The document provides an overview of the TCP/IP protocol suite and OSI model. It discusses the seven layers of the OSI model and their functions. It then explains that the TCP/IP protocol suite consists of five layers that correspond to the bottom four layers of the OSI model, with the top three OSI layers represented by a single application layer in TCP/IP. The document goes on to cover addressing in TCP/IP networks, different versions of the IP protocol, and methods for connecting local area networks.
In this presentation, we will discuss in details about the TCP/ IP framework, the backbone of every ebusiness.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
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In this presentation, we will discuss in details about the TCP/ IP framework, the backbone of every ebusiness.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
http://ictintocurriculum.forumotion.net/
Students are producing ppt´s related with their learning content to share with each other.
This presentation is related with TCP/IP Internet layer
This slide is design for communication and computer students. students can get help from this slide about TCP/IP and protocols of internet. this slide has basic knowledge about TCP and its layers.
The TCP/IP protocol system is used by virtually every modern data network to quickly and reliably move data from node to node. This presentation covers what TCP/IP is, what it does, it’s most important features, and how it was developed.
Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the historical and technical open standard of the Internet is Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make data communication possible between any two computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light.
http://ictintocurriculum.forumotion.net/
Students are producing ppt´s related with their learning content to share with each other.
This presentation is related with TCP/IP Internet layer
This slide is design for communication and computer students. students can get help from this slide about TCP/IP and protocols of internet. this slide has basic knowledge about TCP and its layers.
The TCP/IP protocol system is used by virtually every modern data network to quickly and reliably move data from node to node. This presentation covers what TCP/IP is, what it does, it’s most important features, and how it was developed.
Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the historical and technical open standard of the Internet is Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make data communication possible between any two computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light.
SK플래닛 M&C부문 D-spark #7 Smart Working Smart LeadershipD:rink
SK 플래닛 M&C부문의 디지털 마케팅 지식공유 프로그램, D-spark의 7번째 세션은
디지털 서비스 전략, 기획가로 명성이 높은 Daum Communications 김지현 이사님을 모시고
“Next 스마트폰, 모든 것이 On이 되는 세상에 대한 통찰”과 “개인의 경쟁력 향상과 조직의 성과 연결을 위한 구체적 노하우”를 들어보았습니다.
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is used by the vast majority of applications to transport their data reliably across the Internet and in the cloud. TCP was designed in the 1970s and has slowly evolved since then. Today's networks are multipath: mobile devices have multiple wireless interfaces, datacenters have many redundant paths between servers, and multihoming has become the norm for big server farms. Meanwhile, TCP is essentially a single-path protocol: when a TCP connection is established, the connection is bound to the IP addresses of the two communicating hosts and these cannot change. Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is a major modification to TCP that allows multiple paths to be used simultaneously by a single transport connection. Multipath TCP circumvents the issues mentioned above and several others that affect TCP. The IETF is currently finalising the Multipath TCP RFC and an implementation in the Linux kernel is available today.
This tutorial will present in details the design of Multipath TCP and the role that it could play in cloud environments. We will start with a presentation of the current Internet landscape and explain how various types of middleboxes have influenced the design of Multipath TCP. Second we will describe in details the connection establishment and release procedures as well as the data transfer mechanisms that are specific to Multipath TCP. We will then discuss several use cases for the deployment of Multipath TCP including improving the performance of datacenters and
mobile WiFi offloading on smartphones. All these use cases are key when both accessing cloud-based services or when providing them. We will end the tutorial with some open research issues.
This tutorial was given at the IEEE Cloud'Net 2012 conference in novembrer 2012.
The pptx version containing animations that are not shown here is available from http://www.multipath-tcp.org
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or an extranet).
Protocols And IP suite PPT
Contents are
History
TCP/IP Suite Layer
a} Network Interface
b} Internet Layer
c} Transport Layer
d} Application Layer
3.Comparison of OSI and IP
Many Networking Software are structured into layers in the same way, TCP/IP is modelled in layers. This layered representation represents the term protocol stack, which refers to the stacked set of rules in the protocol suite. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on TCP IP Model:- www.transtutors.com/homework-help/computer-science/tcp-ip-model.aspx
APNIC Foundation, presented by Ellisha Heppner at the PNG DNS Forum 2024APNIC
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Bridging the Digital Gap Brad Spiegel Macon, GA Initiative.pptxBrad Spiegel Macon GA
Brad Spiegel Macon GA’s journey exemplifies the profound impact that one individual can have on their community. Through his unwavering dedication to digital inclusion, he’s not only bridging the gap in Macon but also setting an example for others to follow.
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
# Internet Security: Safeguarding Your Digital World
In the contemporary digital age, the internet is a cornerstone of our daily lives. It connects us to vast amounts of information, provides platforms for communication, enables commerce, and offers endless entertainment. However, with these conveniences come significant security challenges. Internet security is essential to protect our digital identities, sensitive data, and overall online experience. This comprehensive guide explores the multifaceted world of internet security, providing insights into its importance, common threats, and effective strategies to safeguard your digital world.
## Understanding Internet Security
Internet security encompasses the measures and protocols used to protect information, devices, and networks from unauthorized access, attacks, and damage. It involves a wide range of practices designed to safeguard data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Effective internet security is crucial for individuals, businesses, and governments alike, as cyber threats continue to evolve in complexity and scale.
### Key Components of Internet Security
1. **Confidentiality**: Ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to access it.
2. **Integrity**: Protecting information from being altered or tampered with by unauthorized parties.
3. **Availability**: Ensuring that authorized users have reliable access to information and resources when needed.
## Common Internet Security Threats
Cyber threats are numerous and constantly evolving. Understanding these threats is the first step in protecting against them. Some of the most common internet security threats include:
### Malware
Malware, or malicious software, is designed to harm, exploit, or otherwise compromise a device, network, or service. Common types of malware include:
- **Viruses**: Programs that attach themselves to legitimate software and replicate, spreading to other programs and files.
- **Worms**: Standalone malware that replicates itself to spread to other computers.
- **Trojan Horses**: Malicious software disguised as legitimate software.
- **Ransomware**: Malware that encrypts a user's files and demands a ransom for the decryption key.
- **Spyware**: Software that secretly monitors and collects user information.
### Phishing
Phishing is a social engineering attack that aims to steal sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details. Attackers often masquerade as trusted entities in email or other communication channels, tricking victims into providing their information.
### Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks
MitM attacks occur when an attacker intercepts and potentially alters communication between two parties without their knowledge. This can lead to the unauthorized acquisition of sensitive information.
### Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
1. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
پروتكلهاي معرفي
TCP/IP
دهنده ارائه
پناهي اميرحسين
خرداد1391
خدا بنام
2. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 2
The OSI Model
Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO) is
a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on
international standards. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of
network communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation
7. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 7
Layers in the OSI Model
The functions of each layer in the OSI model is briefly described.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
Summary of Layers
8. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 8
The physical layer is responsible for Movement of individual bits from
one hop (node) to the next.
•Includes electrical and mechanical connection features
•Determines bit rates
•Should be synchronized in transmission clock
•Transmission modes: Simplex, Half and Full duplex
Note:
Physical layer
9. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 9TCP/IP Protocol Suite 9
The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop
(node) to the next
•Framing
•Physical addressing
•Flow control
•Bit error control
•Access control in shared link(CSMA/CD/CA)
Note:
Data link layer
12. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 12
The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual
packets from the source host to the destination host.
•Physical addressing
•Routing
Network layer
Note:
14. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 14
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to
another.
•Port addressing (Process Addressing)
•Segmentation and Reassembly by sequencing
•Connection control (connection-less/connection-oriented)
• flow control (window size)
•Error control (Acknowledgement)
Note:
Transport layer
15. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 15
The Session layer is responsible for synchronization of a message
•Synchronization point insertion and deletion for integrity
validation of message
•Dialog control by changing mode of transmission (half/full duplex)
Note:
Session layer
16. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 16
The presentation layer is responsible for:
•Translation (coding/decoding)
•Encryption/Decryption
•Compression/Decompression
Note:
Presentation layer
19. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 19
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
The TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical, data link,
network, transport, and application. The first four layers provide
physical standards, network interface, internetworking, and transport
functions that correspond to the first four layers of the OSI model. The
three topmost layers in the OSI model, however, are represented in
TCP/IP by a single layer called the application layer.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
21. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 21
Addressing
Three different levels of addresses are used in an internet using the
TCP/IP protocols: physical (link) address, logical (IP) address, and
port address.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Physical Address
Logical Address
Port Address
23. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 23
Physical addresses
In Figure a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical
address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link. At the data link level this
frame contains physical (link) addresses in the header. These are the only
addresses needed. The rest of the header contains other information needed at
this level. The trailer usually contains extra bits needed for error detection.
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
24. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 24
IP addresses
•In Figure we want to send data from a node
with network address A and physical
address 10, located on one LAN, to a node
with a network address P and physical
address 95, located on another LAN.
Because the two devices are located on
different networks, we cannot use link
addresses only; the link addresses have only
local jurisdiction. What we need here are
universal addresses that can pass through
the LAN boundaries. The network (logical)
addresses have this characteristic.
•The packet at the network layer contains
the logical addresses, which remain the
same from the original source to the final
destination (A and P, respectively, in the
figure). They will not change when we go
from network to network. However, the
physical addresses will change as the packet
moves from one network to another. The
boxes labeled routers are internetworking
devices.
132.24.75.9
An internet address in IPv4 in decimal
numbers
25. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 25
Figure 2.20 Port addresses
753
A 16-bit port address represented
as one single number.
26. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 26
•Figure shows an example of transport layer communication. Data
coming from the upper layers have port addresses j and k ( j is the
address of the sending process, and k is the address of the receiving
process). Since the data size is larger than the network layer can handle,
the data are split into two packets, each packet retaining the service-point
addresses ( j and k). Then in the network layer, network addresses (A and
P) are added to each packet.
•The packets can travel on different paths and arrive at the destination
either in order or out of order. The two packets are delivered to the
destination transport layer, which is responsible for removing the
network layer headers and combining the two pieces of data for delivery
to the upper layers
Port addresses
27. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 27
IP Versions
IP became the official protocol for the Internet in 1983. As the Internet
has evolved, so has IP. There have been six versions since its inception.
We look at the latter three versions here.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Version 4
Version 5
Version 6
28. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 28
Connecting Devices
LANs or WANs do not normally operate in isolation. They are
connected to one another or to the Internet. To connect LANs or
WANs, we use connecting devices. Connecting devices can operate in
different layers of the Internet model. We discuss three kinds of
connecting devices: repeaters (or hubs), bridges (or two-layer
switches), and routers (or three-layer switches). Repeaters and hubs
operate in the first layer of the Internet model. Bridges and two-layer
switches operate in the first two layers. Routers and three-layer
switches operate in the first three layers
The topics discussed in this section include:
Repeaters
Hubs
Bridges
Router
31. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 31
A repeater connects segments of a LAN.
Notes:
A repeater forwards every bit;
it has no filtering capability.
A repeater is a regenerator, not an amplifier.
37. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 37
A router is a three-layer
(physical, data link, and network)
device.
Note:
38. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 38
A repeater or a bridge connects segments
of a LAN.
A router connects independent LANs or
WANs to create an internetwork
(internet).
Note:
41. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 41
CLASSFUL ADDRESSING
IP addresses, when started a few decades ago, used the concept of
classes. This architecture is called classful addressing. In the mid-
1990s, a new architecture, called classless addressing, was introduced
and will eventually supersede the original architecture. However, part
of the Internet is still using classful addressing, but the migration is
very fast.
46. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 46
The network address is the beginning
address of each block. It can be found
by applying the default mask to any
of the addresses in the block
(including itself). It retains the netid
of the block and sets the hostid to
zero.
Note:
47. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 47
Upon completion you will be able to:
ARP and RARP
• Understand the need for ARP
• Understand the cases in which ARP is used
• Understand the components and interactions in an ARP
package
• Understand the need for RARP
Objectives
49. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 49
ARP
ARP associates an IP address with its physical address. On a typical physical network,
such as a LAN, each device on a link is identified by a physical or station address that is
usually imprinted on the NIC.
58. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 58
Upon completion you will be able to:
Internet Protocol
• Understand the format and fields of a datagram
• Understand the need for fragmentation and the fields involved
• Understand the options available in an IP datagram
• Be able to perform a checksum calculation
• Understand the components and interactions of an IP package
Objectives
60. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 60
DATAGRAM
A packet in the IP layer is called a datagram, a variable-length packet consisting of
two parts: header and data. The header is 20 to 60 bytes in length and contains
information essential to routing and delivery.
61. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 61
Service type or differentiated services
The precedence subfield was designed, but
never used in version 4.
Types of service
66. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 66
TTL field
•This filed is used to make limitation of movement of a packet in the
internet
•After any hop in a router this filed is decremented one.
•If TTL equals zero, the packet will be discarded.
67. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 67
FRAGMENTATION
The format and size of a frame depend on the protocol used by the
physical network. A datagram may have to be fragmented to fit the
protocol regulations.
70. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 70
CHECKSUM
The error detection method used by most TCP/IP protocols is called
the checksum. The checksum protects against the corruption that may
occur during the transmission of a packet. It is redundant information
added to the packet.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Checksum Calculation at the Sender
Checksum Calculation at the Receiver
Checksum in the IP Packet
71. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 71
To create the checksum the sender does the following:
❏ The packet is divided into k sections, each of n bits.
❏ All sections are added together using 1’s complement
arithmetic.
❏ The final result is complemented to make the
checksum.
Note:
74. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 74
Upon completion you will be able to:
User Datagram
Protocol
• Be able to explain process-to-process communication
• Know the format of a UDP user datagram
• Be able to calculate a UDP checksum
• Understand the operation of UDP
• Know when it is appropriate to use UDP
• Understand the modules in a UDP package
Objectives
76. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 76
11.1 PROCESS-TO-PROCESS
COMMUNICATION
Before we examine UDP, we must first understand host-to-host
communication and process-to-process communication and the
difference between them.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Port Numbers
Socket Addresses
86. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 86
11.3 CHECKSUM
UDP checksum calculation is different from the one for IP and ICMP.
Here the checksum includes three sections: a pseudoheader, the UDP
header, and the data coming from the application layer.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Checksum Calculation at Sender
Checksum Calculation at Receiver
Optional Use of the Checksum
88. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 88
Figure 11.9 Checksum calculation of a simple UDP user datagram
89. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 89
UDP OPERATION
UDP uses concepts common to the transport layer. These concepts will
be discussed here briefly, and then expanded in the next chapter on the
TCP protocol.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Connectionless Services
Flow and Error Control
Encapsulation and Decapsulation
Queuing
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
93. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 93
Upon completion you will be able to:
Transmission
Control Protocol
• Be able to name and understand the services offered by TCP
• Understand TCP’s flow and error control and congestion control
• Be familiar with the fields in a TCP segment
• Understand the phases in a connection-oriented connection
• Understand the TCP transition state diagram
• Be able to name and understand the timers used in TCP
• Be familiar with the TCP options
Objectives
95. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 95
12.1 TCP SERVICES
We explain the services offered by TCP to the processes at the
application layer.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Process-to-Process Communication
Stream Delivery Service
Full-Duplex Communication
Connection-Oriented Service
Reliable Service
100. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 100
TCP FEATURES
To provide the services mentioned in the previous section, TCP has
several features that are briefly summarized in this section.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Numbering System
Flow Control
Error Control
Congestion Control
101. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 101
The bytes of data being transferred in
each connection are numbered by TCP.
The numbering starts with a randomly
generated number.
Note:
102. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 102
The value in the sequence number
field of a segment defines the number
of the first data byte contained
in that segment.
Note:
103. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 103
The value of the acknowledgment
field in a segment defines the number
of the next byte a party expects to
receive.
The acknowledgment number is
cumulative.
Note:
104. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 104
SEGMENT
A packet in TCP is called a segment
The topics discussed in this section include:
Format
Encapsulation
110. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 110
A TCP CONNECTION
TCP is connection-oriented. A connection-oriented transport protocol
establishes a virtual path between the source and destination. All of the
segments belonging to a message are then sent over this virtual path. A
connection-oriented transmission requires three phases: connection
establishment, data transfer, and connection termination.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Connection Establishment
Data Transfer
Connection Termination
Connection Reset
120. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 120
STATE TRANSITION DIAGRAM
To keep track of all the different events happening during connection
establishment, connection termination, and data transfer, the TCP
software is implemented as a finite state machine. .
The topics discussed in this section include:
Scenarios
129. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 129
FLOW CONTROL
Flow control regulates the amount of data a source can send before
receiving an acknowledgment from the destination. TCP defines a
window that is imposed on the buffer of data delivered from the
application program.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Sliding Window Protocol
Silly Window Syndrome
131. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 131
A sliding window is used to make
transmission more efficient as well as
to control the flow of data so that the
destination does not become
overwhelmed with data.
TCP’s sliding windows are byte
oriented.
Note:
134. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 137
ERROR CONTROL
TCP provides reliability using error control, which detects corrupted,
lost, out-of-order, and duplicated segments. Error control in TCP is
achieved through the use of the checksum, acknowledgment, and time-
out.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Checksum
Acknowledgment
Acknowledgment Type
Retransmission
Out-of-Order Segments
Some Scenarios
135. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 138
ACK segments do not consume
sequence numbers and are not
acknowledged.
Note:
136. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 139
In modern implementations, a
retransmission occurs if the
retransmission timer expires or three
duplicate ACK segments have arrived.
Note:
138. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 141
Data may arrive out of order and be
temporarily stored by the receiving TCP,
but TCP guarantees that no out-of-order
segment is delivered to the process.
Note: