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The gastrointestinal tract begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. It includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Accessory organs that aid in digestion include the teeth, tongue, gallbladder, and digestive glands. The upper GI tract consists of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus. Food is broken down mechanically and mixed with saliva in the mouth before being swallowed and propelled through the esophagus to the stomach using peristalsis. The lower GI tract includes the small and large intestines where most digestion and absorption occurs before waste is eliminated through the anus.
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The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. It consists of the digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Enzymes produced in the mouth, stomach, pancreas and small intestine aid in digestion before nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine. Undigested material then moves to the large intestine to be excreted.
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The document summarizes the key processes and structures of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It describes the 6 basic processes of ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, and defecation. It then details the layers of the GI tract and defines important vocabulary words. Specific sections are dedicated to describing the mouth, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, and the roles of enzymes and hormones. Key points include the 4 layers of the GI tract, the 5 types of teeth, and the 3 parts of the small intestine.
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The document summarizes the key parts and functions of the digestive system. It describes the esophagus as the muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach. The stomach acts as a storage tank that contains acids and enzymes to further digest food. The small intestine, including the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, absorbs nutrients from food. The large intestine, including the ascending, transverse and descending colon, absorbs water and converts waste into feces. The rectum temporarily stores feces until defecation, while the anus is the opening through which feces leaves the body. Other organs like the liver, pancreas and gallbladder produce enzymes and bile to aid in digestion.
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The document provides information about the digestive system, including the organs and their functions. It discusses the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. It explains the processes of mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients, and movement of food through the system. Key terms covered are the layers of the digestive tract organs, villi and microvilli in the small intestine, and control of digestive activity through reflexes.
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The document provides an overview of the human digestive system and the process of digestion. It describes each part of the digestive tract from the mouth through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine including the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. It then discusses the large intestine including the cecum, appendix, colon, rectum and anus. It explains the functions of each part and how digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs before waste is eliminated from the body.
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The document provides an overview of the human digestive system and the process of digestion. It describes each part of the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus. Food enters the mouth and is broken down through chewing and saliva. It then moves to the stomach through the esophagus and is further broken down by gastric juices. Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine before waste is passed to the large intestine, where water is reabsorbed and waste is formed into feces to be excreted from the anus.
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The document summarizes the anatomy and function of the digestive system. It begins with the mouth, which chews and swallows food, and the esophagus, which uses peristalsis to move food to the stomach. The stomach aids digestion and passes food to the small intestine, where most absorption occurs. Nutrients then enter the large intestine where water is absorbed before waste is expelled through the anus. The digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and removes waste from the body.
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Lec30
- 1. The GI tract is a muscular tube that begins at the mouth (oral cavity) and ends at the anus. Accessory organs Organs of the digestive system
- 3. Pharynx
- 4. Esophagus
- 5. Stomach
- 10. Pharynx Moves bolus of foods to esophagus (swallowing) Food is propelled to the esophagus by two muscle layers Longitudinal inner layer Circular outer layer Epiglottis covers the entrance to respiratory tract The epithelium lining the mouth and pharynx is stratified squamous (flattened) cells Upper GI Tract from Mouth to Stomach
- 12. Oropharynx – posterior to oral cavity
- 14. Upper GI Tract from Mouth to Stomach Esophagus: No digestive or absorption functions Connects pharynx to the stomach. Upper third contains skeletal muscle. Middle third contains a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle. Terminal portion contains only smooth muscle.
- 15. Upper GI Tract from Mouth to Stomach Peristalsis: Produced by a series of localized reflexes in response to distention of wall by bolus. Wave-like muscular contractions: Circular smooth muscle contract behind, relaxes in front of the bolus. Followed by longitudinal contraction (shortening) of smooth muscle. Insert 18.4a
- 16. Esophagus Motility in the esophagus is peristalsis Function: propel bolus of food to the stomach
- 17. Stomach Functions of the stomach: Stores and digests food. Its movement mixes gastric secretion with the food Initiates digestion of proteins. Moves food (chyme) into intestine. Empties into the duodenum
- 18. Stomach Compose of four regions: Cardia: The region surrounding the opening through which foods enters the stomach Fundus: The dome shape part of the stomach beneath the diaphragm Body: the mid portion of the stomach Pyloric region: Funnel shaped region, contains the antrum and the pylorus Pyloric antrum is the largest part of pyloric region Pylorus is the constricted terminal portion
- 19. Stomach The interior of the stomach consist of folds called Rugae Consist of longitudinal, circular and oblique muscle layer Pyloric sphincter thick muscle that controls the rate of gastric emptying Strong contractions in the pyloric region are important for mixing ingested food with gastric juice and emptying chyme into the small intestine
- 20. Stomach Contractions and movement of the stomach: Mix chyme with gastric secretions. Push food into intestine. Insert fig. 18.5
- 21. Lower GI Tract includes small and large intestine Most digestion and absorption occurs in the small intestine Juices in the small intestine neutralize the acidic chyme, restore normal osmolarity and continue digestion of macromolecule Breakdown products of macromolecules are absorbed across the intestinal epithelium into blood or lymph
- 22. The small intestine has three regions: Duodenum Jejunum Ileum The duodenum 8 – 11 inch long The jejunum and ileum 8 – 13 feet Lower GI Tract includes small and large intestine
- 24. Deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa
- 25. Do not disappear when filled with food
- 31. Large Intestine The large intestine subdivision includes: Cecum: A blind end pouch at the beginning of the large intestine Appendix: A blind wormlike tube attached to the cecum Colon: Is the longest region of the large intestine includes, ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid portions Rectum: The distal 5 cm of the digestive tract Anal canal: Last segment of the large intestine, consist of stratified squamous
- 32. Anus: Is the outlet of the GI tract The feces eliminated from the GI tract are primarily indigestible food combined with bacteria, inorganic material and sloughed off epithelial cells Large Intestine
- 33. Sphincters Separates the organs of the GI tract Controls the entrance of food into the tract Prevent reflux of material Control elimination of feces Such as: Upper esophageal sphincter Lower esophageal sphincter Pyloric sphincter Ileocecal sphincter Anal sphincter