Fundamentals

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Fundamentals of Computers

Objective
On completion of this period, you would be able
to learn
 Organization of a Digital Computer
 Components of a computer

Prerequisites
What is a computer?
Computer is an electronic data processing
machine

Computer ? (Cont..)
 An electronic device
 which accepts input, processes it, and gives the
result as output

Operations of a Computer ?
Accepts the input data
 Processes the data
Produces the information as output

COMPUTER SYSTEM
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A Complete Computer System consists of:
Hardware - Physical components of a
computer.
Software - Set of programs.
Data - Information.
User - A person who works on a
computer.

HARDWARE

Software (C – Program):
1 /* Gioe.c
2 Class average program with
3 counter-controlled repetition */
4 #include <stdio.h>
5
6 int main()
7 {
8 int counter, grade, total, average;
9
10 /* initialization phase */
11 total = 0;
12 counter = 1;
13
14 /* processing phase */
15 while ( counter <= 10 ) {
16 printf( "Enter grade: " );
17 scanf( "%d", &grade );
18 total = total + grade;
19 counter = counter + 1;
20 }
21
22 /* termination phase */
23 average = total / 10;
24 printf( "Class average is %dn", average );
25
26 return 0; /* indicate program ended successfully */
27 }

Components of computer system
 Input unit
 Memory unit
 ALU (Arithmetic & Logical Unit)
 Control unit
 Output unit

Block diagram of aBlock diagram of a digital computer
SECONDARYSECONDARY MEMORY
((BACKING STORAGE))
SECONDARYSECONDARY MEMORY
((BACKING STORAGE))
INPUT UNITINPUT UNIT
OUTPUT UNITUNITOUTPUT UNITUNIT
CPUCPU
CONTROLCONTROL UNITCONTROLCONTROL UNIT
MEMORY UNITMEMORY UNIT
ALUALU

COMPONENTS (Cont..)
INPUT UNIT
Device, which accepts the program & data
from user
OUTPUT UNIT
Device, which shows results in desired form.

Input/ Output Unit

Input/ Output Unit
• Input unit sends things (data) to the
computer and output unit presents things
(information).
• Input unit: keyboard, mouse, flash drive,
etc.
• Output unit: monitor, printer, speaker, etc.

MEMORY UNIT

MEMORY UNIT
• The memory unit is what allows a
computer to remember data and
information. Similar to human memory,
there is short term memory (RAM) and
long term memory (Hard Disk Drive
(HDD), Solid-State Drive (SSD) or
Compact Disk Drive (CDD)).

MEMORY UNIT

 MEMORY UNIT

MEMORY UNIT
• The amount of data that can be stored in
the storage unit.
• That in which storage capacity is
expressed in terms of Bytes.

Memory Unit
Stores programs (Apps), Data (input,
output) and intermediate results
temporarily.
• Each memory location has an address.
• In general, program commands are stored
in consecutive memory locations.

RAM AND CPU

CPU (Central Processing Unit)
ALU (ARITHMETIC & LOGICAL UNIT)
CU (CONTROL UNIT)

CPU (Central Processing Unit)
 CPU is the heart and brain of the computer.
 Combination of ALU & CU.

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
It performs two types of operations
 Arithmetic Operations
 Logical Operations

ALU

ALU / RAM Performance
• The data to be processed arrives from
RAM and is held in registers
• a register is one of a small set of data
holding places that are part of a computer
processor . A register may hold a
computer instruction , a storage address,
or any kind of data (such as a bit
sequence or individual characters). Some
instructions specify registers as part of
the instruction.http://improvec.blogspot.in/ 26

ALU / RAM Performance
• A signal from the Control Unit indicates
which arithmetic or logical operation to
perform.
• The ALU performs the operation and
places the result in the accumulator
• An accumulator is a register for short-term, intermediate storage of
arithmetic and logic data in a computer's CPU
• The results are usually sent to RAM so
that they can be output or stored on disk.

Control Unit
 Responsible for coordination and cooperation
of various parts of a computer system
 Provides timing & control signals

Summary
What is a computer?
Organization of a computer
Components of a computer

Questions
1. What is a Computer?
2. Explain the block diagram of a digital
Computer with a neat diagram?
3. List the different components of a computer &
explain?

Quiz
1. A Computer is called as ?
a) Electronic Machine
b) Mechanical Machine
c) Electromechanical Machine
d) Electrical Machine
Answer: a

Quiz (Contd..)
2. Brain of computer.
a. Input Unit
b. Control Unit
c. CPU
d. Output Unit
Answer: c

3. The meaningful form of data is called
a. instruction
b. data
c. information
d. all the above
Answer: c

Assignment
With the help of your lecturer, try to identity
different parts of a computer system and try to
understand the working of the system

Prepared By
• Rajendra

Fundamentals

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