Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the walls of the arteries.
Each time our heart beats pumps blood into the arteries.
Blood pressure is highest when the heart beats, pumping the blood. This is called systolic pressure.
When our heart is at rest, between beats, our blood pressure falls. This is called diastolic pressure.
A blood pressure reading uses these two numbers. Usually, the systolic number comes before or above the diastolic number.
This presentation consists of various approaches to treat hypertension depending on severity. It also include treatment according to international guidelines. Classification and brief description of each antihypertensive agent has been mentioned.
Chapter 7_Health Screening Services in Community Pharmacy.pptxVinayGaikwad14
Introduction,
Scope and importance of various health screening services - for routine monitoring of patients,
Early detection,
And referral of undiagnosed cases
This presentation consists of various approaches to treat hypertension depending on severity. It also include treatment according to international guidelines. Classification and brief description of each antihypertensive agent has been mentioned.
Chapter 7_Health Screening Services in Community Pharmacy.pptxVinayGaikwad14
Introduction,
Scope and importance of various health screening services - for routine monitoring of patients,
Early detection,
And referral of undiagnosed cases
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Computers in pharmacy are used for the information of drug data, records and files, drug management (creating, modifying, adding and deleting data in patient files to generate reports), business details.
Community pharmacy-Definition ,scope and Roles and responsibilities of commun...MerrinJoseph1
Second Pharm D , Community Pharmacy -first chapter,definition of community pharmacy,its scope and the roles and responsibilities of community pharmacist in health care of common people,Dr.Merrin Joseph,Department of pharmacy practice
Use of computers in hospital pharmacy, biostatistics and research methodology...shaistasumayya2
Computers in pharmacy are used for the information of drug data, records and files, drug management (creating, modifying, adding and deleting data in patient files to generate reports), business details.
1 billion people worldwide have high blood pressure, and this number is expected to increase to 1.56 billion people by the year 2025
Lets gear up to take on this future opportunity by offering
Range of brands benefitting the patients
Suffering from
Hypertension
Hello all, I am Nehal Sharma; owner of this slideshare. I created this slideshare to share my knowledge and experience so i can give wings to all other students aspiring to touch the goal.
Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells.
It involves the breakdown or storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes.
In animals, these fats are obtained from food or synthesized by the liver.
All living cells require energy to carry out various cellular activities.
This energy is stored in organic molecules (e.g. carbohydrates, fats, proteins) that we eat as food.
These organic molecules are broken down into smaller units: proteins into amino acids, polysaccharides into simple sugars, and fats into fatty acids and glycerol by enzymatic reactions in cells to generate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
The ATP generated by these pathways in cells is used to drive fundamental cellular processes.
Glucose is utilized as a source of energy, & stored as glycogen to release glucose as & when the need arises.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential for normal growth and nutrition and are required in small quantities, their deficiency causes diseases.
Biochemist Casimir Funk discovered vitamin B1 in 1912 in rice bran.
It cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism and must be obtained from the diet.
Catalysts are something that speeds up the chemical reaction. Almost all biochemical reactions require catalysts.
Enzymes are biocatalysts. Biochemical catalysts speed up the biochemical reactions.
In presence of an enzyme, less energy is required for the reaction to take place.
A catalyst may be defined as a substance that increases the velocity or rate of chemical reactions without itself undergoing any change in the overall process.
Nuclei acid is a naturally occurring chemical compound containing phosphoric acid, sugars, and a mixture of organic bases (purines and pyrimidines).
The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
DNA is the master blueprint for life and constitutes the genetic material in all free-living organisms and most viruses. DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and may be regarded as the reserve bank of genetic formation. DNA is exclusively responsible for maintaining the identity of different species of organisms over millions of years.
RNA is the genetic material of certain viruses, but it is also found in all living cells. The genes control protein synthesis through the mediation of RNA.
“These are the naturally Organic compounds, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, ether, etc.), which are potentially related to fatty acids & utilized by living cells."
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds.
They are esters of fatty acids. Lipids occur widely in plants and animals. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and related compounds.
Lipids are a family of organic compounds, composed of fats and oils. These molecules yield high energy and are responsible for different functions within the human body.
Proteins are naturally occurring polymers made up of amino acids and linked together by peptide bonds.
Proteins are the most abundant organic molecules in the living system.
The term "protein" is derived from the Greek word proteios, meaning holding the first place.
These are nitrogenous organic compounds that have large molecules weight of one or more long chains of amino acids.
Proteins are made from 20 ɑ-amino acids. (chains of amino acids)
A single unit of amino acid is known as a monomer. When many monomers combine together, they form polymers.
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes, ketones, or compounds derived from their hydrolysis.
Carbohydrates are also known as sugars.
Carbohydrates have the general formula C(H2O)n, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
Carbohydrates are mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The term “sugar” is applied to carbohydrates that are soluble in water and sweet to taste.
The term "biochemistry" originated from combining the words "bios," meaning life, and "chemistry."
Biochemistry is defined as the branch of science that deals with the study of chemical reactions that take place inside a living organism.
The word "biochemistry" was first introduced by a German chemist, Carl Neuberg, in 1903.
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy Practice.pptxSHIVANEE VYAS
Clinical pharmacy is a branch of hospital pharmacy that deals with various aspects of patient care, including the dispensing of drugs and advising the patient on the safe and rational use of those drugs.
It is an electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes data, and can be programmed with instructions. It can also perform several complex and complicated functions.
A computer is composed of hardware and software and can exist in a variety of sizes and configurations.
Solid unit dosage forms the drug is enclosed within the water-soluble shell or an envelope either a hard or soft shell. Shell is typically made of gelatin primarily intended for oral delivery and provides a rapid release of contents.
Generally, the shells are formed from gelatin.
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is a group of lung diseases that make it hard to breathe and get worse over time.
Normally, the airways and air sacs in the lungs are elastic or stretchy.
When we breathe in, the airways bring air to the air sacs.
The air sacs fill up with air, like a small balloons.
When we breathe out, the air sacs deflate, and the air goes out.
In COPD, less air flows in and out of airways because of one or more problems:
-The airways and air sacs in the lungs become less elastic
-The walls between many of the air sacs are destroyed
-The walls of the airways become inflamed
-The airways make more mucus than usual and can become clogged
Asthma is a chronic disease involving the airways in the lungs.
Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus.
This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, a whistling sound (wheezing) when you breathe out, and shortness of breath.
Congestive heart failure is a chronic progressive condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the metabolic need of the body because of pathological changes in the myocardium.
Angina pectoris and myocardial infraction.pptxSHIVANEE VYAS
Angina may feel like pressure or squeezing in your chest. The pain also can occur in your shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. Angina pain may even feel like indigestion.
Angina is chest pain or discomfort that occurs if an area of your heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen rich blood.
Prescription | Parts of Prescription | Handling of PrescriptionSHIVANEE VYAS
A prescription is an order written by a physician, dentist, or veterinarian to a pharmacist to compound and dispense a specific medication for the patient.
A career in pharmacy is one of the best careers across the globe. Today Pharmacy is a part of healthcare services, and today this discipline has made enormous progress in community, production, and research.
The means (or the form) by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body.
The drugs are rarely administered in their original pure state. They are administered in different dosage forms after converting them into a suitable formulation.
The dosage form is a combination of the drug and different kinds of non-drug compounds called “additives”.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
3. Introduction
Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing
against the walls of the arteries.
• Each time our heart beats pumps blood into the
arteries.
• Blood pressure is highest when the heart beats,
pumping the blood. This is called systolic
pressure.
• When our heart is at rest, between beats, our
blood pressure falls. This is called diastolic
pressure.
• A blood pressure reading uses these two
numbers. Usually, the systolic number comes
before or above the diastolic number.
4. CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE FOR ADULTS
Category systolic, mm Hg diastolic, mm Hg
Normal 90–119 60–79
High normal
(Prehypertension) 120–139 80–89
Stage 1 hypertension 140–159 90–99
Stage 2 hypertension 160–179 100–109
Stage 3
hypertension
(Hypertensive
emergency)
≥180 ≥110
Isolated systolic
hypertension ≥140 <90
6. There are mainly two types of high blood pressure
1. Primary and Essential Hypertension: For most adults, there's no identifiable
cause of high blood pressure. This type of high blood pressure, called primary
(essential) hypertension, tends to develop gradually over many years.
2. Secondary Hypertension: Some people have high blood pressure caused by an
underlying condition. This type of high blood pressure, called secondary
hypertension, tends to appear suddenly and cause higher blood pressure than
does primary hypertension.
ETIOLOGY [CAUSES] of hypertension
7. Various conditions and medications can lead
to secondary hypertension, including:
• Obstructive sleep apnea
• Kidney problems
• Adrenal gland tumours
• Thyroid problems
• Being overweight or obese
• Lack of physical activity
• Too much salt in the diet
• Too much alcohol consumption
• Certain defects in blood vessels you’re born
with (congenital)
• Certain medications such as birth control
pills, cold remedies, decongestants, the
counter pain relievers.
• Illegal drugs, such as cocaine and
amphetamines
• Alcohol abuse or chronic alcohol use.
8. Sympathetic nervous system
Vasoconstriction
Increased heart rate /
Increase cardiac output
Increases blood pressure and
decreases blood flow to organ
Kidney
Juxtaglomerular cells secrete
Renin
Angiotensinogen by liver
Angiotensin-I
Angiotensin-II
Renin
ACE
Vasoconstriction, Inc.
blood pressure
Increase Na+/H2O
retention
Increase peripheral
resistance
9.
10. SIGN & SYMPTOMS
High blood pressure usually causes no symptoms and high blood pressure often is
labelled "the silent killer."
People who have high blood pressure typically don't know it until their blood
pressure is measured.
Sometimes people with markedly elevated blood pressure may develop:
12. Treatment:
Lifestyle changes to treat High blood pressure:
1. Nutrition: Hypertension can be reduced by altering the diet. So, dietary changes are considered
an important factor. It includes:
• Reduce salt intake (Not more than 5 gm/day).
• Reduce fat intake and consume in moderate amounts.
• An appropriate amount of calorie intake, according to body needs.
2. Reduce weight: Hypertension can be controlled by reducing body weight, as it is associated with
increased blood pressure.
3. Physical activity and Regular Exercise: A decrease in body weight, blood lipids, and blood
pressure can be related to physical activity and daily exercise.
4. Lifestyle changes: For reduction of hypertension, reduce stress, smoke, and modify personal
lifestyle.
5. Encourage Self-Care Activities: Hypertension can be reduced by encouraging people to take
care of themselves by taking their blood pressure and keeping a record and consulting health care
services whenever required. Also guiding the people to achieve compliance with medication.
6. Health Education: The general public should be educated related to the risk factor and related
health behaviour. People should be aware of the modification to be made in their life to prevent
hypertension.
7. Yoga
8. Reduce alcohol consumption
13. Medications used to treat high blood pressure include:
• Diuretics: sometimes called water pills are medications that help your kidneys eliminate sodium
and water from the body. Such as thiazide, loop, and potassium-sparing, chlorthalidone,
hydrochlorothiazide and others.
• Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: these medications such as lisinopril,
benazepril, captopril, and others - help relax blood vessels by blocking the formation of a natural
chemical that narrows blood vessels.
• Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) These medications relax blood vessels by blocking
the action, not the formation, of a natural chemical that narrows blood vessels. ARBs include
candesartan, losartan and others.
• Calcium channel blockers These medications including amlodipine (Norvasc), diltiazem and
others - help relax the muscles of blood vessels.
• Alpha-blockers These medications lower the effects of natural chemicals that narrow blood
vessels. Alpha blockers include doxazosin, prazosin, and others.
14. • Alpha-beta blockers Alpha-beta blockers block nerve signals to blood vessels and slow the
heartbeat to reduce the amount of blood that must be pumped through the vessels. Alpha-beta
blockers include carvedilol and labetalol.
• Beta-blockers These medications reduce the workload on the heart and widen blood vessels,
causing the heart to beat slower and with less force. Beta-blockers include acebutolol, atenolol, and
others.
• Aldosterone antagonists These drugs also are considered diuretics. Examples are spironolactone
and eplerenone. These drugs block the effect of a natural chemical that can lead to salt and fluid
buildup, which can contribute to high blood pressure. They may be used to treat resistant
hypertension.
• Vasodilators These medications include hydralazine and minoxidil. They work directly on the
muscles in the walls of arteries, preventing the muscles from tightening and arteries from narrowing.