Pharmacognosy - Antihypertensive
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Antihypertensive Definition: Antihypertensive drugs are medicines that help lower blood pressure. Examples: 1. Rauwolfia
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Pharmacognosy - Astringents
Definition:
● Astringents are a group of substance that cause the contraction of tissues and also dries the body secretions.
Examples:
1. Myrobalan
2. Black catechu
3. Pale catechu
Pharmacognosy of Cotton
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing the following drugs
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton,
Antiseptic and disinfectant drugs
it includes natural drugs having antiseptic and disinfectant action.
Carminatives and GI regulators part I
CARMINATIVES AND GI REGULATORS
Definition:
Carminatives are soothing drugs which act by relieving stomach and intestinal pain.
An agent that prevents or relieves flatulence (gas in the gastrointestinal tract).
Used in indigestion, Gastric discomfort and loss of appetite.
Examples:
1. Coriander
2. Fennel
3. Cardamom
4. Ginger
5. Clove
6. Black Pepper
7. Asafoetida
8. Nutmeg
9. Cinnamon
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
ID.Pharm Pharmacognosy ER20-13T Unit-V LAXATIVES
Unit V - Laxatives
LAXATIVES
Definition:
Laxatives are substances that loosen the stools and increase bowel movements.
They are used to treat and prevent constipation.
Examples:
Aloe
Castor Oil
Ispaghula
Senna
Synopsis:
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Recommended
Pharmacognosy - Astringents
Definition:
● Astringents are a group of substance that cause the contraction of tissues and also dries the body secretions.
Examples:
1. Myrobalan
2. Black catechu
3. Pale catechu
Pharmacognosy of Cotton
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing the following drugs
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton,
Antiseptic and disinfectant drugs
it includes natural drugs having antiseptic and disinfectant action.
Carminatives and GI regulators part I
CARMINATIVES AND GI REGULATORS
Definition:
Carminatives are soothing drugs which act by relieving stomach and intestinal pain.
An agent that prevents or relieves flatulence (gas in the gastrointestinal tract).
Used in indigestion, Gastric discomfort and loss of appetite.
Examples:
1. Coriander
2. Fennel
3. Cardamom
4. Ginger
5. Clove
6. Black Pepper
7. Asafoetida
8. Nutmeg
9. Cinnamon
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
ID.Pharm Pharmacognosy ER20-13T Unit-V LAXATIVES
Unit V - Laxatives
LAXATIVES
Definition:
Laxatives are substances that loosen the stools and increase bowel movements.
They are used to treat and prevent constipation.
Examples:
Aloe
Castor Oil
Ispaghula
Senna
Synopsis:
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Pharmacognosy - Antimalarial
Antimalarial
Definition:
A disease caused by a plasmodium parasite, transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes.
The drugs or agent used to prevent malaria.
Examples:
Cinchona
Artemisia
Pharmacognosy- CARDIOTONIC
CARDIOTONIC
Definition:
Cardiotonic are drugs used to increase the efficiency and improve the contraction of the heart muscle.
Examples:
Digitalis
Arjuna
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Tragacanth
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources, preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the following Primary metabolites:
(c) Carbohydrates: Tragacanth,
Pharmacognosy- ANTI-DYSENTERIC
ANTI-DYSENTERIC
Definition
● Dysentery is an infection of the intestines that causes diarrhoea containing blood or mucus.
● Antidysenterics are the drugs used for treatment of dysentery.
Examples:
● Ipecacuanha
ANTI-TUMOUR
Anti-Tumor
Definition
● Also called as Anti cancer or Antineoplatic agent.
● These are the drugs used to treatment of tumour.
Examples:
● Vinca
● Podophyllum
Laxatives: Aloe, Rhubarb, Castor oil, Isabgol, Senna
Laxatives are drugs that relieve constipation by losing stools or inducing a bowel movement.
Some laxatives are also used before bowel procedures or examination.
Laxatives come as pills, capsules, liquids, foods, gums, and suppositories.
Drugs are Aloe, Rhubarb, Castor oil, Isabgol, Senna.
Almond Oil- Mandel- Badam
Title: Almond Oil- Mandel- Badam
• Description: In this video the viewers will come to know about ALMOND OIL that is one of the Lipid containing crude drugs obtained from the various plant sources. Almond oil is a fixed oil obtained by expression from the seeds of Prunus amygdalus (Rosaceae) var. dulcis (sweet almonds) or P. amygdalus var. amara (bitter almonds). This drug becomes important since it is obtained from nut source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Almond oil
2. Biological Sources of ALMOND OIL
3. Geographical Sources of ALMOND OIL
4. Preparation of ALMOND OIL
5. Description of ALMOND OIL
6. Chemical Constituents of Almond oil
7. Chemical Test of ALMOND OIL
8. Uses of Almond oil
ID.Pharm Pharmacognosy ER20-13T Unit-V ENZYMES
ENZYMES:
Definition:
● Enzymes may be defined as biocatalysts synthesized by living cells. They are protein in nature, colloidal and thermolabile character,
and specific in their action.
Examples:
1. Papaya
2. Diastase
3. Pancreatin
4. Yeast
Synopsis:
Drug Name
Synonyms
Biological source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Sources of drugs
Sources of crude drugs (natural)
Drugs obtained from Plants, Animals, Marine, Microorganism, Mineral and from Biotechnology (plant tissue culture) are covered in the presentation
ADDITIVES or EXCIPIENTS USED IN LIQUID DOSAGE FORM.pdf
Pharmaceutical excipients are the substances other than active
pharmaceutical ingredients in the formulation.
Additives donot have any therapeutic activity.
The following additives are commonly used
Vehicles
Preservative
Antioxidant
Organoleptic additives
Colouring agent
Flavouring agent
Sweetening agent
Surfactants
Hydrocolloids
Stabilizers
VEHICLES:
Vehicles are the solvents needed for dispensing the following
preparations,
Monophasic liquid dosage forms
Biphasic liquid dosage forms
Sterile dosage forms
Ophthalmic products.
PRESERVATIVE
Many pharmaceutical preparations are liable to undergo deterioration
on storage due to microbial growth.
In order to avoid microbial growth, it is desirable to use a suitable
preservative.
Quality of an ideal preservative
It should be effective in low concentration.
It should be odourless and tasteless.
It should be non-toxic and non-irritant.
It should be stable and unaffected by pH.
It should be economical.
It should be soluble in suitable vehicle.
Examples
Benzoic acid
Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate
Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
Sodium metabisulphite
Benzoic acid
Benzyl alcohol
Phenol
ANTIOXIDANTS
Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation.
Both inorganic and organic compounds are used as antioxidants in food,
drugs and cosmetics.
Quality of an ideal preservative
It should be effective in low concentration.
It should be colourless, odourless and tasteless.
It should be non-toxic and non-irritant.
It should be stable and unaffected by pH.
It should be economical.
It should be soluble in suitable vehicle.
Examples
Tocopherol
Ethyl gallate
Propyl gallate
Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA)
Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT)
Ascorbic acid
Citric acid
ORGANOLEPTIC ADDITIVES
Organoleptic agents are one of the important members of
pharmaceutical aids.
Organoleptic additives promote appearance and palatability of
pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Colouring agent
Flavouring agent
Sweetening agent
Colouring agent
The pharmaceutical preparations are coloured due to following reasons,
For identification of preparations
To increase acceptability to patients
To give warning
Quality of an ideal preservative
It should be readily soluble in water.
It should have good colouring power.
It should have no physiological activity.
It should be economical
Types of colouring agent
1. Mineral colours – Iron oxide, Carbon black, Titanium dioxide
2. Natural colours from plants and animals – Cochineal, Caramine
3. Coal tar colours – Amaranth, Erythrosine, Brilliant blue.
Flavouring agent
Flavours are used to make the preparation more palatable.
Flavouring agents are used to mask the unpleasant taste and odour of
the preparation.
Examples
Flavoured syrup – Cherry, Black current, Citrus fruits (Orange, Lemon)
Aromatic oils – Volatile oils such as Anise, Careway, Chinnamon, Clove
Synthetic flavours – Chloroform water, Benzaldehyde, Vanillin.
Structure and Functions of Cell.pdf
DEFINITION:
Cell is a structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
STRUCTURE OF THE CELL:
PARTS OF THE CELL
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
a. Cytosol
b. Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Centrosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Structure of Plasma Membrane
The Cell membrane also known as the Plasma membrane.
It is a Biological Membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the
outside environment.
It consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
The Lipid layer made up of three types of lipid molecules such as Phospholipids,
Cholesterols and Glycolipids.
The bilayer arrangement occurs because the lipid are amphipathic molecule
(Both Polar and Nonpolar parts)
Phospholipids – Phosphate (Polar) – Head – Hydrophilic
Lipid (Non Polar) – Tail – Hydrophobic
Cholesterols – Slightly Amphipathic
Glycolipids – Carbohydrate (Polar) – Head
Lipid (Non Polar) – Tail
Functions of Plasma Membrane:
Acts as a barrier separating inside and outside of the cell.
Controls the flow of substances into and out of the cell.
Helps identify the cell to other cells (e.g., immune cells).
Participates in intercellular signalling.
CYTOPLASM
Cytoplasm consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane
and the nucleus and has two components.
a) Cytosol
b) Organelles
a) Cytosol: (pH - 7)
The Cytosol (Intracellular fluid) is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm that
surrounds organelles.
Cytosol is 75 – 90% of water plus various dissolved and suspended components.
Among these are different types of ions, glucose, amino acid, fatty acid, protein,
lipid, ATP and waste products.
The cytosol is the site of many Chemical reactions for a cell existence.
b) Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Centrosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
CYTOSKELETON:
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments.
It Consists of three types of filament proteins
1. Microfilament
2. Intermediate filament
3. Microtubules
1. Microfilament
Microfilaments are the thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton.
Diameter – 6nm
They are composed of protein Actin and Myosin.
Most Prevalent at the edge of a cell.
Functions of Microfilament:
They help generate movement and provide mechanical support.
Microfilaments are involved in muscle contraction, cell division and cell
locomotion.
The Mechanical support that is responsible for the basic strength and shape of
cells.
2. Intermediate filaments
Several different proteins such as keratin, collagen can compose intermediate
filament.
Diameter – 10 nm
Functions of Intermediate filaments:
They help stabilize the position of organelles such as the nucleus.
3. Microtubules
Largest cytoskeletal components.
Diameter – 25 nm
Unbranched hollow tubes composed mainly of the protein tubulin.
Functions of Microtubules
Microtubules help determine Cell shape.
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Pharmacognosy - Antimalarial
Antimalarial
Definition:
A disease caused by a plasmodium parasite, transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes.
The drugs or agent used to prevent malaria.
Examples:
Cinchona
Artemisia
Pharmacognosy- CARDIOTONIC
CARDIOTONIC
Definition:
Cardiotonic are drugs used to increase the efficiency and improve the contraction of the heart muscle.
Examples:
Digitalis
Arjuna
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Tragacanth
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources, preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the following Primary metabolites:
(c) Carbohydrates: Tragacanth,
Pharmacognosy- ANTI-DYSENTERIC
ANTI-DYSENTERIC
Definition
● Dysentery is an infection of the intestines that causes diarrhoea containing blood or mucus.
● Antidysenterics are the drugs used for treatment of dysentery.
Examples:
● Ipecacuanha
ANTI-TUMOUR
Anti-Tumor
Definition
● Also called as Anti cancer or Antineoplatic agent.
● These are the drugs used to treatment of tumour.
Examples:
● Vinca
● Podophyllum
Laxatives: Aloe, Rhubarb, Castor oil, Isabgol, Senna
Laxatives are drugs that relieve constipation by losing stools or inducing a bowel movement.
Some laxatives are also used before bowel procedures or examination.
Laxatives come as pills, capsules, liquids, foods, gums, and suppositories.
Drugs are Aloe, Rhubarb, Castor oil, Isabgol, Senna.
Almond Oil- Mandel- Badam
Title: Almond Oil- Mandel- Badam
• Description: In this video the viewers will come to know about ALMOND OIL that is one of the Lipid containing crude drugs obtained from the various plant sources. Almond oil is a fixed oil obtained by expression from the seeds of Prunus amygdalus (Rosaceae) var. dulcis (sweet almonds) or P. amygdalus var. amara (bitter almonds). This drug becomes important since it is obtained from nut source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Almond oil
2. Biological Sources of ALMOND OIL
3. Geographical Sources of ALMOND OIL
4. Preparation of ALMOND OIL
5. Description of ALMOND OIL
6. Chemical Constituents of Almond oil
7. Chemical Test of ALMOND OIL
8. Uses of Almond oil
ID.Pharm Pharmacognosy ER20-13T Unit-V ENZYMES
ENZYMES:
Definition:
● Enzymes may be defined as biocatalysts synthesized by living cells. They are protein in nature, colloidal and thermolabile character,
and specific in their action.
Examples:
1. Papaya
2. Diastase
3. Pancreatin
4. Yeast
Synopsis:
Drug Name
Synonyms
Biological source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Sources of drugs
Sources of crude drugs (natural)
Drugs obtained from Plants, Animals, Marine, Microorganism, Mineral and from Biotechnology (plant tissue culture) are covered in the presentation
What's hot (20)
Laxatives: Aloe, Rhubarb, Castor oil, Isabgol, Senna
Laxatives: Aloe, Rhubarb, Castor oil, Isabgol, Senna
More from Nithya Murugan
ADDITIVES or EXCIPIENTS USED IN LIQUID DOSAGE FORM.pdf
Pharmaceutical excipients are the substances other than active
pharmaceutical ingredients in the formulation.
Additives donot have any therapeutic activity.
The following additives are commonly used
Vehicles
Preservative
Antioxidant
Organoleptic additives
Colouring agent
Flavouring agent
Sweetening agent
Surfactants
Hydrocolloids
Stabilizers
VEHICLES:
Vehicles are the solvents needed for dispensing the following
preparations,
Monophasic liquid dosage forms
Biphasic liquid dosage forms
Sterile dosage forms
Ophthalmic products.
PRESERVATIVE
Many pharmaceutical preparations are liable to undergo deterioration
on storage due to microbial growth.
In order to avoid microbial growth, it is desirable to use a suitable
preservative.
Quality of an ideal preservative
It should be effective in low concentration.
It should be odourless and tasteless.
It should be non-toxic and non-irritant.
It should be stable and unaffected by pH.
It should be economical.
It should be soluble in suitable vehicle.
Examples
Benzoic acid
Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate
Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
Sodium metabisulphite
Benzoic acid
Benzyl alcohol
Phenol
ANTIOXIDANTS
Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation.
Both inorganic and organic compounds are used as antioxidants in food,
drugs and cosmetics.
Quality of an ideal preservative
It should be effective in low concentration.
It should be colourless, odourless and tasteless.
It should be non-toxic and non-irritant.
It should be stable and unaffected by pH.
It should be economical.
It should be soluble in suitable vehicle.
Examples
Tocopherol
Ethyl gallate
Propyl gallate
Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA)
Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT)
Ascorbic acid
Citric acid
ORGANOLEPTIC ADDITIVES
Organoleptic agents are one of the important members of
pharmaceutical aids.
Organoleptic additives promote appearance and palatability of
pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Colouring agent
Flavouring agent
Sweetening agent
Colouring agent
The pharmaceutical preparations are coloured due to following reasons,
For identification of preparations
To increase acceptability to patients
To give warning
Quality of an ideal preservative
It should be readily soluble in water.
It should have good colouring power.
It should have no physiological activity.
It should be economical
Types of colouring agent
1. Mineral colours – Iron oxide, Carbon black, Titanium dioxide
2. Natural colours from plants and animals – Cochineal, Caramine
3. Coal tar colours – Amaranth, Erythrosine, Brilliant blue.
Flavouring agent
Flavours are used to make the preparation more palatable.
Flavouring agents are used to mask the unpleasant taste and odour of
the preparation.
Examples
Flavoured syrup – Cherry, Black current, Citrus fruits (Orange, Lemon)
Aromatic oils – Volatile oils such as Anise, Careway, Chinnamon, Clove
Synthetic flavours – Chloroform water, Benzaldehyde, Vanillin.
Structure and Functions of Cell.pdf
DEFINITION:
Cell is a structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
STRUCTURE OF THE CELL:
PARTS OF THE CELL
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
a. Cytosol
b. Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Centrosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Structure of Plasma Membrane
The Cell membrane also known as the Plasma membrane.
It is a Biological Membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the
outside environment.
It consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
The Lipid layer made up of three types of lipid molecules such as Phospholipids,
Cholesterols and Glycolipids.
The bilayer arrangement occurs because the lipid are amphipathic molecule
(Both Polar and Nonpolar parts)
Phospholipids – Phosphate (Polar) – Head – Hydrophilic
Lipid (Non Polar) – Tail – Hydrophobic
Cholesterols – Slightly Amphipathic
Glycolipids – Carbohydrate (Polar) – Head
Lipid (Non Polar) – Tail
Functions of Plasma Membrane:
Acts as a barrier separating inside and outside of the cell.
Controls the flow of substances into and out of the cell.
Helps identify the cell to other cells (e.g., immune cells).
Participates in intercellular signalling.
CYTOPLASM
Cytoplasm consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane
and the nucleus and has two components.
a) Cytosol
b) Organelles
a) Cytosol: (pH - 7)
The Cytosol (Intracellular fluid) is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm that
surrounds organelles.
Cytosol is 75 – 90% of water plus various dissolved and suspended components.
Among these are different types of ions, glucose, amino acid, fatty acid, protein,
lipid, ATP and waste products.
The cytosol is the site of many Chemical reactions for a cell existence.
b) Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Centrosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
CYTOSKELETON:
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments.
It Consists of three types of filament proteins
1. Microfilament
2. Intermediate filament
3. Microtubules
1. Microfilament
Microfilaments are the thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton.
Diameter – 6nm
They are composed of protein Actin and Myosin.
Most Prevalent at the edge of a cell.
Functions of Microfilament:
They help generate movement and provide mechanical support.
Microfilaments are involved in muscle contraction, cell division and cell
locomotion.
The Mechanical support that is responsible for the basic strength and shape of
cells.
2. Intermediate filaments
Several different proteins such as keratin, collagen can compose intermediate
filament.
Diameter – 10 nm
Functions of Intermediate filaments:
They help stabilize the position of organelles such as the nucleus.
3. Microtubules
Largest cytoskeletal components.
Diameter – 25 nm
Unbranched hollow tubes composed mainly of the protein tubulin.
Functions of Microtubules
Microtubules help determine Cell shape.
INTRODUCTION TO DOSAGE FORMS
INTRODUCTION TO DOSAGE FORMS
DRUG (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients)
It is the single active chemical molecule present in a medicine that is used
for diagnosis, prevention, treatment and cure of disease in human or
animals.
EXCIPIENTS OR ADDITIVIES:
Pharmaceutical excipients are substances other than the active
pharmaceutical ingredients (API).
DOSE:
A quantity of a medicine.
DOSAGE FORM:
DRUG (API) + EXCIPIENTS DOSAGE FORM
Drugs are converted into suitable formulation is called dosage form.
SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
Unit solid dosage form:
Tablets
Capsules
Pills
Pastilles
Lozenges
Cachets
Powders
Bulk powder
Bulk powder meant for internal use
Granules
Fine powder
Bulk powder meant for external use
Dusting powder
Insufflations
Snuff
Toothpowder
LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS
Monophasic liquid dosage form
Biphasic liquid dosage form.
Monophasic liquid dosage form
Internal:
Mixture
Syrup
Elixir
Linctus
External:
Application on the skin
Lotion
Liniment
Used in the mouth
Mouthwash,
Gargles,
Throat paint
Instilled into body cavities
Douches
Ear drop
Nasal drop
Nasal spray
Biphasic liquid dosage form
Emulsion
Suspension
SEMI SOLID DOSAGE FORM
External:
Ointments
Creams
Pastes
Jellies
Internal
Suppositories
Pessaries
STERILE DOSAGE FORM
Injections
Infusions
Ophthalmic
GASEOUS DOSAGE FORM
Aerosols
Inhalation
SOURCES OF ERROR IN PRESCRIPTION
SOURCES OF ERROR IN PRESCRIPTION
1. Abbreviation
2. Name of the drug
3. Strength of the preparation
4. Dosage form of the drug prescribed
5. Dose
6. Instructions for the patient
7. Incompatibilities
1. ABBREVIATION
Abbreviation presents a problem in understanding parts of
prescription order.
Extreme care should be taken by a pharmacist in interpreting the
abbreviation.
Pharmacist should not guess at the meaning of an ambiguous
abbreviation.
E.g: Dispense Achromycin for “Achro” may cause difficulty when a
intention of the prescriber is to dispense Achrostatin.
2. NAME OF THE DRUG
There are certain drugs whose name look or sound like those of
other drugs.
E.g: Digitoxin Digoxin
Prednisone Prednisolone
3. STRENGTH OF THE PREPARATION
The strength of preparation should be stated by prescriber.
It is essential when various strengths of a product are available in
the market.
E.g: It will be a wrong decision on the part of pharmacist to
dispense paracetamol tablet 500 mg when prescription for
paracetamol tablet is received with no specific strength.
4. DOSAGE FORM OF THE DRUG PRESCRIBED
Many medicines are available in more than one dosage form.
E.g: Liquid, Tablet, Capsule and Suppository.
The pharmaceutical form of the product should be written on the
prescription in order to avoid ambiguity.
5. DOSE
Unusually high or low doses should be discussed with the
prescriber.
Paediatric dosage may present a problem. So pharmacist should
consult paediatric posology to avoid any error.
Sometimes a reasonable dose is administered too frequently.
E.g: A prescription for sustained release formulation to be
administered after every 4 hours should thoroughly check
because such dosage forms are usually administered only two or
three times a day.
6. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PATIENT
The instructions for the patient which are given in the
prescription are incomplete or omitted.
The quantity of the drug to be taken, the frequently and timing of
administration and route of administration should clearly give in
the prescription so as to avoid confusion.
7. INCOMPATIBILITIES
It is essential to check that there are no pharmaceutical or
therapeutic incompatibilities in a prescribed preparation and
that different medicines prescribed for the same patient do not
interact with each other to produce any harm to the patient.
Certain antibiotics should not be given with meals since it
significantly decrease the absorption of the drug.
HANDLING OF PRESCRIPTION
HANDLING OF PRESCRIPTION
The following procedure should be adopted by the pharmacist while
handling of prescription for compounding and dispensing.
1) Receiving
2) Reading and checking
3) Collecting and weighing the materials
4) Compounding, labeling and packaging
1) RECEIVING:
The prescription should be received from patient by the pharmacist
himself.
While receiving a prescription, a pharmacist should not change his
facial expression which gives an impression to the patient that he is
confused after seeing the prescription.
2) READING AND CHECKING:
On receiving a prescription, always check it that it is written in a
proper format i.e. doctor’s pad or OPD slip (Out Patient
Department) of the hospital/nursing home and signed by the
prescriber along with date.
A prescription should be always being screened behind the counter.
In case of any difficulty in reading or any doubt regarding the
prescription ingredients or directions, the pharmacist should consult
the other pharmacist or the prescriber.
But under no circumstance patient should come to know about it.
Pharmacist should never guess about the meaning of any illegal or
confused word. It may lead to serious consequences.
Sometimes prescription is received on telephone by senior
pharmacist.
In such case, after taking down the prescription, it should be verified
by repeating it on phone to the prescriber.
It is very important because nowadays, the number of drugs with
almost the same pronunciation and spelling are available in the
market.
For example:-
Acidin (R) Apidin(R)
Prednisone Prednisolone
Digoxin Digitoxin
If there is any omission of any important particulars, such as the
dose, the prescriber should be contacted.
3) COLLECTING AND WEIGHING THE MATERIALS:
Before compounding the prescription, all the materials required for
it, should be collected on the left hand side of the balance.
After weighing the material it should be shifted to right hand side of
the balance.
This gives a check of ingredients which have been weighted. While
compounding, the label of every stock bottle should be read at least
three times in order to avoid any error:-
a) When taken from the self or drawer.
b) When the contents are removed for weighing and measuring.
c) When the containers are returned back to its proper place.
4) COMPOUNDING, LABELLING AND PACKAGING:
Compounding should be carried out in a neat place. All the
equipment etc. required should be thoroughly cleaned and dried.
Only one prescription should be compounded at one time.
All the ingredients should be according to pharmaceutical art.
The compounded medicaments should be filled in suitable containers
depending on its use.
The filled containers suitably labelled.
White plain paper of good quality should be used for labeling the
containers.
The size of the label should be proportional to the size of the container. This is written or typed, giving all the desired information.
PARTS OF PRESCRIPTION
PRESCRIPTION
DEFINITION:
Prescription is a written order from a registered medical practitioner or
other properly licensed practitioners such as dentist, veterinarian etc.
To a pharmacist to compound and dispense a specific medication for the
patient.
The prescriptions are generally written in the English language but
Latin words or abbreviations are frequently used in order to save time.
PARTS OF PRESCRIPTION:
Prescriptions are gentrally written on a typical format which is usually
kept as pads.
1. Date.
2. Name, age, sex and address of the patient.
3. Superscription.
4. Inscription.
5. Subscription.
6. Signatura.
7. Renewal instructions.
8. Signature, Address and Registration number of the prescriber.
1) DATE:
It helps a pharmacist to find out the date of prescribing and date of
presentation for filling the prescription.
2) NAME, AGE, SEX AND ADDRESS OF THE PATIENT:
Name, age, address of the patient must be written in the prescription
because it serves to identify the prescription.
In case, if any of these information is missing in the prescription, the
same may be included by the pharmacist after proper enquiry from the
patient.
Age and sex of the patient, especially in case of children, help the
pharmacist to check the prescribed dose of medication.
3) SUPERSCRIPTION:
It is represented by a symbol Which is written before writing the
prescription. is an abbrevation of the latin word receipe, meaning
‘You take’ (take thou). In olden days,the symbol was considered from
the sign of jupiter, God of healing.
4) INSCRIPTION:
This is the main part of the prescription order, contains the names and
quantities of the prescribed ingredients.
The names of ingredients are generally written in English language but
common abbreviation used can written both in English and Latin
languages.
The medicament may be prescribed as an official preparation,
a proprietary product, a nonproprietary product (Generic), not official
or a specific or individual formula.
In case of special or individual formula, the quantity of each ingredient
will be stated together with a description of the type of the preparation,
e.g: cream, mixture, lotion etc.
The name of each ingredient is written on a separate line along with its
quantity.
5) SUBSCRIPTION:
This comprises direction to the pharmacist for preparing and number
of doses to be dispensed.
6) SIGNATURA:
This consists of the direction to be given to the patient regarding the
administration of the drug.
It is usually written as ‘sig’ on the prescription.
The instructions given in prescription are required to be transferred to
the label of the container in which the medicament is to be dispensed, so
that the patient can follow it.
RENEWAL INSTRUCTIONS:
The prescriber indicate on every prescription order, whether it may be
renewed and if so, how many times.
It is very important particularly in the prescription containing the
narcotic and habit form
ANTI-RHEUMAICS
ANTI-RHEUMAICS
Definition
● An anti-rheumatics is any drug used in the treatment of rheumatism.
● Antirheumatics can reduce joint damage associated with inflammatory disorders of the joints.
Examples:
● Colchicum seed
Pharmacognosy - DIURETICS
Definition
● Diuretics are the drugs used to increase the urine output.
Examples:
● Gokhru
● Punarnava
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Drugs acting on CNS Part 1
Nervous system
Introduction
Definition
Examples
Nervous System:
The network of nerve cells and fibres which transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) together make up the nervous system.
The Central Nervous System consists of the Brain and Spinal cord.
The Peripheral Nervous System further divides into Two types,
Somatic Nervous System (SNS) – Regulating sensation and motor control of skeletal muscle
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – Regulating involuntary functions such as heart rate and gut motility.
ANS further divides into Two types, Sympathetic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System.
Drugs acting on nervous system:
Central nervous system agents are medicines affecting the CNS made up of nerves in the brain and spinal cord.
Example,
Hyoscyamus
Belladonna
Ephedra
Opium
Tea leaves
Coffee seeds
Coca
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Pharmacognosy- Drugs on nervous system Part 2
DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM
Opium
Tea leaves
Coffee seeds
Coca
Synopsis:
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Pharmacognosy- Carminatives and GI regulators part II
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical
Constituents
Uses
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