The digestive system includes the organs of the alimentary canal and accessory structures. The alimentary canal forms a continuous tube that is open to the outside environment at both ends. The organs of the alimentary canal are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
The digestive system includes the organs of the alimentary canal and accessory structures. The alimentary canal forms a continuous tube that is open to the outside environment at both ends. The organs of the alimentary canal are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
Human have a special digestive system than the other animals. We have to know how our body digest our food after having a meal. So, let's check it out.
The endocrine system is composed of organs positioned throughout the body in widely separated locations. Endocrinology is the study of the structure and functioning of the endocrine system.
This was done as a Student presentation on the kidney.
Here following topics are covered.
Macroscopic structure of the urinary system
Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system
Functions of the nephron
Renal blood supply
Kidneys and blood pressure regulation
Structure of ureters and urinary bladder to perform its function
Renal failure
Physiology and Anatomy of Human Digestive System at a GlanceDilip Kumar Mahto
Human Digestive System is one of the very important system of human body. This presentation was prepared during class session of WASH to make them understand briefly.
anatomy of duodenum, location or position of duodenum, parts of duodenum, relations of each parts of duodenum, ligaments of treitz, visceral and peritoneal relation of duodenum, blood supply of duodenum, innervation of duodenum, clinical aspects of duodenum, duodenal ulcer, diverticulum, deodinitis, duodenal obstruction
Human have a special digestive system than the other animals. We have to know how our body digest our food after having a meal. So, let's check it out.
The endocrine system is composed of organs positioned throughout the body in widely separated locations. Endocrinology is the study of the structure and functioning of the endocrine system.
This was done as a Student presentation on the kidney.
Here following topics are covered.
Macroscopic structure of the urinary system
Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system
Functions of the nephron
Renal blood supply
Kidneys and blood pressure regulation
Structure of ureters and urinary bladder to perform its function
Renal failure
Physiology and Anatomy of Human Digestive System at a GlanceDilip Kumar Mahto
Human Digestive System is one of the very important system of human body. This presentation was prepared during class session of WASH to make them understand briefly.
anatomy of duodenum, location or position of duodenum, parts of duodenum, relations of each parts of duodenum, ligaments of treitz, visceral and peritoneal relation of duodenum, blood supply of duodenum, innervation of duodenum, clinical aspects of duodenum, duodenal ulcer, diverticulum, deodinitis, duodenal obstruction
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
2. Function of the digestive system
Ingestion: taking food and liquid into
mouth
Secretion: total about 7 liter into lumen
Mixing and propulsion: through GI
muscle and peristalsis and motility
Digestion: Breakdown of ingested food
(mechanical and chemical)
Absorption: Passage of nutrients into
the blood
Metabolism: Production of cellular
energy (ATP)
Defecation: waste substance leave the
GI tract through anus
3. Organs of the Digestive System
Two main groups
Alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract –
continuous coiled hollow tube from mouth to
anus(5-7 meter)
Accessory digestive organs: teeth ,tongue
,salivary gland ,liver ,gallbladder ,and
pancreas
5. Organs of the Alimentary Canal
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus
6. Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy
Lips (labia) – protect
the anterior opening
Cheeks – form the
lateral walls
Hard palate – forms
the anterior roof
Soft palate – forms
the posterior roof
Uvula – fleshy
projection of the
soft palate
7. Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy
Vestibule – space
between lips
externally and teeth
and gums internally
Oral cavity – area
contained by the
teeth
Tongue – attached
at hyoid bone and
styloid processes of
the skull, and by the
lingual frenulum
8. Tongue
Dorsum (upper part of
tongue covered with
papillae taste receptor and
buds)
filiform papillae( griping
food)
Fungiform papillae
(The fungiform papillae are involved
in the sensations of taste and have
taste buds)
circumvallate papillae
( particularly sensitive to sour
and bitter tastes)
9. Cont.
Palatine tonsil: play a role in protecting the body against respiratory
and gastrointestinal infections.
lingual tonsil: production of antibodies in response to invading
pathogenic bacteria or viruses.
10. Teeth
• Teeth
(mechanical breakdown)
– Incisors used for cutting
– Canines used for stabbing
and holding
– Molars large surface area
used for grinding
• Primary or deciduous
teeth 20
• Secondary or permanent
teeth 32
11. Structure of Teeth
Crown - exposed surface of tooth
Neck - boundary between root and crown
Enamel - outer surface (the hardest substance in the
body 95% calcium salts)
Dentin – bone-like, but noncellular(70% calcium
salts)
Pulp cavity - hollow with blood vessels and nerves
Root canal - canal length of root
gingival sulcus - where gum and tooth meet
12. Processes of the Mouth
Mastication (chewing) of food
Mixing masticated food with saliva to
produce easy digestied food called
bolus
Saliva contain 2 enzyme,
salivary amylase(hydrolysis of starch into
sugars.) and lingual lipase(breakdown of
fats to fatty acids)
Initiation of swallowing by the tongue
Allowing for the sense of taste
13. Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis propria
serosa
15. Pharynx Anatomy
Nasopharynx –
not part of the
digestive system
Oropharynx –
posterior to oral
cavity
Laryngopharynx –
below the oropharynx
and connected to
the esophagus
16. Pharynx Function
Serves as a passageway for air and
food
Food is propelled to the esophagus by
two muscle layers
Longitudinal outer layer
Circular inner layer
Food movement is by alternating
contractions of the muscle layers
(peristalsis)
17. Esophagus
Runs from pharynx to stomach through
the diaphragm( 25 cm)
Conducts food by peristalsis
(slow rhythmic squeezing): contraction
of circular layer above the food and
contraction of longitudinal below the
food
Passageway for food only (respiratory
system branches off after the pharynx)
18. Peristalsis in Esophagus
Bolus of
food
Muscles relax,
allowing
passageway
to open
Stomach
Muscles
contract,
constricting
passageway
and pushing
bolus down
Muscles
relax
Muscles contract
Muscles relax
Muscles contract
19. Stomach Anatomy
Located on the left side of the
abdominal cavity
Food enters at the
cardioesophageal sphincter
Site where food is churned into chyme
Protein digestion begins
20. Stomach Anatomy
Regions of the stomach
Cardiac region – near the heart
Fundus
Body
Phylorus – funnel-shaped terminal end
Food empties into the small intestine at
the pyloric sphincter
24. Stomach Functions
Acts as a storage tank for food
Site of food breakdown and mixing
Chemical breakdown of protein begins
Delivers chyme (processed food) to the
small intestine
25. Specialized Mucosa of the
Stomach
Simple columnar epithelium
Mucous neck cells – produce a sticky
alkaline mucus
Gastric glands – secrete gastric juice
Chief cells – produce protein-digesting
enzymes (pepsinogens)
Parietal cells – produce hydrochloric acid
and Intrinsic factor(B12 absorption)
Endocrine cells (G cell) – produce gastrin
which stimulates both parietal and chief cells)
26. Peritoneum
• Is the largest serous membrane of the body consist of
mesothelium
• Divide into
1. Parietal peritoneum: lines the wall of abdominopelvic
cavity internally
2. Visceral peritoneum: cover some oh the organs in the
cavity
3. The space between them contain fluid and called
peritoneal cavity this cavity may be accumulated by
several liters of fluid state called ascites
27.
28. Small Intestine
The body’s major digestive organ
Site of nutrient absorption into the blood
Muscular tube extending form the
pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
29. Subdivisions of the Small Intestine
Duodenum(25cm)
Attached to the stomach
Curves around the head of the pancreas
Fixed retroperitoneal structure
Jejunum (2.5m)
Attaches anteriorly to the duodenum
Ileum (3.5m)
Extends from jejunum to large intestine
36. Regions of Large Intestine
Cecum – pocket at proximal end with
Appendix
Colon
Ascending colon - on right
Transverse colon - horizontal
portion
Descending colon - left side
Sigmoid colon - S bend near terminal
end
Rectum – terminal end is anal canal - ending at the anus -
which has internal involuntary sphincter and external voluntary
sphincter
43. Liver
e
,
On right under diaphragm,
largest organ made up of 4
lobes (left and right, caudat
and quadrate)
Hilus (porta hepatis) –
underside "entry" point
Gall bladder