruesave te infrastruktures ne nje intinerar mund te vleresohet nga disa parametra ose karkateristikat e fluksit te perdoruesave, te cilat mund te grupojme 3 faktore qe influencojne direkt per kete fenomen, ose levizje. Mjeti-drejtuesi-ambjenti, te tre keto grupime jane elmente perberes dhe influencues ne cdo lloj levizje mjetesh ne te gjithe infrastrukturen.
Ne c’do projekt transporti, ne aspektin e trajtimit te skemes klasike, sic quhet teknologjia e transportit (ai i transportit te objektit nga nje vend ne nje tjeter),.kemi kete perberje ne procesin teknologjik :
Levizja e objektit (mall ose njerez) me mjetin mbartes. Ne kapitujt e mesiperm ne i kemi permendur keto lloj mjetesh te cilet percaktojne dhe llojin e transportit, konkretisht kane keto emertime:
• transporti automobilistik (mjeti eshte automobili)
• transporti detare e lumore (mjeti eshte lundra, varka)
• transporti hekurudhore (mjeti eshte vagoni i terhequr me lokomotive )
• transporti airore (mjeti eshte aeroplani, helikopteri, balona, )
• transporti me litare (mjeti eshte teleferiku, ashensori, ose c’do makine ngritese transportuese)
Nganjehere kerkohet te parashikohet nje perspektive e zhvillimit te transportit, ose te ristrukturohet ne drejtim te permiresimit te parametrave, nje sistemi transporti. Keshtu, mund dhe duhet te behen, ridimensionimet gjenerale te modeleve matematikore, ose te relacioneve matematikore te bashkangjitura keto projektit te sistemit te transportit. Sa me siper, mund te shprehim ne forme te pergjitheshme :
Tij* = ( fk1,fk2,...fkn )= f(A,B,C,...,M) ku :
T fluksi i spostimeve ndaj 2 zonave i-j dhe me karakteristikat e ketij fluksi fk1,..fkn. te cilat japin funksionet relative A,B,C,... per sistemin e transportit.
Eshte e domosdoshme te sqarojme se, ne evolucionin e kerkeses per transport, futen parametra me te dukshme, ndersa te tjerat nuk perfillen, per vete natyren diskrete, te ketyre rasteve, ky fakt e ben qe, here pas here te rishikohen vleresimet, per zgjidhjen e sistemit kzistues, (sepse faktoret ndryshojne, si koha/ kosto/ distanca e levizjes me kemb/ parkimi/ komoditeti etj.). Ne perdorimin e modelit matematik, per nje sistem transporti, praktikisht behet nje thjeshtim i realitetit, gje qe zgjidhjet optimale duhen te merren duke i permiresuar here pas here parametrat e nje sistemi transporti, ne perputhje me kushtet aktualehere.
Si duhet ta shikojme/studjojme rrealisht nje statistike ne fushen e transportitAlbania Energy Association
Elementi baze ne ndertimin e nje projekti transporti eshte analiza e kerkes-ofert per transport. Kjo shpesh vjen nga verejtjet, ose pamjat direkte ne terren, nga menyra se si sillen ose levizin njerezit apo mallrat. Ashtu si dhe ne vleresimet e tjera per terrenin, edhe ketu kemi nje logjike te perafert, e dalluar, si me poshte:
1) Niveli i sherbimit mbi infrastrukturen ekzistuese, kjo ka te beje me grumbullimin e te dhenave rreale, statistikore mbi infrastrukturen ekzistuese, si dhe kerkesen per transport, apo sherbimet e transportit, si dhe pyetjet ose ceshtjet te tjera, qe lindin ne kete bashkeveprim kerkese-oferte
2) Modelimi simulues i nje sistemi, ne te cilen jane parashikuar vleresimet tekniko-ekonomike, nder te tjerat dhe demografike, social-ekonomike, urbanistike, etj. Si kane ndikuar ose vijuar keto elemente, gjate shfrytezimit ?
3) Treguesit Financiare, si kane qene dhe si eshte bilanci financiare i ketij sherbimi, dinamika e tij, si dhe ndonje alternative e tij, ne pasqyren e kostove e te rendimentit
Per ndertimin e nje projekt transporti, duhet detyrimisht te merren ne konsiderate shume elemente, ose kushte, te cilat konvertohen ne nje bashkesi ndervaresie e quajtur Modeli i sistemit te transportit, ky model eshte i afte ti simuloje keto kushte apo elemente, te projektit duke ne dhene rezultatet respektive. Sa me siper, nje projekt per nje sistem transporti, duhet te ece neper keto faza logjike:
Individualizimi i objeketve qe kerkojne levizje (kerkesa per transport)
Analiza sasiore e sistemit te transportit aktual (ose per disa sisteme)
Ndertimi i nje model varesie, qe perfaqeson nje sitem transporti, i cili eshte ne gjendje te funksionoje me te dhenat (dati) aktuale, si edhe me parametrat e vlerave te prespektives, ne lidhje me kete sistem qe po projektojme, se bashkeu me sistemet e tjere konkurues
Pergjithesime
Nje nder problemet qe e veshtiresojne shperndarjen, shtririen e transportit te mallrave mbi rruge, eshte koha e madhe jo levizese e mallit, ne pikat e nderthuries se levizjeve (grumbullimin, shperndarjen, vazhdim levizjeje te mallit ne destinacion) e cila presupozon kohen e perpunimit te mallit. Si dhe siperfaqet e disponueshme per kete kohe ne keto pika te nderthurjes se levizjes e te perpunimit te mallrave. Keshtu mga viti 1930-40 filloj nje koncep i ri “unifikimi i njesive te ngarkesave” kjo do te thote qe menyra te ambalazhimit te jete e paraqykyar qe ne projektim si nje element ne teknologjine e organizimit te transportit te objektit, kjo gje solli qe:
Elementi baze ne ndertimin e nje projekti transporti eshte hapesira fizike e shtrirejes se aktivitetit te sistemit te transportit, kjo per faktin e kalimeve ose te ndersjelles reciproke, te lelementeve teknike e politike te ketyre siperfaqeve. Per kete te kujtojme nje fakt te thjeshte dhe shume domethenes, ne shtrirjen e linjave nderkokmbetare te hekurudhes, dikur jo te gjitha shtetet, kishin standartin e distancave te shinave te barabarte, pra nuk rrealizohej teknikisht kalimi i vagonit te trenit nga nje shtet tek tjeti, (pasi nuk i kishin te njejta distancen e shinave), sot ky element nuk egziston (eshte eleminiur me kohe), por ekziston ndryshimi i tensionit elektrik, ne rrjetin e fuqise, per linjat hekurudhore te shteteve te ndryshme. (sot ky problem eleminohet duke ndrushuar lokomotiven, pra artificialisht krijohet ndalesa). Ne nje sistem transporti urban, siperfaqet ose zonat e hapesirave, kane rendesi te shikohen ne aspektin cilesor te tyre, nder te cilat mund te permendim, gjendja social-ekonomike e siperfaqes, prezenca e qendrave te medha tregtare e kulturore, destinacioni i aktivitetit te siperfaqes (aktiviteti kryesore i saj). etj. Por hapsira e territorit te referimit, mund te jete dytesore, ne kuptimin e rendesise se nivelit te transportit (pra nuk merret ne konsiderate karakteristikat e zones ne te cilen operohet). Hapsirat i dallojme nga elementi i pare i tyre, ndarjet poloitike.
Problemet e transportit jane bere me te mprehura dhe me kritike se asnjehere tjeter, si ne vendet e industrializuara ashtu edhe ne ato ne zhvillim. Mungesa e lendes djegese (perkohesish) nuk jane probleme qe e preokupojne sot transportin, por eshte rritja e pergjithshme e trafikut dhe e kerkesave per transport, te cilat kane si pasoje efektet e mbingarkit te trafikut, vonesat, aksidentet, si dhe problemet per mjedisin, keto te fundit kane shkuar aq laarg, sa tashme nuk mund te jene te pranueshme. Shprehemi qe keto probleme, nuk mund te kufizohen tek rruget, ose infrastruktura dhe trafiku i autoveturave.
Mjetet primitive te mbartjes jane shfaqur qe ne stadin fillestar te shoqerise njerezore. Nevojat e njeriut per te levizur dhe per te mbartur sendet dhe produktet, e ka bere ate te mendoje, e te veproje, per te perdorur rruge dhe mjete transporti, ne uje, toke dhe me vone ne ajer. Me fjalen transport, do te quajme teresine e veprimeve per c’vendosjen e nje objekti materjal ose frymore, pa ja humbur vetite perberese te tij, brenda nje ambjenti te caktuar me karakteristikat e pergjithshme te tij.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
2. Learning Objectives
Know basic constituents of the atom
Define and give an examples of:
Isotopes
Nuclides
Radionuclides
Radioisotopes
Radiations
Know major radiation interactions in
matter
Become familiar with and use
equations to describe radiation
interactions
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3. Learning Objectives
List charged and uncharged particles
Write the equation that describes how
uncharged particles are attenuated
Describe/draw an image of how
uncharged particles penetrate into
matter
Calculate the:
Range of an alpha particle in air
Range of a beta particle in a known
material
Attenuation of a photon beam
Attenuation of a neutron beam
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4. Basic Nuclear Particles
Atom: consists of protons,
neutrons & electrons
Proton, mass = 1.007277 amu
Neutron, mass = 1.008665 amu
Electron, mass = 0.000549 amu
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5. Basic Nuclear Particles
Beta ( -), mass = 0.000549 amu
Positron ( +), mass = 0.000549 amu
Alpha (), mass = ~4 amu
Gamma ray, no mass
X ray, no mass
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6. b er
num
ass N
M +
=Z
A
Z
Nuclear Terms
XN
At
nu om
m ic
be
r
ron
t
eu ber
N m
nu
Nucleons
Protons and neutrons
Nuclide
Species of atom defined by Z and A
1
H, 238U, 2H are all nuclides
Isotopes
Nuclides of same element (Z),
different number of neutrons (N)
1
H, 2H, 3H are isotopes of H
Isotones
Nuclides with same number of
neutrons
206
Pb and 204Hg
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7. b er
num
ass N
M +
=Z
A
Z
Nuclear Terms,
continued
XN
At
nu om
m ic
be
r
ron
t
eu ber
N m
nu
Radionuclide
Radioactive nuclide
Radioisotope
Radioactive isotope
Radiation
Particles or waves with
sufficient energy to interact
with or cause ionization of the
atoms with which they interact
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8. Classification of Nuclear Particles
ged
r
ha
C
art
P
s
cle
i
alpha (), + 2 charge
Proton, +1 charge
Electron, -1 charge
beta ( -), -1 charge
positron ( +), + 1 charge
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9. Classification of Nuclear Particles
nc
U
ar
h
le s
tic
ar
dP
ge
Neutron
Gamma ray
X ray
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10. Charged Particle Interactions
alpha ()
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
ionization
e-
e-
e-
e-
beta ( -)
e-
ionization
ee
e-
e-
positron ( )
Ionization
and
annihilation
radiation
e-
-
+
ee
-
e-
e-
annihilation radiation
0.511 MeV
ee-
e
-
e-
e+
annihilation radiation
0.511 MeV
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11. Uncharged Particle Interactions
photons
eeee-
recoil nuclei
fast neutron
recoil nuclei
thermal neutron
diffusion
recoil nuclei
elastic scattering
of nuclei and
production of
recoil nuclei
photon
Absorption with
(n,) reaction
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12. Important Radiation
Interactions in Matter
Production of Bremsstrahlung
Photon Interactions
Photoelectric Effect
Compton Effect
Pair Production
Positron Annihilation
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19. Alpha Particle Range
Rα = 0.318 E
3/ 2
Where:
Rα =
range in cm of air at 1
atm and 15oC
E =
energy in MeV
Note…this is an empirically derived
equation, the units don’t “work out”
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20. pes
: Ty s
bar tion
ide ua
S eq Dimensionally correct
of
Internally consistent
May be physics based
May include empirically derived
Example:
Velocity (m/s) = distance (m) / time (t)
Units “work out”
Examples
Radiation attenuation equations
Radioactive decay
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21. pes
: Ty s
bar tion
ide ua
S eq
Empirically derived
f
o
Experimental method of science
applied to the creation of equations.
Hypotheses generated to test theory
Data collected and analyzed.
Patterns extracted to describe
observed behavior
Units may not “work out”
Examples
Many “rules of thumb”
Range equations
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22. Beta Particle Range
Rβ = 412 E
1.265 − 0.0954 ln E
For particles 0.01<E<2.5 MeV
Where
Rβ =
range expressed in mg/cm2
E =
maximum energy in MeV
Note…this is also an empirically
derived equation, the units don’t
“work out”
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23. Proton Range
1.8
Rp
E
=
9 .3
Where
Rp =
E =
range expressed in
meters of air
energy in MeV (few MeV to 200
MeV)
Note…this is also an empirically
derived equation, the units don’t “work
out”
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24. The “one-size fits all”
equation
N = N0e
−λ t
Activity decay equation
I = I0e
−µ x
Atom decay equation
A = A0 e
−λ t
Photon attenuation equation
And many more….
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25. I=
Photon Absorption
− µx
I 0e
Where
I0 is the original exposure rate or beam
fluence or flux
I is the attenuated exopsure rate,
fluence or flux
µ is the linear absorption coefficeint
(cm-1)
x is the thickness of the absorber
e is the base of the natural logarithm
(2.718..)
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26. Neutron Absorption
I = I 0e
−σNx
Where
= I 0e
− Σx
I0 is the original neutron intensity
I is the attenuated neutron intensity
N is the number of atoms per cm3 in the
absorbing material
σ is the cross section of the abosrber
(capture coefficient (cm2)
x is the thickness of the absorber (cm)
e is the base of the natural logarithm
(2.718..)
Σ is the macroscopic cross section of the
absorber
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27. Behavior of Exponential Functions
Linear plot
N0
Semi-log plot
ln (N0)
N
ln N
t, x, or Z
t, x, or Z
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28. The Chart of the Nuclides
Still available
See Jean Robinson, NE Office
A portable resource
Known elements
Stable and radioactive forms
Periodic table
Brief description of nuclear
properties
Conversion tables!
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34. Summary
Basic constituents of the atom
Defined and give an examples of
nuclear terms
Described major radiation
interactions in matter
Listed equations to describe
radiation interactions
Layout of the Chart of the
Nuclides
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