This document provides an overview of CCNA Module 1 on internetworking. It describes the purpose of routers, switches, hubs and other network devices. It also covers networking concepts like collision domains, broadcast domains, and the operation of Ethernet networks using CSMA/CD. The document explains the OSI model layers and compares it to the TCP/IP model. It also discusses common network applications and protocols like TCP, UDP, IP, ARP and ICMP.
TCP/IP have 5 layers, whereas OSI model have 7 layers in its Model. TCP/IP is known for the secured connection and comunication. I have explained all functions and definitions of layers in TCP/IP Model
Protocols And IP suite PPT
Contents are
History
TCP/IP Suite Layer
a} Network Interface
b} Internet Layer
c} Transport Layer
d} Application Layer
3.Comparison of OSI and IP
In this ppt, we try to cover basic concept of TCP/IP model. Also we have added how to capture IP Packet. Working of OSI Layers. Also try to cover Packet of Ethernet Frame. PDU = Protocol Data Unit. Cover the difference between Packet and Frames in TCP/IP
TCP/IP have 5 layers, whereas OSI model have 7 layers in its Model. TCP/IP is known for the secured connection and comunication. I have explained all functions and definitions of layers in TCP/IP Model
Protocols And IP suite PPT
Contents are
History
TCP/IP Suite Layer
a} Network Interface
b} Internet Layer
c} Transport Layer
d} Application Layer
3.Comparison of OSI and IP
In this ppt, we try to cover basic concept of TCP/IP model. Also we have added how to capture IP Packet. Working of OSI Layers. Also try to cover Packet of Ethernet Frame. PDU = Protocol Data Unit. Cover the difference between Packet and Frames in TCP/IP
Power point presentation on osi model.
A good presentation cover all topics.
For any other type of ppt's or pdf's to be created on demand contact -dhawalm8@gmail.com
mob. no-7023419969
Internet Technology Lectures
network protocols, TCP/IP Model
Lecturer: Saman M. Almufti / Kurdistan Region, Nawroz University
facebook: https://www.facebook.com/saman.malmufti
YouTube Link:https://youtu.be/JgbAWAc0fDs
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
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1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
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Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
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Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
3. Objectives
Operation of IP Data Networks
• Recognize the purpose and functions of various network devices such as
Routers, Switches, Bridges and Hubs.
• Select the components required to meet a given network specification.
• Identify common applications and their impact on the network
• Describe the purpose and basic operation of the protocols in the OSI and
TCP/IP models.
• Predict the data flow between two hosts across a network.
• Identify the appropriate media, cables, ports, and connectors to connect
Cisco network devices to other network devices and hosts in a LAN
LAN Switching Technologies
• Determine the technology and media access control method for Ethernet
networks
Identify basic switching concepts and the operation of Cisco switches.
• Collision Domains
• Broadcast Domains
4. Internetworking Basics
Internetworking is the practice of connecting a computer network with
other networks through the use of gateways that provide a common
method of routing information packets between the networks. The
resulting system of interconnected networks is called an internetwork,
or simply an internet.
Collision is the result of two devices on the same segment trying to
transmit data at the same time
Collision domain is a term used to describe a network collection of
devices in which one particular device sends a packet on a network
segment, forcing every other device on that same segment to pay
attention to it.
Broadcast is message that can be accessed by any/every device on
the network
Broadcast Domain a set of all devices on a network segment hear all
broadcasts sent on that segment
7. Switches can replace the hub, breaking up
collision domains.
Keep in mind that the hub used in the figure just extended the one
collision domain from the switch port.
8. Here’s a list of some of the things that commonly cause LAN
traffic congestion:
•Too many hosts in one network/broadcast domain
•Broadcast storms and Multicasting
•Low bandwidth
•Adding hubs for connectivity to the network
•A bunch of ARP or IPX traffic (IPX is a Novell protocol that is
like IP, but really, really chatty. Typically not used in today’s
networks.)
11. There are two advantages of using routers in
your network:
•They don’t forward broadcasts by default.
•They can filter the network based on layer 3 (Network layer)
information (e.g., IP address).
Four router functions in your network can be
listed as follows:
•Packet switching
•Packet filtering
•Internetwork communication
•Path selection
12. The OSI Model
The OSI isn’t a physical model. Rather, it’s a set of guidelines that
application developers can use to create and implement
applications that run on a network.
It also provides a framework for creating and implementing
networking standards, devices, and internetworking schemes.
Reduces complexity
Standardizes interfaces
Facilitates modular engineering
Ensures interoperable technology
Accelerates evolution
Simplifies teaching and learning
22. TCP/IP and the DOD Model
The figure shows a comparison of the DoD model and the OSI
reference model. As you can see, the two are similar in concept,
but each has a different number of layers with different names.
23. The TCP/IP Protocol Suite
The DoD and OSI models are alike in design and concept and have
similar functions in similar layers.
24. Process/Application Layer
This section describes different applications and services typically
used in IP networks. The following protocols and applications are
discussed:
Telnet : is a protocol whose specialty is terminal emulation. It allows
a user on a remote client machine, called the Telnet client, to
access the resources of another machine, the Telnet server
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): is the protocol that actually lets us
transfer files, and it can accomplish this between any two machines
using it. But FTP isn’t just a protocol; it’s also a program. Operating
as a protocol, FTP is used by applications. As a program, it’s
employed by users to perform file tasks by hand.
TFTP(Trivial File Transfer Protocol): stripped-down, stock version of
FTP TFTP has no directory-browsing abilities like FTP; it can do
nothing but send and receive files
NFS(Network File System) : is a jewel of a protocol specializing in
file sharing. It allows two different types of file systems to
interoperate.
25. • SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) & POP3(Post Office Protocol) :
SMTP is used to send mail while POP3 is used to receive mail
• SNMP(Simple Network Management Protocol):collects and manipulate
valuable network information
• DNS(Domain Name Service):resolves host names to IP addresses.
• DHCP(Dynamic host Configuration Protocol): assigns ip addresses to
hosts.
• LPD (Line Printer Daemon): for printer sharing
26. Host to Host Layer
The main purpose of the Host-to-Host layer is to shield the upper-
layer applications from the complexities of the network.
This layer says to the upper layer, “Just give me your data stream,
with any instructions, and I’ll begin the process of getting your
information ready to send.”
The following sections describe the two protocols at this layer:
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
28. Sequence number : A number used by TCP that puts the data
back in the correct order or retransmits missing or damaged data, a
process called sequencing.
Acknowledgement number: The TCP octet that is expected next
Window: The window size the sender is willing to accept, in octets.
Checksum : The cyclic redundancy check (CRC), performs the
CRC over the header and data fields.
TCP uses a connection oriented communication because unless a
connection between the sender and receiver is created then can
data transmission begins
TCP provides what is called reliable delivery due to the presence of
acknowledgement, sequencing and flow control.
30. UDP
This figure clearly illustrates UDP’s markedly low overhead as
compared to TCP’s hungry usage.
31. Key concepts of Host to Host Protocols
TCP UDP
Sequenced Non-sequenced
Reliable Unreliable
Connection-oriented Connectionless
Virtual circuit Low overhead
Acknowledgments No
acknowledgment
Windowing flow control No windowing or flow
control
32. Port Numbers
A port is a communication channel or endpoint in an Operating
System. The purpose of ports is to uniquely identify different
applications or processes running on a single computer and thereby
enable them to share a single physical connection
. Port number examples for TCP and UDP:
Key Protocols and Port numbers
TCP Telnet
23
SMTP
25
HTTP
80
FTP
21
DNS
53
HTTPS
443
UDP SNMP
161
TFTP
69
DNS
53
34. Version: Identifies the IP version number. There are two versions,
version 4(IPv4) which is most common and version 6(IPv6) which we
will see later.
Time to live: It’s the expiration time of the packet, this prevents a packet
from circulating indefinitely. It is set by the sender of the packet and
reduced by every router on the route to the destination. If it reaches zero
the packet is discarded.
Protocol/Type: Defines the protocol used in the data portion of the IP
packet/datagram.
Header Checksum: for CRC but only for the header
Protocol ICMP EIGRP OSPF IPv6 GRE L2TP IGRP
# 1 88 89 41 47 115 9
35. ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) works at the
Network layer and is used by IP for many different services.
•ICMP is a management protocol and messaging
service provider for IP.
•Its messages are carried as IP datagrams.
ICMP packets have the following characteristics:
• They can provide hosts with information about network problems.
• They are encapsulated within IP datagrams.
36. ARP
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) resolves IP addresses to
Ethernet (MAC) addresses i.e. finds the hardware address of a host
from a known IP address.
37. RARP(Reverse-ARP): discovers the identity of the IP address for
diskless machines by sending out a packet that includes its MAC
address and a request for the IP address assigned to that MAC
address.
38. Ethernet Networking
Ethernet is a contention media access method that allows all hosts
on a network to share the same bandwidth of a link.
Ethernet is popular because it’s readily scalable, meaning that it’s
comparatively easy to integrate new technologies, such as Fast
Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet, into an existing network
infrastructure.
It’s also relatively simple to implement in the first place, and with it,
troubleshooting is reasonably straightforward.
40. When a collision occurs on an Ethernet LAN, the following happens:
• A jam signal informs all devices that a collision occurred.
• The collision invokes a random back-off algorithm.
• Each device on the Ethernet segment stops transmitting for a short
time until the
timers expire.
• All hosts have equal priority to transmit after the timers have
expired.
The following are the effects of having a CSMA/CD network
sustaining heavy collisions:
• Delay
• Low throughput
• Congestion
41. Half and Full Duplex Mode
Half duplex mode enables networking devices to send data or
signals one-way at a time, means both networking devices cannot
send data at the same time.
Eg: its like walkie-talkie
But full-duplex mode unlike half duplex, full duplex mode allow
devices to sending and receiving of data or signals at the same
time.
Eg: its like telephone or cell phone can talk and listen
For the case of Ethernet, full duplex can be used in three situations:
• With a connection from a switch to a host
• With a connection from a switch to a switch
• With a connection from a host to a host using a crossover
cable
43. Ethernet at the Physical Layer
The IEEE 802.3 and original Ethernet Physical layer specifications.
•10Base2- 10Mbps up to 2meters, supports
30hosts on a single segment, uses T-
connectors
•10Base5- 10Mbps up to 5meters, uses
AUI(Attachment Unit Interface)
•10BaseT-10Mbps with each device
connected to a hub or a switch, uses RJ-45
45. Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable
Speed and throughput: 10 to 1000 Mb/s
Average cost per node: Least expensive
Media and connector size: Small
Maximum cable length: Varies
47. Ethernet cabling is an important discussion, especially if you are
planning on taking the Cisco exams.
Three types of Ethernet cables are available:
• Straight-through cable
• Crossover cable
• Rolled cable
We will look at each in the following sections.
48. Straight-Through Cable
The straight-through cable is used to connect device of the different
type like,
• Host to switch or hub
• Router to switch or hub
Except with router when connected to host.
49. Crossover Cable
The crossover cable can be
used
to connect device of the same
type like
• Switch to switch
• Hub to hub
• Host to host
• Hub to switch
• Router direct to host
50. Rolled Cable
Although rolled cable isn’t used to connect any Ethernet connections
together, you can use a rolled Ethernet cable to connect a host to a
router console serial communication (com) port.
51. Ethernet Cabling
Ethernet cabling is an important discussion, especially if you are
planning on taking the Cisco exams.
Three types of Ethernet cables are available:
• Straight-through cable
• Crossover cable
• Rolled cable
We will look at each in the following sections.