Learning involves the acquisition of knowledge, skills, habits, and attitudes. It is a lifelong process that changes both vertically by adding new information, and horizontally by integrating new knowledge. There are several principles that characterize how learning occurs, according to theorists like Thorndike and Yoakman/Simpson. Learning principles include readiness, exercise and practice, positive reinforcement, establishing a strong first impression, frequent review of recent information, engaging learners intensely, allowing freedom within limits, and having clear objectives or requirements. Learning is individualized, purposeful, creative, social, and transferable to new contexts.

1. LEARNING

2. Starts when one is born
• Habits, knowledge, attitude and skills.
• Ways of doing things and adjustment to situations
• Progressive change

3. Both vertical and
horizontal
• Vertical
• Precision is increased or information is added to that
already learned
• Horizontal
• What is learned is integrated and organized as a part of a
functioning unit of expanding experience
• Quality and quantity

4. To change
• Simple skill to complicated mechanical performance and
application
• Its is caused partly or wholly by experience
• Includes change of behavior in emotional sphere

5. To understand the world

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF
LEARNING

7. Unitary
• The learner responds as a whole person in a unified way
to the whole situation of learning.
• Intellectually
• Emotionally
• Physically
• spiritually
• The individual learner reacts to the whole learning
situation rather than to single situations in a unified way.

8. Individual
• Each learner differs from each other and hence the teaching-
learning situation is approached differently by each learner
and with different goal & different level of result
achievement.
• The factors influencing at the individual are many such as:
• Hereditary
• home environment
• religious background
• educational opportunity
• financial soundness
• Health
• work experience
• environmental factors
• learner’s ability

9. Social
• Learning occurs in response to the environment in
which there are other individuals.
• Social maturity takes place with opportunities and
develops into actual achievement.

10. Self-active
• Learning is a personal process. Each person develops his own
habits of learning.
• The teacher can set a pattern for the student to imitate learning
processes. The intellect is perfected not by knowledge but by
activity.
• Learning is a process of self- activity, self-direction, and self-
realization of an individual’s highest potentialities.
• The various forms of self-activity are:
• Listening
• Visualizing
• Memorizing
• Reasoning
• Judgment
• Thinking.

11. Purposive
• Learning is directed towards a goals and goals are determined by
motives and incentives. Motives takes a variety of forms (energy,
arousing activity).
• Learning experiences become meaningful when they are related to
the individual’s interests, when involved in his living & purpose of
life.
• Goal setting comprises both momentary and long terms goals.
• Short term goals refers to the specific task at hand, interlocking
and over lapping the immediate goal into a goal system, thus
establishing a series of progressive goals.
• Through a progressive goal setting the learning process itself
becomes the motivation for more learning and goals are placed on
increasingly mature levels.
• Learning is influenced by the intention or will to learn, as man has a
will and can choose the action he wishes to take.
• Factors include religion, philosophy.

12. Creative
• Human learning is both selective and creative.
• Teaching involves the mind’s activity on the part of
the learner & intellectual guidance on the part of the
teacher.
• The learner is the primary force and the teacher is the
secondary force. Learning is a process of personal choice
making.
• The learner has the power to vary his responses to the
demands of the situation & to change responses at will
and thus create a new forms of response.

13. Transferable
• Transfer refers to the application of knowledge, skill
gained in one context to affect another situation.
• The factors that influence the amount and permanency of
learning are as follows:
• Intellectual ability
• Background experience of the learner.
• The explicitness & definiteness of goals.
• Relationship between the activities of the learner and the
goals.
• The whole heartedness of the learner’s approach.

14. By Yoakman and Simpson
Learning is:
• Growth
• Adjustment
• Purposeful
• Experience
• Intelligent
• Active
• Individual and social
• The product of the environment
• Affects the conduct of the learner

15. Also called as Laws of Learning
Exercise
Effect
Readiness
Recency
Intensity
Freedom
Primacy
Requirement
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING

16. • Discovered
• Tested
• Used in practical situations.

17. Edward Lee “Ted”
Thorndike
Is an American
psychologist, developed the
first (basic) three “Laws of
Learning:”
• Readiness
• Exercise
• Effect
By the early twentieth
century, five additional
principles have been added:
• Primacy
• Recency
• Intensity
• Freedom
• Requirement

18. Readiness
• This principle states that motivation is needed to
develop an association or display changed
behavior
• This implies the preparedness and eagerness to learn
• Individual learn best when they are in all aspects –
physically, mentally and emotionally ready to learn.
• There must be a reason in what they are going to learn in
which the teacher stresses the importance to show the
value of the subject and provides mental or physical
challenge.
• Satisfying the basic needs (Maslow’s hierarchy) of
students before they are ready or capable of learning.

19. Exercise
• This principle states that those things most often
repeated are best remembered.
• It has two parts:
• Law of use - strength
• Law of disuse - weakness
• The teacher must repeat important items of subject matter
at reasonable intervals
• Recall, review and summary
• Manual drill and physical applications

20. Effect
• The principle states that learning is strengthen with
pleasant or satisfying feeling while unpleasant tend to
do otherwise.
• Based one emotional reaction and motivation of the student.
• Positive Reinforcement
• Recognize and commend feedback
• Be cautious of using punishment
• Evidence of progress and achieve some degree of success
• a problem or task, although difficult, is within their capability

21. Primacy
• The state of being first, often creates a strong, almost
unshakable, impression.
• Things learned first creates a strong impression in the mind
• Learning should be done correctly for the first time since it is
difficult to “unlearn” or change an incorrectly learned material
• example, a student learns a faulty technique, the instructor will
have a difficult task correcting bad habits and “reteaching”
correct ones
• be positive, functional, and lay the foundation for all that is to
follow.
• logical order, step by step,

22. Recency
• This principles states that things most recently learned
are best remembered
• Frequent review and summarization help fix in the mind
the material covered

23. Intensity
• The more intense something is taught, the more likely
it will be retained
• A student will learn more from the real thing than a
substitute

24. Freedom
• Things freely learned are the best learned
• The greater the freedom enjoyed by the students in the
class, the greater the intellectual and moral advancement
enjoyed by them
• The greater the freedom enjoyed by the students in the
class, the greater the intellectual and moral advancement
enjoyed by them

25. Requirement
• This principles states that we must have something to
obtain or do something.
• It can be an ability, skill, instrument or anything that may
help us to learn or gain something.
• For example, if you want to draw a person, you need to
have the materials with which to draw, and you must
know how to draw a point, a line, a figure and so on until
you reach your goal, which is to draw a person.

27. Source:
• http://www.preservearticles.com/201105206847/nature-
of-learning.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_learning
• Others from the internet
• Pictures: zerochan.net and google.com