This document provides information about various carminative drugs including their biological sources, chemical constituents, and uses. Some examples of carminative drugs discussed are ajowan, cardamom, black pepper, asafoetida, nutmeg, benzoin, myrrh, neem, and turmeric. Carminative drugs act by relieving pain in the stomach and intestine and expelling gas from the gastrointestinal tract. They are used as stimulants, carminatives, and for their aromatic properties. Information on cultivation, chemical profiles, and substituents is provided for several of these medicinal plants.

1. PHARMACOGNOSY
Presented by ,
Mr. SHINDE N.G.
(M. Pharm.)

2. CARMINATIVE DRUGS
Definition:
These are soothing medicaments act by relieving pain in the
stomach and intestine and expel gas from GI tract by peristalsis.
Examples-
Coriander
Fennel
Ginger
Black paper
Cinnamon
Nutmeg
Clove
Asafoetia

3. AJOWAN

4. AJOWAN
SYNONAME- Bishop’s weed
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE- It is dried ripe seed of Trychyspermum ammi belongs to
Umbelliferae family.(2% volatile oil)
GEOGRAPHICL DISTRIBUTION- native to Egypt,
cultivated in Iran ,Iraq, Afghanistan , Pakistan and India.
CULTIVATION & COLLECTION- cultivated as rabbi crop in oct./nov. Harvesting
done in Feb../ March. (yield-300-350 KG fruits /hectare)
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS- 2-4 % volatile oil- thymol, p-
cymene, terpinene, pinene, dipentenes.
21% fat, 17% proteins, 25% carbohydrates.
USES- Antispasmodic, stimulant, carminative. Also in sore throat and bronchitis.
Ajowan oil used as antiseptic, antifungal, insecticide.
Also used as deodorant in mouth washes, tooth paste and flavoring agent
in disinfectant soaps.

5. CARDAMOM

6. CARDAMOM
SYNONAME- Cardamom seed/fruit
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE- It is dried ripe fruit of Elettaria cardamomum belongs to
Zingiberaceae family.(4% volatile oil)
GEOGRAPHICL DISTRIBUTION- native to SL, Malaysia , Myanmar.
cultivated India(musore,kurg district).
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS- 2-8 % volatile- cineole, borneol, terpinene.
Fixed oil, starch and proteins.
USES- stimulant, carminative, flavoring agent
SUBSTITUENTS AND ADULTRANTS-
1. Long wild native cardamom
2. Korarima cardamom
3. Cardamom husk

7. BLACK PAPER

8. BLACK PAPER
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE- It is dried unriped fruits of Piper nigrum belongs to
Piperaceae family.
GEOGRAPHICL DISTRIBUTION- native to south india .
cultivated in Indonesia, brazil, malaysia, shrilanka.
CULTIVATION & COLLECTION- in western ghats-kerala, karnataka, part of
mahrashtra state. Cultivated at 1200m altitude, 250cm rainfall. (Temp-10-40
degree C)
Cultivated by sowing the seed/ cutting
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS- volatile oil(1-2.5%)- l-phellandrene, caryophyllene.
Alkaloids- piperine(5-9%), Piperidine pungent resin ,starch.
USES- stimulant, carminative, aromatic, stomachic, condiment.
SUBSTITUENTS AND ADULTRANTS-
1. Piper attenuatum
2. Piper brachystachyum
3. Piper longum

9. ASAFOETIDA

10. ASAFOETIDA
SYNONAME- gum asafoetida, Devil’s dung, hing
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE- It is oleo-gum resin obtained by making incision from rhizomes
and roots of Ferula foetida belongs to Umbellifarae family.
GEOGRAPHICL DISTRIBUTION- native to central asia-persia, Afghanistan, India.
COLLECTION- plant is collected after 4-5 year, dried and packed in
suitable container.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS- resin 40-65%, gum 20-25%, volatile oil4-20 %
umbelliferone, di& tri sulphides , pinene.
Oil of asafoetida obtained from oleo-gum-resin by steam
distillation.
USES- carminative, nervine tonic, flavoring agent, intestinal antiseptic.
also used in veterinary medicine.

11. NUTMEG

12. NUTMEG
SYNONAME- Myristica, jaiphal
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE- It is dried kernels of seeds of Myristica fragrans belongs
to Myristicaceae family.(5% volatile oil)
GEOGRAPHICL DISTRIBUTION- native to molucca island
cultivated in indonesia, west indies, india- kerala,TN
CULTIVATION & COLLECTION-
Plant contains male and female flower seperately. Drug is obtained from female
plant.
Warm humid climate,900m altitude, rainfall -200-250cm, sandy loam , clay loam
soil.
Cultivate by sowing the seeds. Seedlings are raised in nursery beds, after 16-18
months transplanted with distance 8-9m.
sex of plant is determined and male trees reduced to 10% of total population.
fruits produces throughout year but max at. Dec.-May.
Yield 1ton/hectare.

13. NUTMEG
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS-
5-15% volatile oil-myristicin, elemicin,saffrole.
30% fat,
fatty acids-myristic, palmitic, oleic, lauric acids.
Protein and starch.
USES- stimulant, carminative, flavoring agent, aromatic.
In rheumatism and in soap industry.
SUBSTITUENTS AND ADULTRANTS-
1. Myristica malbarica
2. Myristica argentea
3. Myristica beddomei

14. ANTISEPTIC AND DISINFECTANTS
Antiseptics are the agent that sterilize the living surface.
while
Disinfectants kills bacteria and spores from nonliving surface.
Examples-
BENZOIN
MYRRH
NEEM
CURCUMA

15. BENZOIN

16. BENZOIN
SYNONAME- Sumatra benzoin, gum benzoin, loban
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE- It is balsamic resin obtained from Styrax benzoin , Styrax
tonkinesis belongs to styraceae family.
GEOGRAPHICL DISTRIBUTION-
Produced from trees grown in south eastern
Asia- Sumatra, Indonesia.
COLLECTION-
benzoin is pathological resin collected
after 6 year from cultivated/wild trees
by incision near the base of tree.
The resinous material allow to solidified,
sundried
(yield-10kg/tree)

17. BENZOIN
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS-
Sumatra benzoin- free balsamic acids(benzoic and cinnamic acids).
also triterpenoid acids like suma-resinolic acid & siaresinolic acid
Slam benzoin- ester coniferyl benzoate(75%)
Styrol , vanillin, phenyl propyl cinnamate.
USES-
1. irritating expectorant
2. carminative
3. diuretic
4.Antiseptic
5.Protective
6. Treatment of URT infection (as inhalation)
.

18. MYRRH

19. MYRRH
SYNONAME- Myrrha, bol, gum myrrh
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE- It is oleo-gum-resin obtained from Commiphora molmol
belongs to Burseraceae family.
GEOGRAPHICL DISTRIBUTION-
found in north east africa and
southern arabia.
COLLECTION-
Burseraceae plants posses oleo-resinous
canals in their conducting tissue.
Plant is small shrub-3m height
By incision on bark it exudates yellowish
colored resin ,gradually hardens and
becomes reddish brown.
This mass is collected in goats
skin and sent to market.

20. MYRRH
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS-
10% thick VOLATILE OIL-
Terpenes, cuminic aldehyde, eugenol.
25-40% resins –
alpha, beta and gamma commiphoric acid
3-4% bitter principles
USES-
- stimulant,
- used as antiseptic,
- protective,
- used in mouthwashes.
ADULTRATION-
Arabian myrrh
Yamen myrrh
Indian bdellium(balsamoendron mukul)

22. NEEM
SYNONAME- LIMB
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE- It consist of leaves and other aerial parts of Azadiracta indica
belongs to Meliaceae family.
GEOGRAPHICL DISTRIBUTION- it is indigenous and widely grown in India.
CULTIVATION- The plant is propagated by seeds. it survive at high
temp. little rainfall , nutrient deficient soil. The plant bears fruit
after 5 years.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS-
Azadiractin, salanin, meliantriol
Leaves- nimbosterol, quercetin
Seeds- azadirtactin, salanin , meliantrol, meliacin
Bark- nimbin, nimbinin, nimbidin, nimbosterol, margosine.
USES- Antiseptic, insecticide, antiviral,treatement of AIDS

23. CURCUMA

24. CURCUMA
SYNONAME- turmeric, haldi, Indian saffron
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE- It consist of dried or fresh rhizomes of Curcuma longa belongs to
Zinzibrraceae family.
GEOGRAPHICL DISTRIBUTION- it is cultivated in pak ., Malaysia, china.
india-MH, TN, WB, UP, PJ
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS-
5% VOLATILE OIL, RESIN, yellow coloring sub. Curcuminoids
Curcumin, turmerone, zingiberine, borneol, caprylic acid.
USES-
Antiseptic,
Expectorant,
In condiment
Coloring agent- ointment, creams
Antimicrobial
antiinflammatory

25. THANK YOU