Lava textures
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Lava cools and solidifies in different ways depending on factors like thickness, rate of cooling, and whether it erupts on land or underwater. This results in a variety of igneous rock textures like pillow lava formed under water, glassy texture from instant cooling, rope-like pahoehoe or jagged aa textures on land, and vesicles or mineral deposits within the rock. Thick lava flows exhibit columnar jointing as they slowly cool from the outside in, forming hexagonal or pentagonal columns.
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i've taken slides combined them and aded a few details.
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This document discusses volcanoes, including how they form, the different types of volcanoes, and where they are located. It provides details on four main types of volcanoes: cinder cones, composite volcanoes, shield volcanoes, and lava domes. Cinder cones are simple structures built from ejected cinders. Composite volcanoes are large symmetrical cones made of layers of material. Shield volcanoes are broad structures composed of fluid lava flows. Lava domes are small, bulbous masses that pile over the vent. Volcanoes can be located both under water and on land.
Tectonic Processes and Landscapes
The document discusses different types of plate boundaries and associated tectonic landscapes. It provides details on convergent, divergent and transform plate boundaries. Convergent boundaries result in ocean trenches, volcanic mountain ranges or fold mountains depending on the type of crust involved. Divergent boundaries form mid-ocean ridges and new sea floor. Transform boundaries involve lateral movement of plates without creation or destruction of crust.
Physical Geography Lecture 11 - The Lithosphere 111416
The document discusses geologic time and how rocks are dated. It describes how radiometric dating is used to determine the absolute age of rocks by measuring radioactive decay. The oldest rocks on Earth are around 3.96 billion years old. It also discusses the theory of uniformitarianism and how the same geologic processes that shape the Earth today have operated throughout its history.
Lecture 03 igeneous rock
The document discusses different types of igneous rocks and their characteristics. It describes how igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma and lava and are classified as intrusive or extrusive. Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly below the Earth's surface, forming textures like phaneritic, while extrusive rocks cool rapidly above ground, resulting in aphanitic or glassy textures. The document outlines various igneous rock textures and features like vesicles, phenocrysts and pyroclastic materials.
Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock ...
Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1
Structure of Igneous Rocks
for your notes/ ppt/ projects here is a ppt in structure of igneous rocks.
enjoy
more contents-www.geolearn.com
Rock CyRock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1cle 1.pptx
The document discusses the three main rock groups - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It explains that igneous rocks form from cooling magma, either underground (intrusive) or on the surface (extrusive). Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediment. Metamorphic rocks are pre-existing rocks that are altered by heat and pressure. The rock cycle diagram shows how the three rock types are interrelated through geological processes like uplift, erosion, and melting.
Rocks With Miss Gow
Volcanoes form from hot lava where earthquakes occur. Volcanoes are deep and hot, forming lava that explodes out. Rocks make up hills, mountains, plains and valleys. Rocks are mostly made of mineral crystals or pieces of other rocks or shells of living things. Igneous rocks cool slowly underground and form large mineral grains that can be seen.
Rocks With Miss Gow
Volcanoes form from hot lava where earthquakes occur. Volcanoes are deep and hot, forming lava that explodes out. Rocks make up hills, mountains, plains and valleys. Rocks are mostly made of mineral crystals or pieces of other rocks or shells of living things. Igneous rocks cool slowly underground and form large mineral grains that can be seen.
Similar to Lava textures (20)
Intorduction to Volcanology, Weathering, Erotion, Dispertion and Soil.
Intorduction to Volcanology, Weathering, Erotion, Dispertion and Soil.
Physical Geography Lecture 11 - The Lithosphere 111416
Physical Geography Lecture 11 - The Lithosphere 111416
Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock ...
Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock ...
Rock CyRock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1cle 1.pptx
Rock CyRock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1Rock Cycle 1cle 1.pptx
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Hydrographs tcm4 134116
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This document describes various landforms created by glacial erosion and deposition. It defines cirques, corries, and cwms as hollows on mountainsides deepened and widened by corrie glaciers. Arêtes are knife-edged ridges between corries, while pyramidal peaks form when multiple corries erode a central horn-shaped area. Glacial troughs or U-shaped valleys have hanging valleys, truncated spurs, and misfit streams. Features of glacial deposition include till, moraines, drumlins, eskers, kames, kettles, and outwash plains.
Glacial landforms
Peter Knight photographed various glaciers around the world including niche glaciers in Wyoming that are sensitive to climate change, the ice cap on Cotopaxi volcano in Ecuador which extends further on the windward side due to higher snowfall, and valley, mountain, and ice sheet glaciers in locations such as Alaska, Greenland, and New Zealand. The photos show glacial landforms and features including moraines, crevasses, ice caves, supraglacial streams, ice cliffs, striations, and erratics.
Glacial features
The document discusses different types of glacial ice formations including glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and niche ice. It provides examples of each type through photographs of glaciers in locations like Wyoming, Ecuador, Alaska, and New Zealand. The text also examines glacial landforms created by erosion and deposition as glaciers advance and retreat, such as moraines, eskers, drumlins, and outwash plains.
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Sedimentary structures smallas
Sedimentary structures provide important information about depositional environments and allow the orientation of sedimentary beds to be determined. Key structures discussed include beds and bedding planes, laminations, graded bedding indicating changes in grain size over time, cross-bedding showing current direction, sole structures like flute casts formed by erosion on sediment surfaces, and trace fossils providing evidence of organism behavior and helping determine the correct vertical orientation of strata. Together, an understanding of these sedimentary structures is essential for interpreting the depositional history preserved in sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary structures smallas
Sedimentary structures provide important information about the depositional environment and post-depositional changes to sedimentary rocks. Key structures discussed include beds and bedding planes, laminations, graded bedding indicating changes in grain size over time, cross-bedding reflecting currents, load casts and flame structures from density differences, sole structures on bed bases indicating erosion, and trace fossils providing evidence of organism behavior and helping determine correct bed orientations. Together, an understanding of these sedimentary structures allows reconstruction of the depositional environment and testing of the law of superposition.
Metamorphism intro
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Igneousrockssmall
Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. There are two main types - extrusive rocks which cool at the surface and intrusive rocks which cool underground. Crystal size depends on the cooling rate, with rapid surface cooling producing microscopic crystals and slow underground cooling producing larger crystals. Texture and mineral composition further classify igneous rocks into categories like rhyolite, granite, gabbro and basalt. Pyroclastic rocks form from explosive eruptions and include tuffs, agglomerates and volcanic bombs.
Graphiclogs
Graphic logs are a method used by geologists to record sedimentary rock layers and structures to scale using symbols. The vertical scale shows bed thickness proportionally, while the horizontal scale maps particle sizes. A variety of symbols indicate features like graded bedding, cross-bedding, ripples, and erosion surfaces. Example graphic logs depict typical sequences in glacial, river, desert, and delta depositional environments. Questions on exams may involve interpreting sedimentary histories from graphic logs.
Graphiclogs
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Clastic sedimentary rockssmall
This document provides information on clastic/detrital sedimentary rocks, including their characteristics, classification, particle sizes, rock groups, terminology, and examples. It describes the key properties of sedimentary rocks formed from eroded fragments such as conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, shale, and discusses the environments in which they form.
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This document discusses classifying igneous rocks based on their texture, grain size, color, density, and chemical composition. Igneous rocks can be classified as volcanic, hypabyssal, or plutonic based on grain size, and further classified as ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, or acid based on their chemistry and mineral content, with darker, denser rocks generally being richer in ferromagnesian minerals and lighter rocks richer in quartz and feldspar.
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Lava textures
- 1. Igneous Rocks – Lava Textures Lava is an EXTRUSIVE form of Igneous Activity It represents molten rock that has been erupted or extruded onto the earth’s surface from volcanoes Lava generally cools quickly (over months/years/decades) depending on the thickness of the flow
- 2. Igneous Rocks – Lava Textures The rate of cooling determines crystal size Lavas erupted onto the Earth’s surface cool relatively rapidly resulting in crystals less than 0.5mm in diameter Igneous rocks with crystals <0.5mm in diameter are termed VOLCANIC
- 3. Types of Lava Basalt - Hawaii Andesite – Mount St. Helens Rhyolite - Yellowstone Pumice – Jemez Mts. Mexico
- 4. Lava Textures - Pillow Lavas Formed by submarine eruptions of basaltic magma whereby the exterior chills and crystallises rapidly against cold seawater at around 5°C The outside layer will have a glassy texture with vesicles (gas bubbles) trapped below the surface
- 5. Lava Textures – Glassy Formed by 1cm instantaneous cooling of lava so that there is no time for crystals to form The structure is very similar to glass and shows good conchoidal fracture when broken with a hammer
- 6. Lava Textures - Pahoehoe Similar to skin on custard! As the external layer cools and solidifies it forms a rope-like pattern of rock as the liquid lava continues to move underneath.
- 7. Lava Textures - aa Aa lava has a surface made of sharp, angular and jagged blocks of basalt. The cooled surface layer breaks up into these fragments as molten lava continues to flow beneath
- 8. Lava Flows-Typical Structure Baked Margin Lava flows typically have rubbly bases and tops (Sometimes showing pahoehoe or aa texture). The interior often shows columnar jointing and vesicles are often trapped in the upper part of the flow. The ground underneath the lava will be baked from the heat showing a zone of contact metamorphism (baked margin)
- 9. Lava Flows- Lava Tubes Lava tubes are sub-surface tunnels within lava flows that have been formed as the fluid lava has continued to flow down slope. The solid top and base is formed as it cools and solidifies against the ground and the atmosphere
- 10. Lava Textures - Vesicular 1cm The holes (or vesicles) in this rock represent gas bubbles that were trapped in the lava as it cooled and solidified.
- 11. Lava Textures – Vesicular/Pumice 1cm This is a specimen of highly vesicular rhyolite (an acid lava flow) which is more commonly known as pumice. It is so light it actually floats on water. Also used to remove rough skin!
- 12. Lava Textures - Amygdaloidal 1cm The holes (or vesicles) in this rock represent gas bubbles that were trapped in the lava as it cooled and solidified. Later mineral rich waters percolated through the rock and deposited quartz (agate in this case) from solution
- 13. Flood Basalts-Mega Eruptions of Lava These are basaltic eruptions that last between 0.5 and 2 million years and have a global impact on climate and life. The mountains above are part of the Deccan Trapps in India which were formed about 65 Ma. At this time enough basalt was extruded to cover the whole of the USA to a depth of 1km It resulted in 75% of life on earth becoming extinct including the dinosaurs and ammonites.
- 14. Lava Textures – Columnar Jointing Columnar jointing forms when thick lava flows (tens of metres) cool slowly. As the lava cools discrete cooling centres develop and the rock contracts towards these centres producing a polygonal pattern of vertical joints.
- 15. Lava Textures – Columnar Jointing Columnar jointing produces columns of basalt with anything from 4 to seven sides. The base and top of flows are often rubbly as they have chilled against the ground and the air.
- 16. Lava Textures – Columnar Jointing The album sleeve for Led Zeppelin’s ‘Houses of the Holy’ was shot at The Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland. It depicts naked ladies clambering over the polygonal basalt columns Yet another example of why Geology Rocks!
- 17. The End