Concept of Learning

1. Learning
Dr. Pratibha Sagar
Department of Education
MJP Rohilkhand University
Bareilly

2. Learning as a Black Box
INPUTS OUTCOMES
INPUTS OUTCOMES
Learning
So what’s happening inside the box?

3. Learning
What is Learning?
What Learning
Is and Is Not
Approaches to
Learning

4. What Learning Is?
A relatively permanent
influence on behavior,
knowledge, and thinking
skills, which comes about
through experience

5. What Learning Is?
 Once something is learned,
the skills are not lost
 Examples include driving a
car, operating a computer,
and downhill skiing

6. What Learning Is?
evolves over time
can only by inferred, not
directly observed
is closely linked to
perception

7. What Learning is Not
Capacities that are inborn or
innate
Examples include swallowing,
flinching at loud noises, and
blinking

8. Expanding what learning means:
Learning refers to the relatively
permanent change in a subject’s behavior
to a given situation brought about by his (or
her) repeated experiences in that situation,
provided that the behavior change cannot be
explained on the basis of native response
tendencies, maturation, or temporary states
of the subject (e.g., fatigue, drugs, etc.).

9. Learning
Person is an active participant
Stages:
 Perception
 Cognitive Processes
 Response
Behavior
Memory Change

10. Definitions of Learning
According to Behaviourism,
Learning is defined by the
outward expression of new
behaviours.

11. Definitions of Learning
According to Cognitivism,
Learning is the process of
connecting symbols in a
meaningful & memorable
way.

12. Definitions of Learning
 The term learning covers
every modification in
behaviour to meet
environmental requirements”.
(Gardner Murphy, 1968)

13. Definitions of Learning
Learning is the acquisition of
new behavior or the
strengthening or weakening
of old behavior as the result
of experience.
(Henry P Smith, 1962)

14. So Learning Is……..
 Learning is a change in
behaviour. This change-
better or worse.

15. So Learning Is……..
It’s a change that take place
through practice or
experience; changes due to
growth and maturation are
not learning.

16. So Learning Is……..
 The change must be
relatively permanent, it must
last for a fairly long period.

17. The 4 Factors That Form The
Definition of Learning:
1. Learning is inferred from a
change in behaviour /
performance*
2. Learning results in an
inferred change in memory

18. The 4 Factors That Form The
Definition of Learning:
3. Learning is the result of
experience
4. Learning is relatively
permanent

19. The 4 Factors That Form The
Definition of Learning:
This means that behaviour
changes that are temporary
or due to things like drugs,
alcohol, etc., are not
"learned".

20. How Do We Learn?
Observation and imitation
Association of items
Relating behaviour to its
effects (rewards)

21. Learning Types
Accretion – acquiring new
facts or augmenting memory.
Restructuring – acquiring a
new procedure for a novel
situation.

22. Learning Types
Skill Acquisition – Rule
learning
Tuning – making existing
procedures more efficient

23. Learning Types
Discrimination –
differentiating among items
Generalization – extending
similarity among items

24. Learning Types
Transfer – transporting skill
or knowledge from one
situation to another.
Positive = effective
Negative = interference

25. What is Essential for Learning
Information from the
environment for guidance
Feedback on the results of
behavior
Motivation

26. Characteristics of Learning
Process
Experience and training
Bring changes in the behavior

27. Characteristics of Learning
Prepares an individual for
necessary adjustment and
adaptation.
Goal- oriented
Universal and continuous

28. Principles of Learning:
Learning is continuous
Learning is purposeful & must
make sense to the learner

29. Principles of Learning:
Learning involves as many
senses as possible
Learning activities must be
appropriate for the situation

30. Principles of Learning:
Learning must be stimulating
Learning must result in the
ability to perform

31. Principles of Learning:
Learning is affected by
emotions
Learning is affected by the
physical and social
environment