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In this presentation, we will discuss in details about the TCP/ IP framework, the backbone of every ebusiness.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
RINA Tutorial presented at the 3rd meeting of the ETSI ISG NGP, showing basic RINA structure and mechanisms, as well as a "toy" example of a mobile network with RINA
Slides for protocol layering and network applicationsjajinekkanti
why and how Protocol layering is done in TCP/IP protocol suite, how multiplexing and demultiplexing can be done in different protocol layers in TCP\IP.
An introduction to MPLS networks and applicationsShawn Zandi
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) provides label switched path to deliver packets in networks. This is an introduction course to understand different terminologies and concepts associated with MPLS.
In this presentation, we will discuss in details about the TCP/ IP framework, the backbone of every ebusiness.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
RINA Tutorial presented at the 3rd meeting of the ETSI ISG NGP, showing basic RINA structure and mechanisms, as well as a "toy" example of a mobile network with RINA
difference between hub, bridge, switch and routerAkmal Cikmat
An additional information that might be useful for Computing/Computer Science students especially.
made this as a homework assigned to me.
Hope this may be the thing that you've been looking for
The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP) M Shamim Iqbal
The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP) is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks.
It is named from two of the most important protocols in it:
the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard.
Power point presentation on osi model.
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Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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1. Topic : Basics of WAN & WAN Protocols
Sub-Topic : Describe Different Layers of TCP/IP
1
2. Recap
In the previous classes, you have learnt about
• Packet transfer mechanism in Routers using IP address
2
3. Objectives
On completion of this period, you will be able to know
about
• Functions of different layers of TCP/IP
• Various protocols used in different layers
• Importance of TCP/IP architecture
3
4. Recap
What is the network architecture that we have already
studied ?
ISO – OSI Model
4
5. How many layers it has and name them ?
Seven -
Application
• Presentation
• Session
• Transport
• Network
• Data link
• Physical
5
6. OSI Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
Fig .1
6
7. Need for TCP/IP
• OSI model has seven layers in it
• Two of the layers namely presentation and session
layers were rarely used
• OSI architecture is rigidly structured
• As the technologies developed there was a need for a
new architecture
• Presentation and session layers are eliminated
• TCP/IP architecture has evolved to overcome the
shortcomings of OSI model
7
8. TCP/IP Model
Application
Not present
in the model
Transport
Internet
Host-to-network
Fig .2
8
9. Layer Level Comparisons
OSI TCP / IP
Application Application
Transport Transport
Network Internet
Data link
Host-to-Network
Physical
9
10. Differences in Architectural Models
• OSI Network architecture model does not permit
communication between different heterogeneous
networks
• It does not support the latest networks developed
10
11. Differences in Architectural Models
(Contd…)
• TCP/IP network architecture allows us to communicate
between any heterogeneous networks
• It is flexible and ready to change its architectural
structure to support the newly introduced networks
• For Ex: The wireless communication networks also can
be interconnected to the existing wired networks
11
12. Functions of the TCP/IP Layers
Host-to-Network Layer
• It is the lowest layer in this model
• It is equivalent to the Physical layer of OSI model
• The TCP/IP reference model does not really say
much about what happens in this layer
12
13. Host-to-Network Layer (Contd…)
• It points out that the host has to connect to the
network using some protocol so it can send IP
packets over it
• This protocol is not clearly defined and varies from
host to host and network to network
• It is concerned with the physical characteristics of the
medium, connectors, voltage levels etc
13
14. Internet Layer
• Internet layer is the lynchpin that holds the whole
architecture together
• Its job is to permit hosts to inject packets into any
network and have them travel independently to the
destination
• The destination can be in a local network or different
network
14
15. Internet Layer
•They may even arrive in a different order than they were
sent, in which case it is the job of higher layers to rearrange
them
•The internet layer defines an official packet format and
protocol called IP (Internet Protocol)
15
16. Internet Layer ( contd…)
• Packet routing is clearly the major issue here, as is avoiding
congestion
• This layer also performs congestion control i.e. it can divert
the data traffic to other routes to ease the congestion
• TCP/IP internet layer is very similar in functionality to the OSI
network layer
16
17. Transport Layer
• The layer above the internet layer in the TCP/IP model
• It is designed to allow peer entities on the source and
destination hosts to carry on a conversation
• Two end-to-end protocols have been defined here
a) Transmission control protocol
b) User data gram protocol
17
18. Transport Layer (Contd…)
•The first one, TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a
reliable connection-oriented protocol.
•It fragments the incoming byte stream into discrete
messages and passes each one onto the internet layer.
•TCP allows a byte stream originating on one machine to
be delivered without error on to any other machine in the
internet.
18
19. Transport Layer (Contd…)
• At the destination, the receiving TCP process
reassembles the received messages into the output
stream
• TCP also handles flow control
• It makes sure that a fast sender cannot swamp a slow
receiver with more messages than it can handle
19
20. Transport Layer (Contd…)
UDP Protocol
• The second protocol in this layer is UDP (User Datagram
Protocol)
• UDP an unreliable, connectionless protocol for
applications that do not want TCP’s sequencing or flow
control
20
21. UDP Protocol contd…
•It is widely used for one-short, client-server type request-
reply queries
•It is used in applications in which prompt delivery is more
important than accurate delivery, such as transmitting
speech or video
21
22. Protocols and Networks in the
TCP/IP Model Initially Layer
(OSI names)
TELNET FTP SMTP DNS Application
Protocols TCP Transport
UDP
IP Network
SATNET PACKET LAN Physical +
Networks ARPANET
RADIO Data link
Fig .3
22
23. Application Layer
• TCP/IP model does not have session or presentation
layers
• On top of the transport layer is the application layer
• It contains all the higher-level protocols
• The early ones included virtual terminal (TELNET), file
transfer (FTP), and electronic mail (SMTP)
• TELNET, the virtual terminal protocol allows a user on
one machine to log into a distant machine and work
there
23
24. Application Layer (Contd….)
• The file transfer protocol provides a way to move data in
the form of files efficiently from one machine to another
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) also called as
Electronic mail
• It was originally just a kind of file transfer, later a
specialized protocol was developed for it
• Domain Name Service (DNS) for mapping host names
onto their network addresses
24
25. Application Layer (Contd….)
•Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the protocol used
for fetching pages on the World Wide Web
•DNS is used to translate the email ID into IP address.
Users can identify themselves through email ID
•Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) the protocol
used for moving news articles, which will be used by the
news paper companies
25
26. Summary
In this class, you have learnt about
• Functions of various layers in TCP/IP
• The various protocols used in TCP/IP along with their
importance
• The TCP/IP architecture and its functions
26
27. Quiz
1) This layer deals with the physical transmission medium
a) Host-to-Network
b) Internet layer
c) Transport layer
d) Application layer
27
28. Quiz
2) TCP protocol is related to which layer
a) Host-to-Network
b) Internet layer
c) Transport layer
d) Application layer
28
29. Quiz
3) UDP protocol is related to which layer
a) Host-to-Network
b) Internet layer
c) Transport layer
d) Application layer
29
30. Quiz
4) IP protocol is related to which layer
a) Host-to-Network
b) Internet layer
c) Transport layer
d) Application layer
30
31. Quiz
5) WWW can be accessed using this protocol
a) IP
b) UDP
c) HTTP
d) NNTP
31
32. Quiz
6) News publishing companies use this protocol
a) IP
b) UDP
c) HTTP
d) NNTP
32
33. Quiz
7) E-mail is supported by this protocol
a) IP
b) SMTP
c) HTTP
d) NNTP
33
34. Quiz
8) Traffic congestion is the function of this layer
a) Host-to-Network
b) Internet layer
c) Transport layer
d) Application layer
34
35. Frequently Asked Questions
Short Questions
1. Name the various layers of TCP/IP architecture ?
2. What are the functions performed by Host-to-Network
layer?
3. What are the functions performed by Internet layer ?
4. What are the functions performed by Transport layer ?
35
36. Frequently Asked Questions
5. What are the functions performed by Application layer ?
6. What are the various protocols supported by TCP/IP
architecture ?
7. Briefly describe about TCP and UDP ?
36
37. Essay Questions
1. Discuss in detail about TCP/IP architecture and explain
the functions performed by different layers ?
2. Discuss about all the types of protocols supported by
TCP/IP network architecture model ?
37
