Learning is a key process that results in relatively permanent changes in behavior. It occurs through experience and interactions with the environment. Learning involves both physical and mental processes like perception, encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. Several factors can influence learning, including characteristics of the learner like motivation, ability, and health, as well as teaching methods. Learning theories provide frameworks for understanding how and why learning occurs.
The document discusses various defence mechanisms used by individuals to protect themselves from anxiety and stress. It classifies defence mechanisms as either positive or negative based on their impact. Some positive mechanisms include rationalization, sublimation, and compensation which help resolve conflicts. Negative mechanisms such as denial, projection, and withdrawal involve avoiding reality or problems. The document provides examples to illustrate mechanisms like repression of unpleasant memories, identification with admired individuals, and displacement of emotions onto less threatening targets.
This document provides an overview of psychology, including its history, goals, classifications of behavior, early schools of thought, research methods, and fields. It discusses how psychology evolved from philosophy to an experimental science. Key events include Wundt establishing psychology as a discipline in the 19th century and Freud developing psychoanalysis. The main goals of psychology are to understand, explain, describe, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.
Attention, Factors of Attention, Objective Factors, Subjective Factors, Span of Attention, Distraction of Attention, Control of Distraction, Fluctuation of Attention.
This document discusses various theories of learning including Thorndike's connectionism, Pavlov's classical conditioning, Skinner's operant conditioning, and Hull's reinforcement theory. It also covers concepts like transfer of training, learning styles, and metacognition. The key points are:
1) Several theories of learning are presented including association theories like Thorndike's connectionism and Pavlov's classical conditioning, as well as field theories like Gestalt psychology.
2) Factors that influence learning include characteristics of the learner, the learning experiences, resources available, and motivation.
3) Transfer of training refers to applying what is learned in one context to another context. Several theories attempt to explain how and why
Learning process- Theories, Principles and Characteristics (Lecture-1)-1)Zulfiquer Ahmed Amin
Behaviorism is a learning theory based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. It focuses on observable behaviors and interactions between stimuli and responses. The three major behaviorist learning theories are:
1. Contiguity theory - any stimulus and response connected in time and space will form an association.
2. Classical conditioning - involuntary learned responses, exemplified by Pavlov's dog experiment.
3. Operant conditioning - voluntary behaviors are shaped by consequences like reinforcement and punishment.
Behaviorism was influential in education, emphasizing reinforcement, punishment, and a structured teacher-centered approach, but it was criticized for being too reductionist and not accounting for internal cognitive processes.
This document discusses learning and the learning process. It begins by defining learning as the acquisition of habits, knowledge and attitudes through experience that results in progressive changes in behavior. The learning process involves steps of a motive or need, an attractive goal, and obstacles to achieving that goal. Reinforcement and integration are also part of the learning process. Several theories of learning are then outlined, including behaviorism and theorists like Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, and Skinner. Classical and operant conditioning are examined in detail. Factors that influence learning including the individual and environmental factors are also discussed.
Sensation and perception involve two processes - sensation, which is the detection of stimuli by the senses, and perception, which is the interpretation and organization of sensory information. Sensation occurs through sensory receptors in organs like the eyes, ears, and skin that detect stimuli and transmit neural signals. Perception involves higher-level cognitive processes in the brain that allow us to understand and make sense of sensory information. The document provides details on the sensory systems for vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch and how stimuli are detected and transmitted by receptors in each system to be perceived.
its all about learning and u can find out all your doubts related to learning and if you have any more information so just email us sharmasandeep328@gmail.com.....
The document discusses various defence mechanisms used by individuals to protect themselves from anxiety and stress. It classifies defence mechanisms as either positive or negative based on their impact. Some positive mechanisms include rationalization, sublimation, and compensation which help resolve conflicts. Negative mechanisms such as denial, projection, and withdrawal involve avoiding reality or problems. The document provides examples to illustrate mechanisms like repression of unpleasant memories, identification with admired individuals, and displacement of emotions onto less threatening targets.
This document provides an overview of psychology, including its history, goals, classifications of behavior, early schools of thought, research methods, and fields. It discusses how psychology evolved from philosophy to an experimental science. Key events include Wundt establishing psychology as a discipline in the 19th century and Freud developing psychoanalysis. The main goals of psychology are to understand, explain, describe, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.
Attention, Factors of Attention, Objective Factors, Subjective Factors, Span of Attention, Distraction of Attention, Control of Distraction, Fluctuation of Attention.
This document discusses various theories of learning including Thorndike's connectionism, Pavlov's classical conditioning, Skinner's operant conditioning, and Hull's reinforcement theory. It also covers concepts like transfer of training, learning styles, and metacognition. The key points are:
1) Several theories of learning are presented including association theories like Thorndike's connectionism and Pavlov's classical conditioning, as well as field theories like Gestalt psychology.
2) Factors that influence learning include characteristics of the learner, the learning experiences, resources available, and motivation.
3) Transfer of training refers to applying what is learned in one context to another context. Several theories attempt to explain how and why
Learning process- Theories, Principles and Characteristics (Lecture-1)-1)Zulfiquer Ahmed Amin
Behaviorism is a learning theory based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. It focuses on observable behaviors and interactions between stimuli and responses. The three major behaviorist learning theories are:
1. Contiguity theory - any stimulus and response connected in time and space will form an association.
2. Classical conditioning - involuntary learned responses, exemplified by Pavlov's dog experiment.
3. Operant conditioning - voluntary behaviors are shaped by consequences like reinforcement and punishment.
Behaviorism was influential in education, emphasizing reinforcement, punishment, and a structured teacher-centered approach, but it was criticized for being too reductionist and not accounting for internal cognitive processes.
This document discusses learning and the learning process. It begins by defining learning as the acquisition of habits, knowledge and attitudes through experience that results in progressive changes in behavior. The learning process involves steps of a motive or need, an attractive goal, and obstacles to achieving that goal. Reinforcement and integration are also part of the learning process. Several theories of learning are then outlined, including behaviorism and theorists like Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, and Skinner. Classical and operant conditioning are examined in detail. Factors that influence learning including the individual and environmental factors are also discussed.
Sensation and perception involve two processes - sensation, which is the detection of stimuli by the senses, and perception, which is the interpretation and organization of sensory information. Sensation occurs through sensory receptors in organs like the eyes, ears, and skin that detect stimuli and transmit neural signals. Perception involves higher-level cognitive processes in the brain that allow us to understand and make sense of sensory information. The document provides details on the sensory systems for vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch and how stimuli are detected and transmitted by receptors in each system to be perceived.
its all about learning and u can find out all your doubts related to learning and if you have any more information so just email us sharmasandeep328@gmail.com.....
This document discusses various aspects of attention including definitions, characteristics, types, determinants, duration, and implications for nursing. It defines attention as the concentration of consciousness on a particular object. Attention can be selective, shifting, and creates clarity and motor adjustments. It is influenced by both external factors like stimulus intensity and internal factors like interests, emotions, and past experiences. Attention can be voluntary or involuntary and can range from implicit to explicit types. The document also addresses the span and duration of attention and causes of distraction and inattention in learning contexts.
The document outlines the 8 steps in the learning process: 1) setting a goal, 2) being ready physically and mentally, 3) interacting with the learning situation, 4) interacting and testing different responses, 5) getting results that confirm or reject the responses, 6) reacting to failures by changing behavior and ideas, and 7) actively participating in learning activities and discussions. Effective learning requires going through all these steps, with active student participation being especially important.
The presentation is prepared according to the syllabus of Basic BSc nursing given by INC. for the better understanding and knowledge please refer the books. the learning is the information gaining process where the individual interact with the environment and gain knowledge.
Memory can be influenced by extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Extrinsic factors include the meaningfulness, amount, and presentation of the material as well as distractions. Intrinsic factors are internal to the individual and include their age, maturity, health, sleep, intelligence, and psychological state. Memory is best when material is meaningful, presented in moderate amounts over time, and in a quiet environment without distractions. Intrinsic factors like age, health conditions, nutrition, medication, and psychological well-being can also impact an individual's memory abilities.
Benjamin Bloom developed the Bloom's Taxonomy model in the 1960s to classify educational learning objectives into domains. The taxonomy divides objectives into three domains: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. The cognitive domain involves knowledge and intellectual skills development and is broken into six categories of increasing difficulty from remembering to evaluating. The affective domain deals with emotions, attitudes and values, and its categories range from receiving phenomena to internalizing values. The psychomotor domain concerns physical movement and motor skills development, with categories from imitation to origination. Bloom's Taxonomy provides a framework for instructors to set learning objectives at different levels of complexity.
1) Learning involves acquiring relatively permanent changes in behavior through experience. It can occur through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive learning.
2) Classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. Operant conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment to modify voluntary behaviors. Cognitive learning focuses on mental processes like latent learning and observational learning.
3) Key principles of learning include reinforcement, punishment, shaping, extinction, generalization, and discrimination. Learning theories are applied to understand behaviors and design treatment programs.
This document discusses social attitudes, including their meaning, implications, concept, components, and functions. A social attitude is defined as a mental state of readiness comprising affective, cognitive, and behavioral elements that influence a person's responses in social contexts. Social attitudes are learned and help with adjustment, ego defense, expressing values, and providing knowledge. They influence relationships between educational administrators, faculty, and students and can impact work environment, self-identity, and group norms. Social attitudes serve important functions but can become problematic if negative and persistent.
Concepts of mental health and Mental hygiene.DikshaRai24
Mental Health a person’s condition with regard to their psychological and emotional well-being. Mental hygiene, the science of maintaining mental health and preventing the development of psychosis, neurosis, or other mental disorders. Mental hygiene.
Characteristics of mentally heathy person.
The document discusses the concept and forms of competition. It defines competition as an impersonal struggle between opposing individuals or groups to achieve a goal that cannot be shared. There are four main forms of competition: social, where people compete for higher status and position; political, with competition between parties for power; economic, as a race between individuals and groups to achieve material goods; and cultural, when cultures try to establish their superiority over others. The document also notes two key characteristics of competition: that it is universal across societies and ages, and impersonal in that competitors are not in direct contact.
This document discusses different types of counselling:
1) Directive counselling is counsellor-centered where the counsellor directs the client to resolve issues by informing and advising them.
2) Non-directive counselling is client-centered where the counsellor creates an environment for the client to work out their own problems through free expression of feelings and developing insight.
3) Eclectic counselling combines elements of directive and non-directive counselling by taking a flexible middle approach depending on the client and situation. The counsellor plays an active but not overbearing role.
Sensation is the detection of sensory stimuli by the senses, while perception is the interpretation of sensory information. The eyes, ears, skin, nose, and tongue contain receptor cells that receive stimuli and transmit it as neural impulses to the brain. Perceptual processes like selection, organization, and interpretation occur in the brain. Both objective factors like intensity, size, and movement and subjective factors like motives, experiences, and culture influence our perceptions.
This document introduces several important methods used in psychology: introspection, observation, experimentation, survey methods, clinical methods, and case study. Introspection involves self-observation of one's own inner thoughts and behaviors. Observation collects data by watching subjects externally. Experimentation uses controlled conditions to analyze outcomes. Surveys distribute questionnaires or interviews to gather information from people. Clinical methods diagnose and address individuals' behavioral issues. Case studies provide an in-depth analysis of a specific person or group.
The document discusses various factors that affect learning, including intellectual factors like prior knowledge and intellectual ability, environmental factors like natural and social surroundings, physical factors like health, nutrition, and physical defects, emotional factors like stress and sleep, media influences from print and non-print media, and relationships with teachers, parents, and peers. A supportive environment from teachers, parents, and other students can positively impact a student's learning.
Bandura's social learning theory posits that people learn through observing others within a social context. The theory explains that learning can occur through observation of others' behaviors and the outcomes of those behaviors without direct reinforcement. Social learning theory emphasizes that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation.
Perception involves interpreting sensory information from our environment. Sensations from our senses are transmitted to the brain for interpretation based on past experiences. Gestalt psychologists identified principles that help organize discrete stimuli into meaningful wholes, such as figure-ground relationships, proximity, similarity, and closure. Factors like sense organs, mental sets, motives, and emotions can influence perception. Illusions involve misperceptions of real external stimuli, while hallucinations are false perceptions without an actual stimulus.
This document discusses perception and perceptual errors. It defines sensation as the immediate response of sense organs to stimuli, while perception involves meaningful interpretation of sensations based on past experiences. Perception provides knowledge about selected sensory information and prepares the body for response. Factors like sense organs, brain, emotions, and expectations can influence perception. Principles of perception include figure-ground relationship, closure, grouping, and contrast. Perceptual errors include illusions, where perception differs from reality, and hallucinations, where perception occurs without stimuli. Common illusions are of size, length, perspective, curvature, and movement.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism.Classical conditioning basically involves forming an association between two stimuli resulting in a learned response.
This document provides an overview of the basics of using Game Maker to create computer games without programming. It describes the main components used in Game Maker such as sprites, objects, actions, rooms, backgrounds, and sounds. It also explains how to load, run, and play games created with Game Maker.
Week 7 Animal Studies and Castner (1988)Jamie Davies
This document discusses the use of animals in psychological research. It provides learning objectives about describing animal studies and Castner's experiment, and evaluating the use of animals in research. It also lists guidelines for ethical research with animals, considering duration, environment, species and minimizing suffering and experimentation. Researchers must follow the Animals Scientific Procedures Act to carefully choose species, minimize animal numbers, and provide natural housing conditions.
This document discusses various aspects of attention including definitions, characteristics, types, determinants, duration, and implications for nursing. It defines attention as the concentration of consciousness on a particular object. Attention can be selective, shifting, and creates clarity and motor adjustments. It is influenced by both external factors like stimulus intensity and internal factors like interests, emotions, and past experiences. Attention can be voluntary or involuntary and can range from implicit to explicit types. The document also addresses the span and duration of attention and causes of distraction and inattention in learning contexts.
The document outlines the 8 steps in the learning process: 1) setting a goal, 2) being ready physically and mentally, 3) interacting with the learning situation, 4) interacting and testing different responses, 5) getting results that confirm or reject the responses, 6) reacting to failures by changing behavior and ideas, and 7) actively participating in learning activities and discussions. Effective learning requires going through all these steps, with active student participation being especially important.
The presentation is prepared according to the syllabus of Basic BSc nursing given by INC. for the better understanding and knowledge please refer the books. the learning is the information gaining process where the individual interact with the environment and gain knowledge.
Memory can be influenced by extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Extrinsic factors include the meaningfulness, amount, and presentation of the material as well as distractions. Intrinsic factors are internal to the individual and include their age, maturity, health, sleep, intelligence, and psychological state. Memory is best when material is meaningful, presented in moderate amounts over time, and in a quiet environment without distractions. Intrinsic factors like age, health conditions, nutrition, medication, and psychological well-being can also impact an individual's memory abilities.
Benjamin Bloom developed the Bloom's Taxonomy model in the 1960s to classify educational learning objectives into domains. The taxonomy divides objectives into three domains: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. The cognitive domain involves knowledge and intellectual skills development and is broken into six categories of increasing difficulty from remembering to evaluating. The affective domain deals with emotions, attitudes and values, and its categories range from receiving phenomena to internalizing values. The psychomotor domain concerns physical movement and motor skills development, with categories from imitation to origination. Bloom's Taxonomy provides a framework for instructors to set learning objectives at different levels of complexity.
1) Learning involves acquiring relatively permanent changes in behavior through experience. It can occur through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive learning.
2) Classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. Operant conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment to modify voluntary behaviors. Cognitive learning focuses on mental processes like latent learning and observational learning.
3) Key principles of learning include reinforcement, punishment, shaping, extinction, generalization, and discrimination. Learning theories are applied to understand behaviors and design treatment programs.
This document discusses social attitudes, including their meaning, implications, concept, components, and functions. A social attitude is defined as a mental state of readiness comprising affective, cognitive, and behavioral elements that influence a person's responses in social contexts. Social attitudes are learned and help with adjustment, ego defense, expressing values, and providing knowledge. They influence relationships between educational administrators, faculty, and students and can impact work environment, self-identity, and group norms. Social attitudes serve important functions but can become problematic if negative and persistent.
Concepts of mental health and Mental hygiene.DikshaRai24
Mental Health a person’s condition with regard to their psychological and emotional well-being. Mental hygiene, the science of maintaining mental health and preventing the development of psychosis, neurosis, or other mental disorders. Mental hygiene.
Characteristics of mentally heathy person.
The document discusses the concept and forms of competition. It defines competition as an impersonal struggle between opposing individuals or groups to achieve a goal that cannot be shared. There are four main forms of competition: social, where people compete for higher status and position; political, with competition between parties for power; economic, as a race between individuals and groups to achieve material goods; and cultural, when cultures try to establish their superiority over others. The document also notes two key characteristics of competition: that it is universal across societies and ages, and impersonal in that competitors are not in direct contact.
This document discusses different types of counselling:
1) Directive counselling is counsellor-centered where the counsellor directs the client to resolve issues by informing and advising them.
2) Non-directive counselling is client-centered where the counsellor creates an environment for the client to work out their own problems through free expression of feelings and developing insight.
3) Eclectic counselling combines elements of directive and non-directive counselling by taking a flexible middle approach depending on the client and situation. The counsellor plays an active but not overbearing role.
Sensation is the detection of sensory stimuli by the senses, while perception is the interpretation of sensory information. The eyes, ears, skin, nose, and tongue contain receptor cells that receive stimuli and transmit it as neural impulses to the brain. Perceptual processes like selection, organization, and interpretation occur in the brain. Both objective factors like intensity, size, and movement and subjective factors like motives, experiences, and culture influence our perceptions.
This document introduces several important methods used in psychology: introspection, observation, experimentation, survey methods, clinical methods, and case study. Introspection involves self-observation of one's own inner thoughts and behaviors. Observation collects data by watching subjects externally. Experimentation uses controlled conditions to analyze outcomes. Surveys distribute questionnaires or interviews to gather information from people. Clinical methods diagnose and address individuals' behavioral issues. Case studies provide an in-depth analysis of a specific person or group.
The document discusses various factors that affect learning, including intellectual factors like prior knowledge and intellectual ability, environmental factors like natural and social surroundings, physical factors like health, nutrition, and physical defects, emotional factors like stress and sleep, media influences from print and non-print media, and relationships with teachers, parents, and peers. A supportive environment from teachers, parents, and other students can positively impact a student's learning.
Bandura's social learning theory posits that people learn through observing others within a social context. The theory explains that learning can occur through observation of others' behaviors and the outcomes of those behaviors without direct reinforcement. Social learning theory emphasizes that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation.
Perception involves interpreting sensory information from our environment. Sensations from our senses are transmitted to the brain for interpretation based on past experiences. Gestalt psychologists identified principles that help organize discrete stimuli into meaningful wholes, such as figure-ground relationships, proximity, similarity, and closure. Factors like sense organs, mental sets, motives, and emotions can influence perception. Illusions involve misperceptions of real external stimuli, while hallucinations are false perceptions without an actual stimulus.
This document discusses perception and perceptual errors. It defines sensation as the immediate response of sense organs to stimuli, while perception involves meaningful interpretation of sensations based on past experiences. Perception provides knowledge about selected sensory information and prepares the body for response. Factors like sense organs, brain, emotions, and expectations can influence perception. Principles of perception include figure-ground relationship, closure, grouping, and contrast. Perceptual errors include illusions, where perception differs from reality, and hallucinations, where perception occurs without stimuli. Common illusions are of size, length, perspective, curvature, and movement.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism.Classical conditioning basically involves forming an association between two stimuli resulting in a learned response.
This document provides an overview of the basics of using Game Maker to create computer games without programming. It describes the main components used in Game Maker such as sprites, objects, actions, rooms, backgrounds, and sounds. It also explains how to load, run, and play games created with Game Maker.
Week 7 Animal Studies and Castner (1988)Jamie Davies
This document discusses the use of animals in psychological research. It provides learning objectives about describing animal studies and Castner's experiment, and evaluating the use of animals in research. It also lists guidelines for ethical research with animals, considering duration, environment, species and minimizing suffering and experimentation. Researchers must follow the Animals Scientific Procedures Act to carefully choose species, minimize animal numbers, and provide natural housing conditions.
This Harvest Fast Day aim high in your fundraising to help young people living in poverty. Check out Abdi’s story below, and use our resources below to help you get involved to help make a difference:
The document discusses God making an unbreakable covenant with Abram (later known as Abraham). God promised Abram that he would make him into a great nation and bless all people on earth through him. To seal the covenant, Abram brought various animals and cut them in half, then God passed between the pieces, demonstrating the seriousness of the promise. The document also references Steven and Julie questioning if God could ever use them or if they could be recipients of God's grace, and cites a Bible passage about God blessing the Israelites.
Crafted and copywrote a new white paper announcing new GoodData product features and positioning as the first entrant in the Insights-as-a-Service category. Led design and development applying new branding.
Summary: BI is entering a new era, an era where purchasing decisions are being led by business units and managers, instead of corporate systems and IT. Learn more about this fundamental market shift and the benefits Insights as a Service can offer your business in this white paper.
Dr. Jennifer T. Butcher & Dr. William Allan Kritsonis - Article: A National P...William Kritsonis
Dr. Jennifer T. Butcher & Dr. William Allan Kritsonis - Article: A National Perspective: Utilizing the Pstmodern Theoretical Paradigm to Close the Achievement Gap and Increase Student Success in Public Education of America - Published in the NATIONAL FORUM OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION JOURNAL, 26(4) 2008
Dr. Jennifer T. Butcher is currently a Assistant Professor in the Educational Leadership Masters Program in the College of Education at The University of Texas Pan American.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis is a Professor (Tenured) and teaches in the PhD Program in Educational Leadership at PVAMU/Member of the Texas A&M University System.
Professorial Roles
Dr. Kritsonis has served in professorial roles at Central Washington University, Washington; Salisbury State University, Maryland; Northwestern State University, Louisiana; McNeese State University, Louisiana; and Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge in the Department of Administrative and Foundational Services.
In 2006, Dr. Kritsonis published two articles in the Two-Volume Set of the Encyclopedia of Educational Leadership and Administration published by SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California. He is a National Reviewer for the Journal of Research on Leadership, University Council for Educational Administration (UCEA).
In 2007, Dr. Kritsonis was invited to write a history and philosophy of education for the ABC-CLIO Encyclopedia of World History.
Currently, Dr. Kritsonis is Professor of Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University – Member of the Texas A&M University System. He teaches in the PhD Program in Educational Leadership. Dr. Kritsonis taught the Inaugural class session in the doctoral program at the start of the fall 2004 academic year. In October 2006, Dr. Kritsonis chaired the first doctoral student to earn a PhD in Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University. He has chaired over 18 doctoral dissertations. He lives in Houston, Texas.
This chapter discusses career opportunities and schooling. It notes that while teaching has become more difficult in recent decades, it remains a major employer with over 2.2 million public school teachers. The chapter examines the characteristics of good teachers and the current state of the teaching profession, including salaries, benefits, and shortcomings like burnout. It concludes by mentioning other career paths in public education like counseling, social work, and administration.
1. The document provides a summary of the author's experience at Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity, describing various events and presentations they attended.
2. At one presentation by Wendy Clark from Coca-Cola, the author had a difficult view from high up in the theater but was moved to tears by a film about a blind man feeling the World Cup trophy. Clark discussed Coca-Cola's use of social media to understand consumers and touch simple human emotions.
3. The author found it difficult to pace themselves amid the busy schedule of content, meetings, and work. They ended up returning to the crowded and expensive Carlton Terrace terrace multiple times to socialize.
4.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, School Law, Curriculum Legal Issues, Curriculum and Law, Extra Curricular Activites, Copyrights, Attendance, Discrimination, Due Process.
About Dr. William Allan Kritsonis
Remarks by Jennifer Butcher
August 22nd 2008
I have the privilege of introducing Dr. William Allan Kritsonis. Dr. Kritsonis earned a Bachelor’s degree from Central Washington University in Ellensburg, Washington. He earned his Master’s in Education from Seattle Pacific University and his PhD from the University of Iowa. He also was a Visiting Scholar at both Columbia University in New York, and Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
Dr. Kritsonis has served education as a teacher, principal, and superintendent of schools. He has earned tenure as a professor at the highest academic rank at two major universities. He was also a professor at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge.
In 2004, Dr. Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies.
In 2005, Dr. Kritsonis was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England.
Dr. Kritsonis is a well respected author of more than 500 articles in professional journals and several books. In 1983, Dr. Kritsonis founded the NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS. These publications represent a group of highly respected academic journals in education.
Currently, Dr. Kritsonis is a Professor in the PhD Program in Educational Leadership here at Prairie View A&M University. At PV he has helped graduate students publish over 400 articles in professional journals and most are indexed in ERIC.
Dr. Kritsonis has dedicated himself to the advancement of educational leadership and to the education of students at all levels.
On July 26th this summer, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Hall of Honor. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students at Prairie View. It is my pleasure to welcome Dr. William Allan Kritsonis.
www.nationalforum.com - Dr. David E. Herrington, Professor and Coordinator of...William Kritsonis
www.nationalforum.com - Dr. David E. Herrington, Professor and Coordinator of Leadership Prohgrams, Texas A&M University-San Antonio, TX - NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief
The document lists various examples of extremes in human behavior and traits, including secrecy, laziness, craziness, forgetfulness, stupidity, honesty, suicide, and dehydration. Specifically, it provides brief anecdotes about offering blank business cards, asking for a morning lift while walking, getting a blank paper copied, seeing a reflection in the mirror but not recognizing oneself, looking through the keyhole of a glass door, a pregnant woman only paying for one ticket, a dwarf jumping off a footpath, and a cow producing milk powder.
This document summarizes Andrew Clay Shafer's talk on software processes. It discusses that Agile processes like Scrum have been oversimplified and lost their original spirit. It promotes focusing on frequent delivery, automated testing, minimizing work in progress, prioritizing quality, and inspecting and adapting processes based on outcomes. Context is important in choosing a process, and processes should promote building software to fulfill a vision rather than just completing tasks. Measuring outcomes and having conversations around user stories are also discussed.
NEW YORK TIMES - Dr. William Allan Kritsonis - Philosophy of TeachingWilliam Kritsonis
William Allan Kritsonis outlines his teaching philosophy in seven belief statements that emphasize integrity, collaboration, communication, empowering others, developing individuals, and passion. He believes teachers must have integrity to build trust, collaborate with others to accomplish shared goals, develop individuals through empowerment and caring, communicate effectively, and exhibit passion to inspire students. His philosophy stresses the importance of these qualities in teaching and leading people.
Dr. Fred C. Lunenburg[1]. environmental hazards in america's schools focus v4...William Kritsonis
Dr. Fred C. Lunenburg, www.nationalforum.com, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, National FORUM Journals, Houston, Texas
www.nationalforum.com
This document discusses the impact of high-stakes testing on English language learners in Texas public schools and the implications for the rest of the nation. It analyzes issues faced by ELL students and schools that educate large numbers of ELLs. While standardized tests are meant to improve achievement, they may not accurately measure learning for ELLs. The No Child Left Behind Act requires standardized testing but provides some flexibility. Research is needed on both positive and negative effects of testing on ELLs. The document also discusses accountability pressures on schools from high-stakes testing and ensuring learning is measurable.
The 14 learner-centered psychological principles developed by the American Psychological Association are categorized into cognitive/metacognitive factors, motivational/affective factors, developmental/social factors, and individual differences factors. The principles state that learning is most effective when the material is appropriately challenging, socially interactive, and relevant to the learner's interests and goals. Successful learners actively construct their own knowledge, use strategic thinking and self-reflection, and are intrinsically motivated to learn.
The document discusses learning from several perspectives. It defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. Learning involves acquiring new knowledge and modifying one's behaviors. It is influenced by factors related to the learner, the learning environment/materials, and learning experiences/methods. The key factors that impact a learner include their physical, mental, emotional, intellectual, social, and motivational characteristics. Active participation, reinforcement, feedback, repetition, and logical organization principles enhance the learning process.
This document discusses various theories and principles related to learning and human resource development (HRD). It covers topics like the basic definition of learning, principles of association and their influence on learning. It also discusses Gestalt theory of learning through insight. Further, it talks about limits of learning principles in training design, impact of instructional and cognitive psychology on HRD, and ways to maximize learning through trainee characteristics, training design, and transfer of training. The document also covers individual differences in learning rates and interactions between attributes and treatments. It concludes with discussing Gagne's theory of instruction.
Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. It involves acquiring new knowledge, skills, and behaviors. Maturation refers to the natural growth and development of the body and mind that occurs with age. Maturation sets the limits for what can be learned at different stages, as learning requires a certain level of physical and mental maturity. The relationship between learning and maturation is interdependent, as maturation facilitates and sets the prerequisites for learning, while learning also influences development. Teachers must consider a student's level of maturation to determine what and when to teach for optimal learning.
CU 3. Principles of Teaching and Learning in Healthcare-2 (5).pptxpriyagarcia1
Health education aims to enable communities and groups to achieve and maintain health. Learning is defined as an intentional and relatively permanent change, while teaching involves designing events outside the learner to support internal learning processes. The purposes of health education are to promote healthy lifestyles and environments. Effective teaching in health education involves professional competence, strong interpersonal skills, desirable teacher characteristics, and evaluation practices. Principles of effective teaching and learning include ensuring the material has meaning, clarity, readiness, an optimal challenge level, and feedback on progress.
The document discusses Malcolm Knowles and his theories of adult learning, or andragogy. Knowles introduced the concept of andragogy to describe how adults learn differently than children, with adult learners being self-directed, goal-oriented, and drawing on life experiences. The document also outlines some key characteristics of adult learners and factors that motivate adult learning, such as social relationships, personal advancement, and cognitive interest. Barriers to adult learning are also discussed, including lack of time, money, and confidence.
This document provides an overview of student motivation in education. It begins by defining motivation and listing the unit objectives, which are to define motivation, identify types of motivation, explain theories of motivation, and strategies to increase motivation.
It then discusses definitions of motivation from various sources and describes the types of motivation as positive, negative, intrinsic, and extrinsic. Several theories of motivation are explained, including behavioral, humanistic, and cognitive perspectives. Behavioral theory focuses on reinforcement, humanistic theory discusses fulfilling needs, and cognitive theory addresses attribution, goals, and self-efficacy.
The document concludes by outlining factors influencing student motivation, implications for different approaches, applications of motivation in education, and strategies teachers can use
The document provides an overview of student motivation in education. It defines motivation and lists its objectives. It describes different types of motivation including positive, negative, intrinsic, and extrinsic. Several theories of motivation are explained, including behavioral, humanistic, and cognitive perspectives. Factors influencing student motivation are discussed. The importance of motivation in education is highlighted and implications for different approaches are outlined. Examples of supportive teacher behaviors are requested. Overall, the document serves as a guide for understanding motivation in educational contexts.
This document provides an overview of student motivation in education. It defines motivation and identifies different types, including intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Several theories of motivation are explained, such as behavioral, humanistic, and cognitive perspectives. Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Rogers' motivation theory are discussed under the humanistic perspective. Achievement motivation and Weiner's attribution theory are covered under the cognitive perspective. The document also explores factors that influence student motivation and implications for different approaches to motivation.
Lifeskills TOTi for oct 29 2023 (2).pptxaytenewbelay1
This orientation provides an overview of a Life Skills Training for a Youth Employment Apprenticeship Program. It outlines the objectives, structure, and content of the Training of Trainers (ToT) workshop. The objectives are to create awareness of the life skills training, equip participants with adult learning theories and principles, and evaluate trainer competencies. The orientation covers introductions, adult learning theories like Knowles' principles of andragogy and Kolb's experiential learning model, and assigns modules for the life skills training. Participants will analyze the roles of life skills trainers and their target groups.
The principles are organized into these areas of psychological functioning:. Cognition and learning; Motivation; Social and emotional dimensions;. Context and learning; .& Assessment.
Learning
Learning can be defined in many ways, but most psychologists would agree that it is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. During the first half of the twentieth century, the school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominate psychology and sought to explain the learning process.
The three major types of learning described by behavioral psychology are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism was the school of thought in psychology that sought to measure only observable behaviors.
Founded by John B. Watson and outlined in his seminal 1913 paper Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, the behaviorist standpoint held that psychology was an experimental and objective science and that internal mental processes should not be considered because they could not be directly observed and measured.
Watson's work included the famous Little Albert experiment in which he conditioned a small child to fear a white rat. Behaviorism dominated psychology for much of the early twentieth century. While behavioral approaches remain important today, the latter part of the century was marked by the emergence of humanistic psychology, biological psychology, and cognitive psychology.Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a learning process in which an association is made between a previously neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
For example, in Pavlov's classic experiment, the smell of food was the naturally occurring stimulus that was paired with the previously neutral ringing of the bell. Once an association had been made between the two, the sound of the bell alone could lead to a response.
How Classical Conditioning Works
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the probability of a response occurring is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment. First studied by Edward Thorndike and later by B.F. Skinner, the underlying idea behind operant conditioning is that the consequences of our actions shape voluntary behavior.
Skinner described how reinforcement could lead to increases in behaviors where punishment would result in decreases. He also found that the timing of when reinforcements were delivered influenced how quickly a behavior was learned and how strong the response would be. The timing and rate of reinforcement are known as schedules of reinforcement.
How Operant Conditioning Works
Observational Learning
Observational learning is a process in which learning occurs through observing and imitating others. Albert Bandura's social learning theory suggests that in addition to learning through conditioning, people also learn through observing and imitating the actions of others.As demonstrated in his classic "Bobo Doll" experiments, people will imitate the actions of others without direct reinforcement. Four important elements are essential for effective observational
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to learning theories and principles. It discusses several major schools of learning theory, including behavioral theory, cognitive theory, social learning theory, social constructivism, multiple intelligences theory, and brain-based learning. For each theory, it outlines some of the core ideas and implications for how learners learn most effectively. It also describes principles of learning such as readiness, exercise, effect, primacy, recency, intensity, requirement, and freedom. Overall, the document aims to provide insight into learning from the perspective of educational psychology and different learning theories.
Chapter 10 Motivating Students to Learn.azahraazhar06
This chapter discusses theories of motivation and how to apply them in classroom settings. It covers Maslow's hierarchy of needs, attribution theory, expectancy theory, goal orientation theory and more. The key implications for teachers are to give students feedback that builds self-efficacy, set appropriately challenging tasks, emphasize learning over performance goals, and use praise strategically to reinforce effort rather than ability. Fostering an environment where students feel capable and supported can enhance their motivation to learn.
This document discusses learning definitions, elements, and factors. It defines learning as a cognitive process that results in improved performance over time through adaptation. Key elements of learning include it being cognitive, leading to changes through performance, and resulting in relatively permanent changes to cognition. Adult learners are different in that they have life experience, purpose for learning, spend their own resources, want focus, and value social aspects. The learning process involves inputs like resources and trainers, internal processes like acquisition and retention, and outputs like skills and knowledge. Factors that affect learning are individual variables, task/learning variables, and environmental variables. Instructional events aim to facilitate the internal learning process.
Motivation, compliance, and health behaviors are influenced by various internal and external factors. Motivation is driven by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors and moving toward meeting needs and goals. Compliance refers to following a prescribed health regimen and can be directly measured, while adherence refers to a commitment to a regimen. Several models provide frameworks for understanding health behaviors, including the Health Belief Model, Health Promotion Model, and Stages of Change Model. These models incorporate factors such as perceived risks/benefits, self-efficacy, and readiness to change. Together, motivation, compliance, and application of behavioral models set the stage for positive changes in health.
Characteristics and Principles of learningEhsan Muctar
Learning involves the acquisition of knowledge, skills, habits, and attitudes. It is a lifelong process that changes both vertically by adding new information, and horizontally by integrating new knowledge. There are several principles that characterize how learning occurs, according to theorists like Thorndike and Yoakman/Simpson. Learning principles include readiness, exercise and practice, positive reinforcement, establishing a strong first impression, frequent review of recent information, engaging learners intensely, allowing freedom within limits, and having clear objectives or requirements. Learning is individualized, purposeful, creative, social, and transferable to new contexts.
Retail formats refer to the types of retail stores that are classified based on factors like ownership, merchandise offered, location, and store size. The main store formats include convenience stores, supermarkets, hypermarkets, specialty stores, department stores, discount stores, and warehouse stores. Stores are also classified as being store-based which require a physical location, or non-store which do not have a physical presence and include formats like direct marketing, vending machines, and e-commerce. Within store-based formats, locations can be high street, destination, or convenience based on their intended draw of customers.
The document outlines the stages of the counseling and psychotherapy process. It discusses 6 main stages: rapport and relationship building, assessment and diagnosis, formulation of counseling goals, intervention and problem solving, termination and follow up, and research and evaluation. It also describes 3 phases of counseling - the phase of the heart (rapport building), the phase of the mind (generating insights), and the phase of the hand (action planning). Key aspects of the initial session and assessment process are explained, including establishing trust, gathering information, and identifying client strengths and problems. The importance of formulating clear counseling goals that are driven by the client is also highlighted.
This document outlines the six stages of counseling and psychotherapy: 1) rapport and relationship building, 2) assessment and diagnosis, 3) formulation of counseling goals, 4) intervention and problem solving, 5) termination and follow up, and 6) research and evaluation. It also describes three phases of counseling - the phase of the heart (rapport building), the phase of the mind (generating insights), and the phase of the hand (action planning). Key aspects of each counseling stage are defined, such as establishing trust, gathering client information, mutually defining goals, selecting interventions, planning termination, and evaluating outcomes.
The document summarizes a training program for cluster coordinators on water resource management. It covers topics like protecting water sources from contamination, equitably distributing water, reducing pumping hours, and increasing household water connections. It discusses the importance of these topics like ensuring water quality and quantity, sustainability, and access. Specific strategies mentioned include preventing contamination of surface and groundwater, encouraging groundwater recharge, and the roles of coordinators in achieving equitable distribution and reducing pumping hours.
The document discusses the power of positive thinking and maintaining a positive attitude. It states that one's mind is always thinking, even when sleeping, and that having a positive attitude can help one achieve success and happiness. It provides tips for cultivating a positive attitude, such as putting things in perspective, helping others, and remembering that tough times are temporary. Maintaining a positive outlook even when facing difficulties or stress is key to well-being. Choosing to be a "win-win person" who helps others solve problems and fixes issues can make life more enjoyable.
The document discusses the power of positive thinking and maintaining a positive attitude. It states that one's mind is always thinking, even when asleep, and that having a positive attitude can help one achieve success and happiness. It provides tips for cultivating a positive attitude, such as putting things in perspective, helping others, and remembering that tough times are temporary. Maintaining a positive outlook even when facing difficulties or stress is key to well-being. Choosing to be a "win-win person" who helps others solve problems and fixes issues can make life more enjoyable.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. INTRODUCTION
• Learning is a key process in human behaviour.
• All living is learning. If we compare the simple, crude ways in which a child
feels and behaves, with the complex modes of adult behaviour, his skills,
habits, thought, sentiments and the like- we will know what difference
learning has made to the individual.
• The individual is constantly interacting with and influenced by the
environment. This experience makes him to change or modify his behaviour
in order to deal effectively with it. Therefore, learning is a change in
behaviour, influenced by previous behaviour.
• skills, knowledge, habits, attitudes, interests and other personality
characteristics are all the result of learning.
3. DEFINITION
• Measurable and relatively Permanent change in behavior through
experience, instruction, or study.
• Learning itself cannot be measured, but its results can be.
• In the words of Harvard Business School psychologist Chris Argyris,
learning is “detection and correction of error” where an error means ”any
mismatch between our intentions and what actually happens.”
The act, process, or experience of gaining knowledge or skill.
• Knowledge or skill gained through schooling or study. .
• Psychology Behavioral modification especially through experience or
• conditioning.
4. ELEMENTS OF LEARNING
• Learning is defined as “any relatively permanent change in behaviour that
occurs as a result of practice and experience”. This definition has three
important elements.
a. Learning is a change in behaviour—better or worse.
b. It is a change that takes place through practice or experience, but
changes due to growth or maturation are not learning.
c. This change in behaviour must be relatively permanent, and it must
last a fairly long time.
5. NATURE OF LEARNING
1. Learning is Universal.
2. Learning is through Experience.
3. Learning is from all Sides
4. Learning is Continuous.
5. It results in Change in Behaviour.
6. Learning is an Adjustment.
7. It comes about as a result of practice.
8. Learning is a relatively Permanent Change.
9. Learning as Growth and Development.
10. Learning is not directly observable.
6. Factors Affecting Learning
1. Factors associated with the learners.
2. Factors associated with the type of
learning
3. Factors associated with the men and
material.
7. Factors associated with the learners
• Learner’s physical health
• Learners mental health
• Basic potential of the learner
• The level of motivation
• Goal of life
• Readiness and will power
• Maturation
• Age
• Emotions
• Gender
8. Factors associated with learner:
1. Motivation:
•It is the most important factor influencing the learner. If the learner
has no motivation to learn, any amount of force will be futile. More the
motivation better will be the learning. In addition to motivation, the
learner should have a definite goal. It will direct the individual
appropriately and help him to achieve the goal.
2. Readiness and will power:
•This is just like motivation. If the learner is ready to learn, he will
develop motivation to learn. Along with readiness a strong willpower is
also essential to overcome hurdles and problems. Readiness will help
to develop a positive attitude in learner.
• 3. Ability of the learner:
• This refers to the level of intelligence, creativity, aptitude and such
other abilities necessary for learning. Intelligence enables the learner
to learn better and understand things and relationship between them.
It includes both general and specific intelligence related to specific
area of learning.
9. Factors associated with learner
4. Level of aspiration and achievement:
•Learning depends upon the level of aspiration to achieve. If the
aspiration level is high, the learner will work hard and achieve more.
However, the aspiration level should be in accordance with the ability of
the learner.
•Otherwise, it may affect negatively leading to feelings of inferiority. At
times the learner may not realize his ability and keep low level of
aspiration resulting in low achievement, which is also a tendency to be
rectified.
5. Attention:
•Learner must learn to concentrate his attention on learning.
Attentiveness helps to grasp learning material. Distraction of attention
affects learning.
10. Factors associated with learner
• 6. General health condition of the learner:
• Organic defects like blindness, myopia, deafness, paralysis,
autism, severe handicappedness, etc., will affect learning. Problem
in sense organs will lead to improper perception. Chronic illnesses
may lead to fatigue and lack of interest. In addition to physical
health, the mental health of learner is also important. Adjustmental
problems, minor mental problems like worry, anxiety, stress, and
inferiority complexes will affect learning.
• 7) Maturation of the learner:
• Maturation and learning go hand in hand. We learn things only
according to maturity of our body. For example, a child of 6 months
cannot learn to ride a bicycle even after vigorous training, because
it requires muscular or physical maturity.
11. 4 - 11
Learning Outcomes
• Verbal information
– Includes names or labels, facts, and
bodies of knowledge
– Includes specialized knowledge
employees need in their jobs
• Intellectual skills
– Include concepts and rules
– These are critical to solve problems,
serve customers, and create products
12. 4 - 12
Learning Outcomes (continued)
• Motor skills
– Include coordination of physical
movements
• Attitudes
– Combination of beliefs and feeling that
pre-dispose a person to behave a certain
way
– Important work-related attitudes include
job satisfaction, commitment to the
organization, and job involvement
• Cognitive strategies
– Regulate the process of learning
13. 4 - 13
Learning Theories
Reinforcement
Theory
Social Learning
Theory
Goal Theories
Need Theories
Expectancy Theory
Adult Learning
Theory
Information
Processing Theory
14. 4 - 14
Reinforcement Theory
• Emphasizes that people are
motivated to perform or avoid certain
behaviors because of past outcomes
that have resulted from those
behaviors.
– Positive reinforcement
– Negative Reinforcement
– Extinction
– Punishment
15. 4 - 15
Reinforcement Theory (continued)
• From a training perspective, it suggests that
for learners to acquire knowledge, change
behavior, or modify skills, the trainer needs
to identify what outcomes the learner finds
most positive )and negative).
• Trainers then need to link these outcomes to
learners acquiring knowledge, skills, or
changing behaviors.
17. 4 - 17
Social Learning Theory
• Emphasizes that people learn by
observing other persons (models)
whom they believe are credible
and knowledgeable.
• Recognizes that behavior that is
reinforced or rewarded tends to be
repeated.
• The models’ behavior or skill that
is rewarded is adopted by the
observer.
18. 4 - 18
Social Learning Theory (continued)
• Learning new skills or behavior comes from:
– directly experiencing the consequences of using
behavior or skills, or
– the process of of observing others and seeing
the consequences of their behavior
• Learning is also influenced by a person’s self-
efficacy.
– Self-efficacy is a person’s judgment about
whether she can successfully learn knowledge
and skills.
19. 4 - 19
Processes of Social Learning Theory
match
Model
ed
Perfor
mance
Attention Retention Motor
Reproductio
n
Motivational
Processes
• Model Stimuli
• Trainee
Characteristics
• Coding
• Organization
• Rehearsal
• Physical
Capability
• Accuracy
• Feedback
• Reinforcement
20. 4 - 20
Goal Theories
• Goal setting theoryGoal setting theory assumes behavior
results from a person’s conscious goals
and intentions.
• Goals influence behavior by directing
energy and attention, sustaining effort over
time, and motivating the person to develop
strategies for goal attainment.
• Research suggests that specific
challenging goals have been shown to
lead to high performance only if people are
committed to the goal.
21. 4 - 21
Goal Theories (continued)
• Goal setting theory is used in training
program design.
• It suggests that learning can be
facilitated by providing trainees with
specific challenging goals and
objectives.
• The influence of goal setting theory
can be seen in the development of
training lesson plans.
22. 4 - 22
Need Theories
• Need theories help explain the value that a
person places on certain outcomes.
• Need theories suggest that to motivate learning:
– trainers should identify trainees’ needs, and
– communicate how training program content
relates to fulfilling these needs
• If the basic needs of trainees are not met, they
are unlikely to be motivated to learn.
23. 4 - 23
Expectancy Theory
• Expectancy theory suggests that a
person’s behavior is based on three
factors:
– Expectancy
– Instrumentality
– Valance
24. 4 - 24
Expectancy Theory (continued)
• Expectancy theory suggests that learning
is most likely to occur when employees
believe:
– They can learn the content of the
program (expectancy)
– Learning is linked to outcomes such as
better job performance, a salary increase,
or peer recognition (instrumentality)
– Employees value these outcomes
25. 4 - 25
Expectancy Theory of
Motivation
X X = Eff
ort
ExpectancyExpectancy InstrumentalityInstrumentality ValanceValance
Effort
Performance
Performance
Outcome
Value of Outcome
Does Trainee Have
Ability to Learn?
Does Trainee Believe
He Can Learn?
Does Trainee Believe
Training Outcomes
Promised Will Be
Delivered?
Are Outcomes Related
to Training Valued?
26. 4 - 26
Adult Learning Theory
• Adult learning theory was developed out of a need
for a specific theory of how adults learn.
• It is based on several assumptions:
– Adults have the need to know why they are
learning something.
– Adults have a need to be self-directed.
– Adults bring more work-related experiences into
the learning situation.
– Adults enter into a learning experience with a
problem-centered approach to learning.
– Adults are motivated to learn by both extrinsic
and intrinsic motivators.
27. 4 - 27
Implications of Adult Learning Theory for
Training:
Design Issue Implications
Self – concept Mutual planning and collaboration in instruction
Experience Use learner experience as basis for examples and
applications
Readiness Develop instruction based on learner’s interests and
competencies
Time perspective Immediate application of content
Orientation to
learning
Problem – centered instead of subject – centered
28. 4 - 28
Information Processing Theory
• These theories give more emphasis to the
internal processes that occur when training
content is learned and retained.
• This information can come from another
person or the learner’s own observation of
the results of his action.
• If the evaluation of the response is positive,
this provides reinforcement that the
behavior is desirable to be stored in long-
term memory for use in similar situations.
29. 4 - 29
The Learning Process
• This material asks three questions:
– What are the physical and mental processes
involved in learning?
– How does learning occur?
– Do trainees have different learning styles?
30. 4 - 30
The Learning Process:
Mental and Physical Processes
LEARNING
Expectancy
Perception
Working
Storage
Semantic
Encoding
Long –Term
Storage
Retrieval
Generalizing
Gratifying
32. 4 - 32
Implications of the Learning Process for
Instruction:
• Employees need to know why they
should learn.
• Employees need meaningful
training content.
• Employees need opportunities to
practice.
• Employees need to commit training
content to memory.
33. KOLBS learning styles model
• “Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created
through the transformation of experience”
• David Kolb published his learning styles model in 1984 from
which he developed his learning style inventory.
• Kolb's experiential learning theory works on two levels: a four
stage cycle of learning and four separate learning styles.
Much of Kolb’s theory is concerned with the learner’s internal
cognitive processes.
• Kolb states that learning involves the acquisition of abstract
concepts that can be applied flexibly in a range of situations.
In Kolb’s theory, the impetus for the development of new
concepts is provided by new experiences.
34. The Experiential Learning Cycle
Kolb's experiential learning style theory is typically represented by a
four stage learning cycle in which the learner 'touches all the bases':
35.
36. The Experiential Learning Cycle
• 1. Concrete Experience - (a new experience of
situation is encountered, or a reinterpretation of
existing experience).
• 2. Reflective Observation (of the new
experience. Of particular importance are any
inconsistencies between experience and
understanding).
• 3. Abstract Conceptualization (Reflection gives
rise to a new idea, or a modification of an
existing abstract concept).
• 4. Active Experimentation (the learner applies
them to the world around them to see what
results).
37. Effective learning
Effective learning is seen when a person progresses through a cycle of four
stages: of (1) having a concrete experience followed by (2) observation of and
reflection on that experience which leads to (3) the formation of abstract
concepts (analysis) and generalizations (conclusions) which are then (4) used
to test hypothesis in future situations, resulting in new experiences.
38. Learning Styles
• different people naturally prefer a certain single different
learning style.
• Various factors influence a person's preferred style. For
example, social environment, educational experiences,
or the basic cognitive structure of the individual.
40. Diverging learning style
• These people are able to look at things from different
perspectives.
• are sensitive, prefer to watch rather than do, tending to
gather information and use imagination to solve
problems.
• are best at viewing concrete situations at several
different viewpoints.
• these people perform better in situations that require
ideas-generation, for example, brainstorming.
• have broad cultural interests and like to gather
information.
• They are interested in people, tend to be imaginative
and emotional, and tend to be strong in the arts.
• People with the diverging style prefer to work in groups,
to listen with an open mind and to receive personal
feedback.
41. Assimilating learning style
• The Assimilating learning preference is for a concise, logical
approach. Ideas and concepts are more important than people.
• require good clear explanation rather than practical
opportunity.
• excel at understanding wide-ranging information and
organizing it in a clear logical format.
• are less focused on people and more interested in ideas and
abstract concepts. People with this style are more attracted to
logically sound theories than approaches based on practical
value.
• important for effectiveness in information and science careers.
• In formal learning situations, people with this style prefer
readings, lectures, exploring analytical models, and having
time to think things through.
42. Converging learning style
• People with a converging learning style can solve problems and
will use their learning to find solutions to practical issues.
• prefer technical tasks, and are less concerned with people and
interpersonal aspects.
• best at finding practical uses for ideas and theories.
• can solve problems and make decisions by finding solutions to
questions and problems.
• more attracted to technical tasks and problems than social or
interpersonal issues.
• A converging learning style enables specialist and technology
abilities.
• People with a converging style like to experiment with new ideas,
to simulate, and to work with practical applications.
43. Accommodating learning style
• The Accommodating learning style is 'hands-
on', and relies on intuition rather than logic.
• These people use other people's analysis, and
prefer to take a practical, experiential approach.
• They are attracted to new challenges and
experiences, and to carrying out plans.
• They commonly act on 'gut' instinct rather than
logical analysis.
• People with an accommodating learning style
will tend to rely on others for information than
carry out their own analysis. This learning style
is prevalent within the general population.
44. Implications
• Both Kolb's (1984) learning stages and cycle could be used by teachers and
trainers to critically evaluate the learning provision typically available to
students/ trainees, and to develop more appropriate learning opportunities.
• Educators should ensure that activities are designed and carried out in ways
that offer each learner the chance to engage in the manner that suits them
best.
• Also, individuals can be helped to learn more effectively by the identification
of their lesser preferred learning styles and the strengthening of these
through the application of the experiential learning cycle.
45. Four stages of learning
• the theory was developed at Gordon Training
International by its employee Noel Burch in the 1970s.
• It has since been frequently attributed to Abraham
Maslow, although the model does not appear in his major
works.
• provides a model for learning.
• It suggests that individuals are initially unaware of how
little they know, or unconscious of their incompetence.
• As they recognize their incompetence, they consciously
acquire a skill, then consciously use it.
• Eventually, the skill can be utilized without it being
consciously thought through: the individual is said to have
then acquired unconscious competence
46. The four stages of competence
1. Unconscious incompetence
2. Conscious incompetence
3. Conscious competence
4. Unconscious competence