Pathology is the study of disease and involves examining organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids to diagnose disease and understand disease mechanisms. The main subfields of pathology include anatomical pathology, clinical pathology, surgical pathology, cytopathology, and forensic pathology. Pathology uses various techniques including microscopic examination, biochemical analysis, microbiology, and cell/tissue culture to make diagnoses and advance understanding of disease processes.

3. General Pathology

7. A combination both anatomical and clinical pathology is known as general pathology

12. THEORETICAL STUDY Main object is to know the nature of DISEASE by study as the following :- 1. Etiology ( causes of diseases ) 2. Pathogenesis (mechanism of diseases) 3. Pathological changes : structural change  Lesion

13. 6. Prognosis ( prediction the future of victim) THEORETICAL STUDY 4. Clinical feature : functional & structural changes  symptoms & signs of patients 5. Complication

14. Complications & sequelae Morphological and functional features Pathogenesis Etiology S.aureus Acute inflammation Boil Septicemia Smoking , Polycyclic AHC Genetic mutation Lung cancer Metastasis HBV Immune reaction to virus infected cells Cirrhosis Liver failure Increased renin production High BP Cerebral hemorrhage

18. The general main causes of disease Congenital Diseases Immune disorder: AIDS, Graves’ disease Genetic Non genetic * Familial diseases * Abnormal Growth & Development Acquired Diseases Iatrogenic disease Inherited : cystic fibrosis Spontaneous : Down’s syndrome Environmental : rubella assoc mal- Accidental : cerebral palsy ~ birth hypoxia Inflammation : appendicitis, TB Neoplasia: lung CA Non neoplastic: BPH Injury , disordered repair: fracture, aspirin induced PU Metabolic disorders: DM Degeneration: osteoarthritis Hemodynamic disorder : shock, MI i ii Cushing’s syndrome ~ X steroids Aplastic anemia ~ chloramphenicol Growth disorders

19. TACTICAL STUDY Learn how ? The study "Comparison" between what is normal and abnormal human nature. Compare the same thing. The same type of structure and function of organs and tissue cell.

20. Sample comparison Structure Normal squamous cell VS abnormal squamous cell Function of organ, tissue, cell Normal blood sugar VS abnormal blood sugar

21. Sample comparison

22. Biochemical Microbiological Hematological Cell/ tissue culture

24. REFERENCES 1. General and systematic Pathology, 4 th edition, edited by J.C.E.Underwood, “ Introduction to Pathology” 2. Concise Pathology, 3 rd edition, edited by P. Chandrasoma ; C.R. Taylor, Introduction : The Discipline of Pathology , pp xiii – xiv 3. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7 th edition, edited by Kumar; Abbas; Fausto; “ Introduction to Pathology” pp 4

25. Basic medical science and clinicopathological correlation Pathology : Disease, Heart valve stenosis Structural changes Cardiac hypertrophy Functional changes Circulation disturbed C.O. HR Murmur heart sound Compensate: to be normal Strength of heart pump Over compensate: exhaust Pump failure Complication: pulmonary congestion Pulmonary edema Dyspnea, crepitation Irregular HR Clinical problem dyspnea, crepitation, murmur Solution of problem Clinical Dx Aortic valve stenosis with left sided failure Management Prognosis Prophylaxis or prevention Treatment Surgery Medical Other